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Volumetric modulated arc therapy for primary lung cancer; the benefit and limitations of
including contralateral esophagus (CE) and left anterior descending coronary artery
(LAD) as substructure organs at risk (OAR).
Kerry Shroyer R.T. (R)(T)(CT), Ryan Monago R.T. (R)(MR)(T), Nishele Lenards, PhD, CMD,
R.T. (R)(T), FAAMD; Ashley Hunzeker, MS, CMD, Matt Tobler, CMD, R.T.(T) FAAMD
Medical Dosimetry Program at the University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, WI
I. Abstract
II. Introduction
A. P1: Explain volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) benefits for non-small cell
lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and organs at risk (OAR). Mention current
research findings regarding radiation dose limitations to contralateral esophagus
and left anterior descending artery.
B. P2: Left anterior descending artery (LAD) OAR (Reference: Atkins et al,1
McWilliam et al,2 Stam et al,3 Wennstig et al,4 Bergom et al5)
C. P3: Contralateral esophagus (CE) OAR (Reference: Al-halabi et al,6 Kamran et
al,7 Ma et al8)
D. P4: Summarize introduction points:
1. Problem: While clinical research has shown that exceeding dose to
structures such as the LAD and contralateral esophagus region can lead
to severe patient complications and morbidity, many volumetric
modulated arc (VMAT) lung plans do not include these as contoured
avoidance structures.
2. Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if
PTV prescription goals could be maintained while limiting dose to the
CE and LAD utilizing the defined dose constraints of this study.
3. Hypotheses: Researchers tested the hypotheses that VMAT lung plans
will meet prescription planned tumor volume (PTV) goals while
reducing dose to the LAD to V15<10% (H1A) and reducing dose to the
CE to V55Gy<0.5cc (H2A), V45Gy<2.5cc (H3A), and D.03cc<60Gy
(H4A) as proposed by previous clinical studies.4,5
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2. Clinical goals:
1. Esophagus_CE:
a. D0.3cc < 6000cGy
b. V45Gy < 2.5cc
c. V55Gy < 0.5cc
2. LAD:
a. V15Gy <10%
E. Statistical Analysis
1. PI. Explanation of statistical test: sign test with p-value
a. Recommended .10 as threshold for P value due to
experimental state of study
F.
IV. Results
A. PII. LAD dose data and reoptimization changes (H1A)
1. Sign test LAD: P<.10, Z value was 2.828 (Statistically significant)
(Figure ___, Table___)
2. Mean dose changes and standard deviation data
3. LAD V15Gy constraint = Fail to reject null hypothesis
B. PIII. Contralateral Esophagus dose data and reoptimization changes (H2A, H3A,
H4A)
1. Sign Test V55Gy: P <.10 (Statistically significant) (Figure___, Table ___)
2. Sign Test V45Gy: P <.10 (Statistically significant) (Figure ___, Table___)
3. Sign Test D0.3cc P > .10 (Statistically insignificant) Mention that there
was no statistically useful change due to reoptimization goals (Table
___)
4. Mean dose changes and standard deviation data (1-3)
5. CE V55Gy constraint = Fail to reject null hypothesis
6. CE V45Gy constraint = Fail to reject null hypothesis
7. CE Dmax = Fail to reject null hypothesis
C. PIV. Changes to OAR values
1. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: Heart mean
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2. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: Global Max Dose .03cc
3. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: Lung-ITV mean dose
4. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: Lung-ITV V20Gy
5. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: Lung-ITV V5Gy
1. Lung-ITV V5Gy P<.10 (Significant change) Increase in low dose
to volume of lung with reoptimization
D. P V. PTV Coverage maintenance
1. Mean dose changes and standard deviation: V100% prescription dose
2. Plans maintained OAR goals (Table____)
3. Sign test PTV Coverage: P > .10 (Statistically insignificant)
1. Coverage thus maintained effectively
4. Global Dose max mean values and standard deviation
1. Original plans
2. New plans
V. Discussion
A. PI: Summary of dosimetric findings after applying new LAD and CE constraints
B. P2: Whole study comparison of PTV coverage with and without new CE and
LAD constraints
C. P3: Discuss how to incorporate these constraints with commonly used protocols
(review current RTOG protocols)
VI. Conclusion
A. PI: Summary of LAD and CE related morbidities and the research about sparing
these organs
B. PII: Summary of problem and purpose of this research
1. Problem: While clinical research has shown that exceeding dose to
structures such as the LAD and contralateral esophagus region can lead
to severe patient complications and morbidity, many volumetric
modulated arc (VMAT) lung plans do not include these as contoured
avoidance structures.
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References
1. Atkins KM, Chaunzwa TL, Lamba N, et al. Association of left anterior descending
coronary artery radiation dose with major adverse cardiac events and mortality in patients
with non–small cell lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(2):206–219.
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.6332
2. McWilliam A, Kennedy J, Hodgson C, Vasquez Osorio E, Faivre-Finn C, van Herk M.
Radiation dose to heart base linked with poorer survival in lung cancer patients. Eur J
Cancer. 2017;85:106-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.07.053
3. Stam B, Peulen H, Guckenberger M, et al. Dose to heart substructures is associated with
non-cancer death after SBRT in stage I-II NSCLC patients. Radiother Oncol.
2017;123(3):370-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2017.04.017
4. Wennstig AK, Garmo H, Isacsson U, et al. The relationship between radiation doses to
coronary arteries and location of coronary stenosis requiring intervention in breast cancer
survivors. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13014-019-1242-z
5. Bergom C, Bradley JA, Ng AK, et al. Past, present, and future of radiation-induced
cardiotoxicity: refinements in targeting, surveillance, and risk stratification. JACC
CardioOncol. 2021;3(3):343-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.06.007
6. Al-Halabi H, Paetzold P, Sharp GC, Olsen C, Willers H. A contralateral esophagus-
sparing technique to limit severe esophagitis associated with concurrent high-dose
radiation and chemotherapy in patients with thoracic malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys. 2015;92(4):803-810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.03.018
7. Kamran SC, Yeap BY, Ulysse CA, et al. Assessment of a contralateral esophagus–
sparing technique in locally advanced lung cancer treated with high-dose chemoradiation:
a phase 1 nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(6):910–914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.0281
8. Ma L, Qiu B, Li Q, et al. An esophagus-sparing technique to limit radiation esophagitis in
locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated by simultaneous integrated boost
intensity-modulated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. Radiat Oncol.
2018;13(1):130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-018-1073-3
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