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(ii) Give the name used to describe animals that eat plants.
(1)
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(b) Scientists want to find out which type of plant habitat mountain hares prefer.
They use quadrats to sample seven habitats.
Each habitat contains a different type of plant.
The scientists calculate the percentage of quadrats in each habitat where mountain hare
faeces are found.
The graph shows the results.
100
90
80
70
Percentage of 60
quadrats where
mountain hare 50
faeces are found 40
30
20
10
0
bilberry cotton- crow- mat old wavy young
grass berry grass heather hair- heather
grass
Type of plant habitat
(i) Name the type of plant habitat that the mountain hares like best.
(1)
(ii) Suggest three reasons why mountain hares may prefer to eat the plants in
some habitats rather than plants in other habitats.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) The scientists use 700 quadrats in one plant habitat and find that 224 quadrats contain
mountain hare faeces.
(i) Calculate the percentage of quadrats containing mountain hare faeces in this habitat.
Show your working.
(2)
(ii) Name the type of plant habitat where the scientists collected these results.
(1)
(d) The scientists use a large number of quadrats to make sure the data collected is reliable.
Describe a procedure they should follow to make sure the data collected using
quadrats is valid.
(1)
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5 Plants can be genetically modified (GM) to make them resistant to pests.
Describe an investigation that could be carried out to find out if GM plants produce
a better yield than normal plants.
Your answer should include experimental details and be written in full sentences.
(6)
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10 The world’s rainforests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate
of deforestation.
(a) Suggest two reasons why humans are removing rainforest.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Explain how deforestation can change the balance of gases in the atmosphere.
(2)
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(c) Suggest how countries can reduce the impact of deforestation.
(2)
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3 Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth. Most plants can only use nitrogen
in the form of nitrate ions. Only legumes that have bacteria living in their root
nodules can use nitrogen from the air.
(a) (i) Explain how nitrate ions help plants to grow.
(1)
(ii) Name the type of bacteria that live in the root nodules of legumes.
(1)
(b) Many animals excrete urine that contains urea. Some soil microorganisms use the
enzyme urease to change urea to ammonium ions and carbon dioxide.
Describe how ammonium ions can be converted to nitrate ions in the soil.
(2)
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(c) The graph shows the effect of different temperatures on the rate of urease
activity.
120
100
rate of urease activity in arbitrary units
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature in °C
(i) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 10°C to 36 °C.
(2)
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4 The diagram shows a salmon fish farm in the sea.
predatory
birds
net
fence dead salmon with
fungus growing on it
float seal
salmon
wild salmon
(a) Suggest three ways in which the net protects the salmon.
(3)
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(b) Waste food and faeces can collect in the mud beneath the fish farm.
Suggest how this could affect the growth of the salmon.
(3)
(c) Suggest what should be done with the dead salmon with fungus growing on it.
(2)
(d) Give the example of biological control shown in the diagram of the fish farm.
(1)
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6 When organic material in sewage, manure, silage effluents and waste milk enters a
lake or river it causes pollution.
The organic material is broken down by microorganisms. This process removes
oxygen from the water.
The amount of oxygen removed from the water is called the Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD).
The table shows data for different pollutants.
BOD
Pollutant
in mg of O2 per litre of pollutant
(a) Explain which pollutant is likely to have the most severe effect on the organisms
in a river.
(2)
(b) A quantity of pollutant is released into a river. The effect on the organisms will
depend on the BOD value and other factors.
Suggest one of these other factors.
(1)
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(c) Waste milk is one of the pollutants.
Name one of the biological molecules found in milk that the microorganisms
could feed on.
(1)
(d) Suggest a reason for the difference between the BOD of raw domestic sewage
and the BOD of treated domestic sewage.
(2)
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