Dihybrid Crosses and Gene Linkage (AHL) Stephen Taylor Bandung International SchoolMendel's Law of Independent Assortment "The presence of an allele on one of the genes has no influence over which allele of the other gene is present in the gamete." Key: $= smooth Y= yellow In this example of Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), $= rough y=ereen we consider two traits: pea colour and pea surface. They are carried on separate chromosomes and so will segregate randomly during meiosis. It is dependent on random orientation of chromosomes in metaphase | SE Diploid cells: heterozygous for both genes (SsYy) = 3 CLAIMED ~< abe Any combination of gametes is possible and equally likely. q 5 5 Gametes: caTADaLD sY syD i hy b ri d crosses Thinking about two traits, controlled by two genes on two different chromosomes. What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a cross between two pea plants which are heterozygous for both genes? Key: First, determine the possible gametes en vei SsYy SsYy Smooth, yellow X Smooth, yellow s@ Ss rs a 2 8 og Toy cunnube " aha eusah pe cnaup __ 3p cuoub « 2 apeD i h yb ri d crosses Thinking about two traits, controlled by two genes on two different chromosomes. What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a cross between two pea plants which are heterozygous for both genes? Then use a 4x4 punnet grid Y= yellow y= green SsYy Make sure each new genotype has two alleles for each trait. Alphabetical order, then dominant alleles first.Dih y brid crosses Thinking about two traits, controlled by two genes on two different chromosomes. What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a cross between two pea plants which are heterozygous for both genes? Y= yellow y=green Then use a 4x4 punnet grid SsYyDih y brid crosses Thinking about two traits, controlled by two genes on two different chromosomes. What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a cross between two pea plants which are heterozygous for both genes? smooth Y= yellow s= rough y=green Deduce the phenotypes SsYy Phenotypes: Smooth, yellow Smooth, green Rough, yellow Rough, greenD i hyb ri d crosses Thinking about two traits, controlled by two genes on two different chromosomes. What is the predicted phenotype ratio for a cross between two pea plants which are heterozygous for both genes? Calculate the phenotype ratios s= rough ieee SsYy SsYy Phenotype: Smooth, yellow : Smooth, green : Rough, yellow : Rough, green 9:3: 3:1Dihybrid crosses: test crosses We can use the same rules for test crosses to determine genotype ina dihybrid cross. Try this example with a smooth yellow pea. Test with rough, green (ssyy) smooth Y= yellow = rough y=green unknown | ssYY ssYy 4 SSYy SsYy gametes: i Test sy sy sy | sy sy sy sy sy sy Outcome: : Ratio:Dihybrid crosses: test crosses We can use the same rules for test crosses to determine genotype in a dihybrid cross. Try this example with a smooth yellow pea. key: . smooth Y= yellow Test with rough, green (ssyy) $= rough y=ereen Unknown 3: ssyY SsYY ssvy SsYy gametes: all SY sy sy | sy Sy / SY Sy s¥ sy sy sy | SY sy sy sy Test sy sy sy Outcome: Ratio:Dihybrid crosses: test crosses We can use the same rules for test crosses to determine genotype in a dihybrid cross. Try this example with a smooth yellow pea. Key: Test with rough, green (ssyy) soe yee okngun | ssvy | Ssyv | _SS¥y Ssty gametes: all SY svoosY i sy” Sy sy Sy sy Test sy sy sy sy sy sy sy sy sy Outcome: | AllSsYy _ SsYy_ss¥y_ | SSYy Ssyy | Ss¥y Ssyy ss¥y_— ssyy Ratio: All Ss¥y 1:41 it 14:41The amazing t tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Guinea pig harem — _|says ‘hello Sooty’ Allele key*: ‘A GUINEA pig aed Sooty had neh o Z alk ‘emcmerstitreespingtiomispenan || C=Coloured — ¢=albino “Tierganedech sition nternandyw || A = agouti a= black * Stat at Lite Friend's Farm in Pontypridd, sent Wiles heve nv eval Soras pet ‘and begun lwoking for homes for the guinea R=roundears _r = pointy ears a Hinges Gel fest cats ae, | L= long whiskers | = short see nna tenn enema cerie een eer S=softfur s= rough fur N=sharp nails n=smooth nails *colour alleles are real, but others are made <= Seen up for the story. In the exams, use the real http://news.bbe.