hol és a diHerential equation 2 A differentrol equatton cq an equalton shot centaing an unknown functton and d's devivativeo ‘ You alveady know one famous ditt exential equotion ts Newtons lon. Force = mass ¥% acceleration Gen =) Cae eas) Wait, T dont see any devivative 2 As a non ate Ave ave vaiee dt = From Q), m AV =f Vv r (4,V) lug ts a ditferentral equator » én thal 4 és éndependen| vardohle, velocity oy depend on ttme and force cy ee of Awe vamads\ea + and vy. Now know also, a= OS position funcion eles From) mh = eras)Another examples a a = ; of watte i) ex 20 W ee so aH n ) oa) COPE) 3 i yo dependent variable, Susy cndependent sr eo) dy _ 142* cope) ad lai Q) ye ‘ 1 RY so (OPED Gi) waza eon) 4 dependen} vastoble, ony “7 mY > endependen| t= Gy we + = 6 (PDE) Rae There ave two gee of defferential equations . () Ordinary DiHeventral Equotion Cope) only ordinary dependent v aJ oes Hilferen\al Kquation CPOE) p ee dst ventral equostion contains portiol demvatives of one oY MLE dependenl variables valth yeopect jo move then one _tnde sendent Vamable, then és called of portal dattesenta\ equatlon . 9 qu, au. - nm Wy t Uy = oe a yr Ve 1 Tadependen| yomalaleo ca 4 dependent Vamriahleo 3 WV 2 L, ® W = - 24, Ww = Wee “. tt i ae sae a Us dependen| yorahle endepentent yanableg Nina Dfs there are tWe thin When qe aye Stud ny ou should know, ~Ce order of DE and dest of DE Order of DE * The order of a differential equatton es dhe order of the hi heot derivative Ahat occure tn o ee equation.f Nototion %- Fivst ovdey obf& + TU contains ive\ derivatives ae contain Y and Su quvcg fonction Oly y and Ma This Cs called ao ice Jaan ay ( J) Crnplvait foam of {" osdev ones y= fous) Thrs ¢s explicit 4tusm of i ovder odE Second ovdey ope * Senne ne cm phici4 fa rm gia fay) a Explicit farm dn nerd et tansit 93) => Replicit team F (ud y!s eng”) =O 9 Ampleit feom . Suppose aS have twe ea : xbyr) and eye, t's sol” ey nothing bub nos Ciohaf cs ool? a ope 2 thin on)Concept of Solution + SS A function -s é called a solution of a a! order a Ge FOF )=O on some Crievval adZxdb (a, beEIR) cf — hey és depncd on aerch and — hay & digyescntichle on adeeb and Ch sabiesfies The given ope . Fxamplet) Venfy Y=ht)= £ (Con eis consan} ,»49) €s Solutter of ee alo vet this, &fferentrate ye ka) ce yh on ete yx on both side we qc ef L 50\" of yon opt, Wha & a ae pica u ondTn obove ol exampleo of fy osder obe onc solution, evap have more than which can be emtinitely Mon golullyorn ( be by a Single tos mula enh an axbitras constant on Such a Soutien whrch contadds an asbitror constant ce callie Glaeemremta ESO ined covreapending 3 ondes dittecentrod equation . Flea many arbitrary oI cons} en perl ed of i) alder op£9 Think ay] TH you asaqn & definite value to the alg eamsbant CU then the Certo ondin Solution Ves called Of & particulary ‘alan CNote hod AG obtained trom Ce go\? Fur eg. Ve 2 General 80|” Pavheulay Sol poe wee (eat) [ndudes ol| pursible, One edividua 50} soi"S | family — Whose