The principle of additive addition is a method of adding points on an elliptic curve that

generalizes the addition of points on an ordinary straight line. An elliptic curve is a geometric
shape defined by an equation of the form y^2 = x^3 + ax + b. where a and b are constants. The
equation describes a curve that looks like a stretched circle.

The extended summation principle allows you to define summation operations at points on the
curve. Start with two points P and Q and draw a line through both points. This line intersects
the curve at a third point called R. Then, reflect R along the x-axis to get a fourth point, which
we'll call -R. The sum of P and Q is defined as -R.

However, the line through P and Q may be perpendicular, in which case the sum of P + Q is
defined as the point at infinity denoted as O.

Here are three examples that apply the principle of extended addition.

Suppose we have two points on the curve, P(1, 2) and Q(4, 5). Draw a line through P and Q that
intersects the curve at the third point R(-2, 3). Reflect R about the x-axis to get -R(-2, -3) .
Therefore P + Q = -R = (-2, -3).

Suppose we have two points on the curve, P(3, 5) and Q(3, -5). In this case, the line through P
and Q is perpendicular, so we define P + Q as point O at infinity. Therefore, P + Q = O.

Suppose we have two points on the curve, P(1, 2) and Q(1, -2). Again, the line through P and Q
is perpendicular, so P + Q = O.

The principle of extended addition is a powerful tool in elliptic curve cryptography. Elliptic curve
cryptography is a branch of mathematics that has many applications in computer security. The
principle of extended addition enables secure and efficient operations on elliptic curves that
can be used for cryptography, digital signatures, and other applications.