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/1048327.stm eiarnples‘of sweetpeasand Zen niays:The amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has soft fur and sharp nails. In one of his matings with a rough-furred, smooth-nailed female, the following guinea piglets are produced: . Allele key’ 6 x rough fur, sharp nails C=coloured c= albino 3.x smooth fur, sharp nails Asageut a= Hack R=roundears = pointy ears Deduce his possible genotypes. Lelong whiskers. I= short Sesoftfur — s=rough fur N=sharpnailsn=smaoth nails Offspring could be: rough, sharp smooth, sharpThe amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has soft fur and sharp nails. In one of his matings with a rough-furred, smooth-nailed female, the following guinea piglets are produced: 6 x rough fur, sharp nails 3.x smooth fur, sharp nails Deduce his possible genotypes. Offspring could be: rough, sharp —_ssNn or ssNN allele key: Cecoloured c= albino Azagou a= black R=roundears r= pointy ears L=long whiskers I= short Sesoftfur = rough fur Ne=sharp nails n=smooth nails smooth, sharp —_ SsNN or SSNn or SsNn or SSNNThe amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has soft fur and sharp nails. In one of his matings with a rough-furred, smooth-nailed female, the following guinea piglets are produced: 6 x rough fur, sharp nails 3 x smooth fur, sharp nails Deduce his possible genotypes. Offspring could be: rough, sharp ssNn or sS&N Allele key: Coloured c=albino As agouti — asblack R= round ears L long whiskers Sesoftfur — s=roughfur Ne sharp nalls_n = smooth nails smooth, sharp SBMIN or SSAfn or SsNn or SSRN >< = not possible as mother must be ssnnThe amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has soft fur and sharp nails. In one of his matings with a rough-furred, smooth-nailed female, the following guinea piglets are produced . Tlele Kev 6 x rough fur, sharp nails Ccoloured cating igh fur, sharp ° Resgout a bloc 3 x smooth fur, sharp nails seo ab R=roundears r= pointy ears Deduce his possible genotypes. Ls long whiskers. |= short Sesoftfur 5 rough fur N= sharp nalls-n=smooth nails Offspring could be: rough, sharp ssNn or SSM smooth, sharp SBN or SSAfn or SsNn or SSNIN >< =not possible as mother must be ssnn So Q gametes = sn Offspring: ssNn and SsNn Therefore Sooty's gametes:The amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has soft fur and sharp nails. In one of his matings with a rough-furred, smooth-nailed female, the following guinea piglets are produced: . Allele key: 6 x rough fur, sharp nails C=coloured ¢= albino F A= agouti a= black 3 x smooth fur, sharp nails " R=round ears r= pointy ears Deduce his possible genotypes. Lstong whiskers I= short Sssoftfur — ¢=rough fur N= sharp nails_n= smooth nails Offspring could be: rough, sharp —_ssNn or sat smooth, sharp _S@MIN or SSA{n or SsNn or SKN >< =not possible as mother must be ssnn So: Q gametes = sn Offspring: ssNn and SsNn Therefore Sooty's gametes: sN SN And so Sooty's genotype: SSNNThe amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has pointy ears and long whiskers. In one of his matings with a pointy-eared, short-whiskered female, the following guinea piglets are produced: 5 x pointy ears, long whiskers no other phenotypes Deduce his possible genotypes. ‘Allele key: S=softfur ‘ound ears r= pointy ears ng Whiskers. = short = rough fur Ne sharp nails_=smooth nailsThe amazing tale of Sooty the Guinea Pig Sooty has pointy ears and long whiskers, In one of his matings with a pointy-eared, short-whiskered female, the following guinea piglets are produced: 5 x pointy ears, long whiskers no other phenotypes Deduce his possible genotypes. Offspring could be: pointy, long rrLl or Beet >< =not possible as