Universiti Kuala Lumpur :: Where Knowledge is Applied::

Malaysian Spanish
Institute

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (SCB24203)

Submit to: SHAHRIL NIZAM BIN MOHAMED SOID

Prepared by:
NAME ID NUMBER COURSE
SYED ASHRAF BIN SYED FAZIAL 54211116002 BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
UMAR FAROUQ BIN UMAR SHUKRI 54211116003 BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
SHAFIQ BIN ONG AMAT @ AMAT 54211116055 BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN REJUHAN 54211116082 BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
MOHHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN NOORZAN 54211116165 BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
MUHAMAD IQMAL FAIZ BIN ABDUL BETA MECHANICAL (S11-4)
54211116086
HALIM
 CONTENT

1.0 Objective.......................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Engine Specification

2.1 Series (extended-Ranged) Hybrid ..................................................... 2-3

2.2 Parallel Hybrid ................................................................................. 3-4

2.3 Series- Parallel Hybrid ...................................................................... 4-5

2.4 Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles ........................................................... 5

2.5 Disadvantages of Hybrid Vehicles ....................................................... 6

2.6 Operation of Hybrid Vehicle ................................................................ 6

2.7 Hybrid Control .................................................................................... 7

2.8 Engine Design and Operating Parameter .............................................. 8

2.9 Engine and Fuel Source ....................................................................... 9

2.10 Basic Components inside Hybrid System

2.10.1 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) ......................................... 10

2.10.2 Electric Motor ........................................................................ 11

2.10.3 Batteries ............................................................................ 12-13

2.10.4 Transmission .......................................................................... 14

2.10.5 Controller ............................................................................... 14

2.10.4 Generator ............................................................................... 15

3.1 Operating System ......................................................................... 16-17

3.2 How the SHVS system works during actual driving ...................... 17-18

3.3 Suzuki Maruti’ Ciaz with SHVS Mild Hybrid Technology ................ 19

4.0 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 20

5.0 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 21

6.0 References ................................................................................................ 22-23

In this mini project, the students are required to study the engine system with specialization

in hybrid system. Related to this study case, there are some of objectives that needs to gain for this

report which is:

 To gain the knowledge about the engine technology.

 To study the employment of hybrid vehicle.

 To know the method to use for monitoring the pollution.

2.0 Engine Specification

SPECIFICATIONS
Model Name Suzuki Ciaz

Body Type Sedan

Number of Doors 4

Petrol
Engine
K14B 1.4-litre VVT

Drive System 2WD

DIMENSIONS
Overall Length mm 4,490

Overall Width mm 1,730

Overall Height mm 1,475

Wheelbase mm 1,4752,650

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 Front Mm 1,495
Tread
Rear mm 1,505

Minimum Turning Radius mm 5.4

Minimum Ground Clearance mm 160

CAPACITIES
Seating Capacities Persons 5

Luggage Max Volume Litres 495 (510)

ENGINE
Type K14B

Number of Cylinders 4

Piston Displacement cm3 1,373

Bore x Stroke mm 73.0 x 2.0

Compression Ratio 11.0

Maximum Output kW/rpm 68/ 6,000

Maximum Torque Nm/rpm 130/ 4,000

Fuel Distribution Multipoint Injection

Transmission
Type 5MT/ 4AT

CHASSIS
Front Ventilated Disc
Brakes
Rear Drum, Leading and Trailing

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 Front MacPherson Strut with Coil Spring
Suspension
Rear Torsion Beam with Coil Spring

Tyres 185/ 65R15, 195/55R16

WEIGHTS
Kerb Weight M/ T (min.) kg 1,010/ 1,030
/ (with full options)
Kerb Weight A/ T (min.) kg 1,020/ 1,040
/ (with full options)
Gross Vehicle Weight M/ kg 1,490
T
Gross Vehicle Weight A / kg 1,500
T

Figure 1: Types of Hybrid Vehicle

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2.1 Series (Extended-) Hybrid

A series hybrid is like a battery electric vehicle (BEV) in design. In this configuration, the

engine drives an electric generator instead of directly driving the wheels. The generator’s role is

to both charges a battery and powers an electric motor that moves the vehicle. The motor draws

electricity from both the battery and the generator when large amounts of power are required. Since

the gas engine only generates electricity to be used by the electric motor and never directly drives

the wheels, this type of configuration also can be referred as extended-range electric vehicles

(EREVs) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs). Modern examples include the Cadillac

ELR, Chevrolet Volt, and Fisker Karma.

