Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research University of Raparin MLS Department ~ ‘Practical Analytical Chemistry LDeeioetara Preparation and Standardization of HCI solution Mr. Ibrahim L. Salih MASTER OF SCIENCE ia (CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION). UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA ibrahimlugman@uor.edu.krd Objectives 1.Learn about how to prepare standard solutions. 2.Learn about the standardization process. 3. What is the titration method in volumetric analysis? > 4. Learn about primary standard solutions. 5. What are the indicator, titrant, titrand, endpoint, and iG@a- equivalent point?Standard solution Standard solution: a solution of known concentration for use in volumetric analysis. which is prepared from primary standard substances. volume solvent marker > solute Standardization Process Standardization: is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution, by titrating it against the exact known volume of a primary standard solution. Plastic Volumetric pipette Balance flask Stopper Step1 | Step2 Step 3 Step 4 Step5Titration Titration: a method of volumetric analysis in which a volume of one reagent from a burette (the titrant) is added to a known volume of another reagent (analyte or tifrand) in a conical flask slowly until an endpoint is reached. If one of the solutions has a known concentration, that of the other can be calculated. TITRATION Primary standard material Primary standard material: A highly pure chemical compound that is used to prepare or determine the concentrations of standard solutions for titration. having the following properties: Primary standards 1. Extremely pure 2. Stable . Sodium carbonate (Na:CO;) 3. Non hygroscopic Sodium oxalate (NaC;0.) 4. Has a high molecular weight End eee Ceca een) Potassium dichromate (K,Cr207) Potassium bromate (KBrO;) Burette: A graduated tube from which pote asta cles) Potassium hydrogen iodate KH(IO;), accurately known ee can be Arsenic trioxide (As,0;) etc. dispensed. Se witIndicator, Endpoint, and Equivalent point The indicator is a substance that changes colour when the reaction is complete; it is often added to the analyte solution to produce an observable physical change near the endpoint or equivalence point during the titration. Equivalence Point: is the point at which the amount of added titrant is chemically equivalent to the amount of analyte in a sample. A+B C+D End point is the point at which color change occurs due to a pH change. End point occurs only once in a titration while a titration can have multiple equivalence points. Endpoint vis Equivalent point The endpointis a point where the Itis a point where the titrant and indicator changes color analyte are chemically equivalent Ttoccurs after the equivalencepoint Ttocours before the endpoint Inthe titration of weak acids, itappears Inthe titration of weak acids, itean just once appear several times mol} mol but add excess of titrant end point (can be seen by eyes) S.Chitrant LSC. 1S.Clenaiyte equivalence point (cannot be seen by eyes)The aim of this experiment: + In this experiment, a standard solution of sodium carbonate is used to determine the exact concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution (standardization). \\‘)\y! orange indicator is used. + Hydrochloric acid HCl is unstable? So it is necessary to standardize its solutions so as to know the exact concentration. + Burette ring stand buret standardized _— "Solution + Conical flask + Beaker ‘sample to be titrated 4 (with indicator) + pipette + Sodium carbonate solution Na,CO; (standard). + HC! solution of unknown normality. + Methyl orange indicator. {Erlenmeyer Flask Procedure 1. Prepare 100ml solution of 0.2N Na,CO,. 2. Add the base solution to the burette. 3. Transfer 10 ml of the HCI solution with a pipette to a conical flask then add one to two drops of methyl orange to this solution (red to» color). 4. Add the Na,CO, (standard solution) from the burette gradually with continuous stirring of the solution in the conical flask. Continue the addition of the base till the color of the solution passes fromredto 5. Calculate the concentration of the HCI solution.Calculation Q Suppose that the volume of HCI is V, and its normality is N, while V, is the volume taken from sodium carbonate (Na,CO;) and N, is its normality. Q Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the following equation: Na,CO, + 2HCI > 2NaCl+ CO, + H,0 (N, x V,) HCI = (N, x V,)Na,CO, — (N2xV2)Na2CO3 _ Nunes yo rereseeeeeeeee N Het