mother must be rrll So: Q gametes = rl Offspring: rrLl only Therefore Sooty's gametes: rl only And so Sooty's genotype: rrLl Allele key: C=coloured c= albino As agouti a= black R=round ears r= pointy ears L=long whiskers. = short S=softfur = rough fur N=sharp nallsn=smocth nals,Gene Interaction The expression of some genes depends on the expression of others. For example, in the case of guinea pigs: Is there a colour? There is a gene for presence of colour (C or c) There is also a gene for type of colour (A or a) no yes I /\ The agouti/black gene will only be expressed if Q the colour is present. Ge a albino agouti black e CCAA, CcAA, CcAa The agouti/black genotype agouti doesn't matter: the ‘cc’ combination prevents any CCaa, Ccaa colour from being expressed. A heterozygous cross will ceaa,(€cAA) €cAa) result in a 9:3:4 ratio instead of the expected 9:3:3:1. albino9 Phenotypes: — Agouti Genotypes: Gametes: ratio of phenotypes: Agouti Two heterozygous agouti individuals are crossed. What is the predicted ratio of phenotypes?2 Cc SM. Phenotypes: — Agouti Agouti ” Genotypes: CcAa CcAa Two heterozygous agouti individuals are crossed. Gametes: What is the predicted ratio of phenotypes? ratio of phenotypes:2 Co Phenotypes: Agouti Agouti Genotypes: CcAa CAA.caA CcAa Ca Two heterozygous agouti Ca individuals are crossed. Gametes: cA What is the predicted ratio of phenotypes? ca pl ‘yp ratio of phenotypes:Phenotypes: Agouti Agouti Ot. Genotypes: CcAa CAA ca CcAa Two heterozygous agouti individuals are crossed Gametes: What is the predicted ratio of phenotypes? ratio of phenotypes:2 So : Phenotypes: — Agouti Agouti ae” Genotypes: CcAa CA CcAa Two heterozygous agouti Gametes: individuals are crossed. What is the predicted ratio of phenotypes? 7 cc = no colour produced A/a gene is not expressed Agouti Black Albino ratio of phenotypes: 9 : 3 : 4Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 of these are homologous autosomes. The sex chromosomes are only homologous in females: a4 1 i ) “i >| VW te u i r - 1-22 in humans 12 y ad it it tt " 13 14 15 16 17 18 SRY gene oe eo 5 19 2 «212 Sex-Chromosomes: -XorY _ittsfentipedinorginiiRarsotape X and ¥ are non-homologous - X contains chromosomes which are not present on Y -Y contains the SRY gene‘Autosomal gene linkage refers to the inheritance of genes carried on the Autosomal Gene Linkage fire cnemosome-theyar physical linked by the structure of te 39243 chromosome, and therefore pairs or groups of alleles are inherited together Conventions for noting gene linkage 39223 SCNSA Cc Ww , 3p2132 (voltage-gated sodium channel) — “heterozygous “e Ww __ atboth loci" 3p143 ine rearesents locust locus? jpn chromosomes This might be written as CcWw in a question, et The SCNSA, PDCD10 and SOX2 genes aqi12 ‘si 2t@all linked by being on chromosome 3. aa They are a linkage group, and alleles of each Examples to learn: 34331 will therefore by inherited together. 3q212 Sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus): 3q23 Independent assortment does not occur between flower colour (P/p) linked genes as it does in unlinked genes. pollen grain shape —(L/I) 5 30252 SEE asi — PRODI sion beariea cell death) Corn (Zea mays): 382533 Granscription factor - promoter region) Kernel colour (C/c) ad Waxiness of kernels (W/w) finn sispston/vt Crome 3 28homan29Linkage Groups Genes are located on the same chromosome type and do not assort independently. Ina normal dihybrid cross, alleles are independently assorted. Where genes are linked on the same chromosome, some phenotypes are impossible. eg. os Q SN SN Thsfornat wil be used in examination papers, = ersten willbe ven sufilere formation to > nA ST lowthem todeduce which lots ae lnted gametes: ‘impossible’ combinations: Ssnn, SSNnIn sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crosset Th What ratio of phenotypes is expected? ‘weet peas (Lathyrus odoratus} flower colour P= purple, p= white pollen grain shape L=long, I=shore Genotype: Phenotype: