Introduction

Chapter 1
Uses of Computer Networks
< Business Applications
< Home Applications
< Mobile Users
< Social Issues
Business Applications of Networks
P Client server model
P A network with two clients and one server.
Business Applications of Networks (2)
P The client-server model involves requests and replies.
Business Applications of Networks (3)
P Communication medium among employees (e-mail, instant
messaging)
P Doing bussiness with other companies
P E-commerce
Home Network Applications
P Access to remote information
P Person-to-person communication
P Interactive entertainment
P Electronic commerce
Home Network Applications (2)
P In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and
servers.
Home Network Applications (3)
P Some forms of e-commerce.
Mobile Network Users
P Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.
Social Issue
P Newsgroups contains topics that are sensitive and
sometimes offensive to others
P Read and write email at work may be read by employer
P Spy
P Criminal activity
Network Hardware
P No taxonomy
P In general two factor are important:
< Transmission technology
< Scale
Transmission Technology

P Broadcast links (send packets to all)

< Packets are short messages
< Multicast (send to only a subset of the machine)
P Point-to-point links (unicast)
< To one destination
< May go through intermediate machine
Scale
P Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
Local Area Networks
P Two types
P (a) Bus
P (b) Ring
P Speed of 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Metropolitan Area Networks
P A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
P Recent addition is the 802.16 wireless MAN
Wide Area Networks
P Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

P Host: a machine running user program

P Subnet: a communication network that connects a
collection of machines
P Switching element: a specialized computer that
connects more than two networks (Router)
Wide Area Networks (2)
P A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

P Store-forward mechanism or
P Packet switch
P Needs Routing Algorithm to find routes
Wireless Networks

P Categories of wireless networks:

< System interconnection (short range)
< Wireless LANs (meters)
< Wireless WANs (kilometers)
Wireless Networks (2)
P (a) Bluetooth configuration (Personal Network)
P (b) Wireless LAN 802.11
Wireless Networks (3)
P (a) Individual mobile computers
P (b) A flying LAN
Home Network Categories
P Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
P Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
P Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
P Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
P Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
Internetworks
P Connecting different networks
< Gateways
< Common in WAN
Network Software
P Protocol Hierarchies
P Design Issues for the Layers
P Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
P Service Primitives
P The Relationship of Services to Protocols
Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
P Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
Protocol Hierarchies (2)
P The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.
Protocol Hierarchies (3)
P Example information flow supporting virtual
communication in layer 5.
Design Issues for the Layers
P Addressing
< One destination
< Multiple destination
< All
P Error Control
< Detection
< Correction
P Flow Control
< Speed difference
P Multiplexing
< Sharing connection
P Routing
< Path to destination
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Services
P Six different types of service.
P In some cases, connection is negotiated.
Service Primitives
P Five service primitives for implementing a simple
connection-oriented service.
Service Primitives (2)
P Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a
connection-oriented network.
Services to Protocols Relationship
P The relationship between a service and a protocol.
Reference Models
P The OSI Reference Model (1995)
P The TCP/IP Reference Model (1974)
P A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
P A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
P A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Reference Models

The OSI
reference
model.
Reference Models (2)
P The TCP/IP reference model.
Reference Models (3)
P Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
P Concepts central to the OSI model
P Services: define what the layer does
P Interfaces: tells the processes above it how to access it
P Protocols: how the same layer communicate
A Critique of the OSI Model and
Protocols

P Why OSI did not take over the world

< Bad timing
< Bad technology: complicated
– Q: what do you get when you cross a mobster with
an international standard?
– A: someone who makes you an offer you can’t
understand.
< Bad implementations: poor quality
< Bad politics: UNIX with TCP/IP
Bad Timing
P The apocalypse of the two elephants.

P Standards
< Too early => not understood => bad standard
< Too late => many companies make it their
own way => ignore standard
A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference
Model

P Problems:
< Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
< Not a general model
< Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
< No mention of physical and data link layers
< Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
Hybrid Model
P The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.
Example Networks
P The Internet
P Connection-Oriented Networks: X.25, Frame Relay, and
ATM
P Ethernet
P Wireless LANs: 802.11
The ARPANET
P (a) Structure of the telephone system.
P (b) Paul Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
The ARPANET (2)
P The original ARPANET design.

P IMP: a mini computer acting as Interface Message

Processor (IMP)
P Each link 56K
The ARPANET (3)
P Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.
P (c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
NSFNET
P The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

P Each supercomputer connected to a fuzzball (LSI-11

computer) that understand TCP/IP.
P Fuzzball connected to IMP at 56K then upgaded to
448K (fiber optics) and then 1.5 Mbps (1990)
ANSNET
P Advance Network and Services
P MERIT, MCI, and IBM
P 1990 took over NFSNET and upgrade link to 45 Mbps
Internet Usage
P Traditional applications (1970 % 1990)
P E-mail
P News
P Remote login
P File transfer
Architecture of the Internet
P Overview of the Internet.
Connection oriented Networks
P X.25
P Frame Relay
P Both by Telco
< Why do they like it?
– QOS
– Biling
ATM Virtual Circuits
P A virtual circuit.
ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
P An ATM cell.

P Cell is small >< IP is large (varying size)

P Cell uses hardware routing >< IP uses software
routing
P Cell fast >< IP slow
P Able to copy cell (TV broadcast)
P All cell follow the same route and cell is received in
order
The ATM Reference Model
P The ATM reference model.
The ATM Reference Model (2)
P The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.
Ethernet
P Architecture of the original Ethernet.
P Later adopted by Xerox, DEC and Intel in 1978 (DIX
standard) and this will becomes the 802.3 standard in
1983
Wireless LANs
P (a) Wireless networking with a base station.
P (b) Ad hoc networking.
Wireless LANs (2)
P The range of a single radio may not cover the entire
system.
Wireless LANs (3)
P A multicell 802.11 network.
Network Standardization
P Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
P Who’s Who in the International Standards World
P Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
ITU

P Main sectors
< Radiocommunications
< Telecommunications Standardization
< Development
P Classes of Members
< National governments
< Sector members
< Associate members
< Regulatory agencies
IEEE 802 Standards

The 802 working groups. The important ones are

marked with *. The ones marked with  are hibernating.
The one marked with † gave up.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
P Request For Comments (RFC)
< www.ietf.org/rfc
P Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
P Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Metric Units
P The principal metric prefixes.