ger 3The curve (graph) of hoo cs callecl ao” Soluffon Curven fxumple () The ope ye eee con b ® On boteEctclcome t solved Se 7 eras a {cosa da = SINK C Where C cg Sees conctant Fo each value of c A is nepreaent 59|” ce dhjc uae Gens 4 Saas eae ae Sion ear CHCAY4 C. 6 a a of solutions. Krom ple (3) From calecluo we know tha} ae (a ef constant) hag the denveive, fie a 2ice t= a ; This shows that ce" ce aoe of ie a4. Think 6 graph ‘of GaF Ginqulay Solution <- one move delytron which ) = * An ot have encval solutvon b cannot oblan rom ay volue tothe obi ] en o particul Const eon Such selutvon os called a singulay Yor e@ The egal y ef ‘ihe 26 ao —the solution SCuaGe represent o eneval J soy) of shaas t eee Fusxther ve x= @ abso sel? of Ca? hata at > Vernon io Vass cail ean I ig tt become eh “] tees A a uae Bae. x P 7 1 0Tail Yalye Reblern Hon 4o obtain povhiculay $0|” From general So\” oe 3 Wah dhe help of dnitial condition YO) = fo Yo, Jo Ove given value uring thod jo tan determine a valuc of Vhc eee yi constant C. Sy cnitiol volue problem ty an ODE Aggethes with enibal condition - das q yaytan Cone) Ylo) TF you solve this OPE, ch dhe general sol? yee a only ont opal Mis cleomime aie onc Lee ~ > Ctinital endition (40) i: ices/ Fur 4 order Eve sees G39’) J) Yo ee initial eee jos 41 given dn eneral. n' order INP (1) (n) i J: f(y yy yy Uh Tt vequircd ity vi ee 4 Canditvons. i5 Pea) = Inet How to solve IVP 2 ~ Fivs| find a family of golutvon to the ODE — Using fami) of solution and ae Ic detesminc o porheulay gol). 1] ey | es _, iid 9” bn IVP, sya ow knoW 1 oe To Find the sol” 1S) ovdey WP, you uttd to know ointYon dhe curve, dhal curve cy member o qamily of $9” (urea.Re SPSS ea ee ee a ON, Method of See vanabléa Cee Variable separable method ) a Now we ave ay 6 focune i} i Order ope (e ylsPouy) 7 F (49,4 J=0 Queclion w& how —le find the solutvon 9 Method sags *- Separate the dependent and éndependent vamables and ¢ able +o do ghis , then jul ente vate on both stde ju will qe Ahe cdlutton ot oo ODE | ou aya Jee Fo) gey = 2. 4ongy) =) i =|fu) on Inky wehion any ih i a TheP. y ples >) ria oly , (0) =Vp t ie | ao = Vee A jon enteqrotion fiz = -afjedh ie = ae Gy Ege : ; ee a= at YWw= a ES =€@eé co “ifae Y=C ES = Gamay ie GD, ©‘ ’ Fivd order defferential equation: y's £009) (explicit fom) set; FY) =F) oe ah funcian of X. Shen ie Fiz) , on imei tole ace solulton - ae Case-2 TF your able two wate f07,y) = f,09 4.) ce ck youy abte two wate Hoy) & dhe preducl “of “two fundions 400 Ge dundiony of endependend vaavable and fit%) ce fur of dependen| vawable then We have ay yoy 4.9) dx dy 2 Hooda Op dhe enteyyatiion you \ final any . ‘talled aa variable seporable +) dhol do ef Joy) cs function -Jhen use thePu as Uxr—@) On cdefferentiation a _ut4 ay ‘ \ produc| tt ¢ du whe RayD J differentia ra) ot - qj- 4 ~~ (This & sepereble, Eder dn ie Ch fen 10DE ) => du dx [ i; — b seperal 7 ee 1 is 2 OC dep al 4Indgel d ‘ ss) oH term On ‘ones attm Ad 1 WL. Bod’ agen “put “u= 3 60” aud i yt final sep of eo ope. Dote iMA function fouy) a satd te be homogecous -funchan cf (kx, = ReFe3) , I EIR, aud 4ey Some Wee c d én obtain oO Yo @) A: nape hal Seas ee fhe far d= aes es called a homogeneous ary) equation - of each team of Jr) aud Lcanan CS of fhe same degree: fay di aayt 9 : de ax a(Woe4 Th “Faye qn ty 164 _ fhe Ay xthry t dy — a 2%4534% 2 Th Cun be tyeduce +o de tA bs do the hetiten ae form I vilng -brans adie ( f- eel eae ha Y4+k, (Wk bun censhen}) sdiadk dye 5 dx | dk _ 4 (44h) +b) (Y4K) 19 dy ' dy Oy CAH) t bs (14K) t _ yet by t Ca btbikAG) bt Yt Ch tbrk4G ) ere Qj dey Paley ody ie ane “é hase ~ “hf, k $0 Ri a) ht by kG, = eles =0 tyum k), pie k bi. dy axthyT This eq” ae ig ff” equation - gud f° know how Jo slove ctsCoed Tf Jou) et of dhe, fam eR faxtey te): Jhen aie Gatoy tc) a K (werd dependen} von ley) aud ee Cc Examples | @ ge tess -O Cael S Emel ie d p att ) d ea) / Var aw faon@: dv _ ) Vt ah RAINY =ady -1 (244) dx pub Y= UX dy Cue Ue dx dx U+x a + (4 Wy bee el. Che) — u L (itu tu®) =u 2 a eis 2 UO 5 pS. tur oa tan! (u)= £ ly ll +319 ¢ . + lo: e|t| Ye = tm (+b e141) Y= % gen -3 = (Gtr) tm (Fly (£ ie |x| C e129] ye 3t Grjin( a! a fer)i 1 Exact Opes ( order aud F deqree ) A yt order oPE M Guy) a+ Nong) dy =o = G) Cs called an exact deferential equation al there ecursts dif ferentrable funchton uczy) Sach tha d(ucy) = MO) det ACY) ‘ ; c2) Furthey, from G) audi) we have d(uea)) = 0 On clea ae ne dxt Noyy dy ds the -fotal derivative Some “ahelion and you have do find Shad function. Neon [mendes Grn , a While perenm eo aoe “Then a = ou qx ( jma) , oS Ou => Ttwiy= 2a ce Maoh coms havo QI BEV OF eS >oer Yy a Se” 4 u = ie 2 Qu DU (ay) = ee 2 a ie ae on both {a Pay va aera takin 4 ao cmd) Huo d Mey) dt + Nyy - ean {57 4p] 4y = Sth + Td fy) d 7 t+ (4 b Bi 34 e — mat ut {feody) 3 M1 (2,9) dx4 ana = d (u4ffO4 )Use eee hho eat a ae a Woy): aes equation Us) os po eae at ways 8g - eae 4 key) ~~ (by Tevelamel ae dof ale o oe o = Now na Prac Sava. Ky a vn'ng (5), Bet apie erences on CE We: ui a KE iD feo 6) and v7) «NG a irae. fry de "i On Satee sahicn J 2 key) = a +epad tir value of ku) eh a) ep yee i ey ~axtty® = Cc du = aw dx on = ory ( 2494) i ; Fin ane: oo fxemble ©) s cosCaay rs + Cy +34 4d cea) 4y =o whee C= <, H Saecmas CES)! aan ss ae ty) Be ayy 4 os (n4y) Then 4 Nc aus ar = —Sto (“4y4) g nee sin(xty) mamseryerernic| Paras Theo 47 c#) es exact »By dacfenttrm Fd a Fur Ca) ‘Sot. Al = css (aty) de + (ay 4 + 63 (aty)) dy 94 fe 4 Mhdy = GsGagide t Gergen Bd + dy este poy = OCs CoS (aty ) 7a Qa we ay ty + ws (x+y) — w) ele Es - cad werd te He Cie = tPA 4 gin (a4y) + KO) =y td +a stn (iy) 7 Now tes iracl| eae ce ose G) ey Br i ASTER? eq” @) pew t aun ‘i = 24 = cos (uty) + ae « From (4) and A) 0s (4) +a = ee ’ ae 3}On ¢n aes Kn) = pat Silvana) ie ) ne get UNS, Y) be ucigd= goty + Sin Gay) + G = yoty ot sin esa = Cc, a au = “ees dx * Gi 2 re © Gy da~ sing ay )= 0 @) ae au (2°) dx Ff cos (4) dy = @) ye dl oe ae el =o.