development of a robust organisational culture for continuous improvement, alongside

creating bottom-line impact (Snee 2004, Antony et al. 2005). The Six Sigma methodology
recommends two roadmaps for this purpose – DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-
Control) and DMADV (Define- Measure-Analyse-Design-Verify). DMAIC is generally used
as a roadmap to reduce process variation by making improvements or enhancements over the
existing process, whereas DMADV (or its enhanced version DMADOV, where ‘O’ stands for
Optimise) is used predominantly in product design or reengineering (Vijaya Sunder &
Antony 2015).

The roots of Lean manufacturing can be attributed to the Toyota Production System (TPS)
that focused on improving value and reducing waste in operations (Womack & Jones 2005;
Netland 2016).