heterozgous at both loci (test: homozygous: x recessive at both loci) Punnet Grid: Phenotype ratiIn sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crassed, What ratio of phenotypes is expected? Serect pens {tathyras odarctus): flowercolour P= purple, pollen grain shape L= long, Genotype: PpLl ppll Phenotype: purple, long white, short heterozgous at both loci (test: homozygous x recessive at both loci) Punnet Grid: Phenotype ratio:In sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed. en) What ratio of phenotypes is expected? sweet peas \Lathyrus odoratus: my flower colour P= purple, p= white pollen grain shape L=long, |= short Genotype: Ppl ppll Phenotype: purple, long white, short P L p | (test: homozygous hheterozgous at both loci recessive at both loci) p | p I Punnet Grid: Phenotype ratio:In sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed.. What ratio of phenotypes is expected? Sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus} flower colour P= purple, pollen grain shape L=long, Genotype: Ppl poll Phenotype: _ purple, long white, short P L p | heterozgous at both loci (test: homozygous — x ——ecessive at both loci) p | p | Punnet Grid: Phenotype ratio:In sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed. What ratio of phenotypes is expected? sweet peas athyrusodorates flower colour P= purple, p= white pollen grainshape L=long, |= short Genotype: Ppl ppl Phenotype: _ purple, long white, short P L p | heterozgous at both loci ———€ test: homozygous x $$ eeessive at both loci) p | p I Pt Grid: PL pl we 4 Phenotype ratio: 1:1 purple long: white shortAutosomal Gene Linkage vs Sex Linkag The term ‘linkage’ is used in two different contexts in genetics. SCNSA (voltage-gated sodium channel) Autosomal gene linkage refers to the inheritance of genes carried on the same chromosome - they are physically linked by the structure of the chromosome, and therefore pairs or groups of alleles are inherited together. On chromosome 3, alleles for sodium channels, programmed, cell death and transcription factors are carried together - and inherited together. u seus 052 582% 59251 — PDCD10 (programmed cell death) SOX2 {transcription factor - promoter region) 3906.33, 3q28 ‘en.nikipediaor/wikiChromosome 2Bhumnan 229 e xpo2.2 pa pt. von) eptt.22 u tt 221 . i flew wthipedis org) wikiX_chromosoane Sex linkage is a term generally used to describe phenotypes (often disorders) hat are associated with X-Y chromosome interactions (not physically linked). Allalleles carried on the non-homologous region of the X-chromosome are expressed, leading to some genetic disorders (such as hemophilia and colour blindess).In sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed. ®) A small number of purple, short and white, long individuals appeared in the offspring. ‘ Can you explain what has happened? Genotype: Poll Phenotype: _ purple, long P L heterozgous at both loci p |In sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed. A small number of purple, short and white, long individuals appeared in the offspring Can you explain what has happened? Genotype: Ppl Phenotype: purple, long P I P L p L P heterozgous at both loch ————- 9 —____ Pp I see noropaeel pIn sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed, A small number of purple, short and white, long individuals appeared in the offspring. Can you explain what has happened? Genotype: Ppl Phenotype: purple, long P L P heterozgous at both loci some crossing-over oceurs p I in prophase p ‘normal’: a very small number of Most gametes are ‘normal’: P L or p | gametes have recombined: P| or p L So in the test cross: PL, pl | Pl. pl test gametes all plIn sweet peas (Lathyrus odoratus), the genes for flower colour and pollen grain shape are carried on the same chromosome. Plants which are heterozygous at both loci are test-crossed. Asmall number of purple, short and white, long individuals appeared in the offspring. Can you explain what has happened? Genotype: PpLl Phenotype: purple, long P \ —S | P L Pp L P heterozgous at both loch ——— some crossing-over occurs p | in prophase | p L o M avery small number of Most gametes are ‘normal’: PL or pl gametes have recombined: PI or pL Soin the test cross: test gametes all pl purple, long white, short purple, short white, long regular outcomes (majority) _ recombinants (small number)Linkage & Recombination Te tthe 2282 pai-of alleles are on a chromosome, the more likely itis that crossing over may occur between them - leading to recombination. 