tree data structure :A tree data structure is a hierarchical structure that is used to represent and organize

data in a way that is easy to navigate and search. It is a collection of nodes that are connected by edges and
has a hierarchical relationship between the nodes.

The topmost node of the tree is called the root, and the nodes below it are called the child nodes. Each node
can have multiple child nodes, and these child nodes can also have their own child nodes, forming a
recursive structure.

plex structure :The network database or network model uses the plex structure as its basic data structure. A
network is a directed graph consisting ofnodes connected by links or directed arcs. The nodes corresponds to
record types and the links to pointers or relationships. All the relationship are hardwired or pre-computed
and build into structure of database itself because they are very efficient in spaceutilization and query
execution time.The network data structure looks like a tree structure except that a dependent node which is
called a child or member, may have morethan one parent or owner node.All figure shows the network mode

Data Definition Language (DDL):is a set of special commands that allows us to define and modify the
structure and the metadata of the database. These commands can be used to create, modify, and delete the
database structures such as schema, tables, indexes, etc.

• Create: It is used to create objects in the database.

Syntax –

CREATE TABLE table_name

column_1 datatype,

column_2 datatype,

column_3 datatype,

....

);

eg:CREATE TABLE Student

Roll_No. Int ,

First_Name Varchar (20) ,

Last_Name Varchar (20) ,

Age Int ,

Marks Int ,
);

• Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.

syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

eg:ALTER TABLE Student_info

ADD CGPA number;

• Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.

syntax:DROP DATABASE Database_Name;

eg:DROP TABLE Table_Name;

• Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.

syntax:TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

eg:TRUNCATE TABLE Student;

A canonical data model (CDM): is a type of data model that presents data entities and relationships in the
simplest possible form.It is generally used in system/database integration processes where data is
exchanged between different systems, regardless of the technology used.A canonical data model is also
known as a common data model.