53 Work through these puzzles to deduce the relative syns loci based on their recombination frequencies: SCNSA 3p2132 (voltage-gated sodium channel) 13 (Tossing-over is much more likely to happen between 3all2__SCN5A and PDCD10 than sabi between PCDCD10 and SOX2. 3431 sqpi2 323 39252 Hi 561 — POCO AD a ctl death) 332531 Tas SOX2 [transcription factor - promoter region) iter iinet erywikictromosome 3,%28humanti29Recombination: crossing over and chiasmata Revise the AHL Meiosis content! Chiasma formation: Neighbouring non-sister chromatids are cut at the same point The DNA of the cut sections attach to the open end of the non-sister chromatid. This results in the swapping of alleles between chromosomes. SRS tudio.com/d_%20Meiotic% Recombination animation and quiz: http://www.bi eo20Between%20Linked%20Genes.htm | psinnwssuccaeda eat 20Recombi 6How many chromosomes and chiasmata are visible?How many chromosomes and chiasmata are visible? centromeres (not chiasmata) chromosome 1 > sister chromatids oe ~, | chromosome 1 7 Sister chromatids cs 2 chiasmataCrossing over results in swapping of alleles: ¥ @O | \ = | non-sister chromatids form a chiasma SS Possible gametes: Possible gametes: PLor pl PL, pL, Pl or pl —— recombinant gametesThe genes for kernel colour and waxiness are linked in the corn plant (Zea mays). Ina cross between a plant that is homozygous dominant coon (220 moys) at both loci with a plant that is heterozygous at both loci, identify the Kernel colour C= colour, ¢ = no colour following genotypes as. Waxiness of kernels W= waxy, w= not waxy a: regular, b:recombinants, c: impossible CcWw CCWw CcwWw CCWW CCWW ccWWThe genes for kernel colour and waxiness are linked in the corn plant (Zea mays). Ina cross between a plant that is homozygous dominant at both loci with a plant that is heterozygous at both loci, identify the — xemel colour following genotypes as Waniness of kernels a: regular, b:recombinants, c: impossible CcWw CCWw cCcww CCWW CCww ccWW Corn (Zea mays): lou, ¢= no colour waxy, w= not waxyThe genes for kernel colour and waxiness are linked in the corn plant (Zea mays). In a cross between a plant that is homozygous dominant corn Ze0 moys) at both loci with a plant that is heterozygous at both loci, identify the ernel colour Waxiness of kernels following genotypes as: a: regular, b:recombinants, c: impossible CcWw CCWw cCcwWw CCWW CCww ccWW Explanation: CcWw c w Heterozygous at both loci: cw with crossing over, ——= c WwW c WwW cCCWW homozygous dominant at both loci cw a allgametesCW | CCWW CcWw ccww CcWW regular crosses recombinants not represented: ccWW, ccWW.Em Two genes are linked as shown here: 9 =—— eM The genes are far apart such that crossing-over between the alleles occurs occasionally. Which statement is true of the gametes? A. All of the gametes will be Em and eM B. There will be equal numbers of EM, EM, eM and em C. There will be approximately equal numbers of EM and eM gametes D. There will be more Em gametes than em gametesEm Two genes are linked as shown here: === e The genes are far apart such that crossing-over between the alleles occurs occasionally. Which statement is true of the gametes? A. All of the gametes will be Em and eM B. There will be equal numbers of EM, EM, eM and em C. There will be approximately equal numbers of EM and eM gametes @yere will be more Em gametes than em gametesFor more IB Biology resources: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com