Figure 2: Series Hybrid Configuration

Among all of the configurations exist, series drivetrains are the simplest hybrid

configuration because the electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels. The

electric power supplied to the motor is either from the battery pack or from a generator run by a

gasoline engine. The power output from both battery and engine/generator are controlled by a

computer. The battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and the regenerative braking.

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 During stop-and-go traffic, the series hybrid performs best where gasoline and diesel

engines are inefficient. When the vehicle is at stop, the vehicle’s computer will decide to power

the motor with the battery pack only, saving the engine for situations where it’s more efficient.

Due to a certain power demand, the engine is typically smaller in a series drivetrain and the battery

pack is generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrids in order to provide the remaining

power needs. Series hybrid vehicles tends to be more expensive since it has larger battery and

motor, along with the generator.

2.2 Parallel Hybrid

In a parallel hybrid, both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor is

connected to a mechanical transmission. Both the engine and the motor run in their optimum

operating region as much as possible since the power distribution between them is varied. A

parallel hybrid vehicle does not use separate generator in its system. The motor functions as a

generator whenever the generator's operation is needed. The vehicle can never drive in pure electric

mode and the motor turns on only when a boost is needed in a parallel mild hybrid system.

Figure 3: Parallel Hybrid Configuration

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 The engine and electric motor works together to generate power that drives the wheels in

vehicles with parallel hybrid drivetrains. In a parallel hybrids the battery pack used is smaller

compared to the series hybrid and relying on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. When

power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the motor as a generator for supplemental

recharging, much like an alternator in conventional cars.

The inefficiency of converting mechanical power to electricity and back is eliminated since

the engine is connected directly to the wheels in parallel drivetrains, thus increasing the efficiency

of these hybrids on the highway. The efficiency benefits of having an electric motor and battery in

a stop-and-go traffic is reduced but does not eliminate it.

2.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid

In series-parallel hybrid configuration, the vehicle can be powered by the gasoline engine

working alone, the electric motor by itself, or by both energy converters working together. Power

distribution between the engine and motor is designed so that the engine can run in its optimum

operating range as much as possible.

Figure 4: Series-Parallel Hybrid Configuration

drivetrains has been merged together. By combining the two designs, the engine can both drive

the wheels directly as in the parallel drivetrain for long distance travel, and be effectively

disconnected, with only the electric motor providing power as in the series drivetrain for stop-and-

go traffic. The popularity of this type of configurations increases with the help of Toyota Prius

which is one of the most popular vehicle which uses this configuration.

The engine can operates at near optimum efficiency more often with the gas-only and

electric-only options. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds,

where the series drivetrain is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized.

Since this system requires a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control

the dual system, it acquires higher costs than a pure parallel. By using this configuration, the

vehicle can perform better and use less fuel than either the series or parallel systems alone.

2.4 Advantages of Hybrid Vehicles

There are many advantages of hybrid vehicle compared to conventional internal

combustion engine (ICE). With the help of the motor in hybrid system, the need for a complicated

multi-speed transmission and clutch is eliminated in series hybrids since only the electric motor

directly drives the transmission, which may have one gear. In series hybrid system, the gasoline

engines tends to be smaller and more efficient since they do not directly power the vehicle and are

not subject to the highly variable power demands of stop-and-go driving. These design features

make series hybrids the ideal car for urban and suburban driving conditions. The smaller, more

efficient engine and greater use of electric power helps reduce harmful gas emissions in series

hybrids.

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2.5 Disadvantages of Hybrid Vehicles

In the series hybrid system, a larger, more complicated battery and motor is needed to meet

its power needs. Due to the larger battery and motor and the addition of a generator, it makes the

series hybrid more costly than a parallel hybrid. Series hybrids are also not as efficient as parallel

hybrids for highway driving since the engine is not directly connected to the wheels. Plug-in hybrid

models are available in both series and parallel that allow for electric-only operation and zero

tailpipe emissions on shorter distance trips. The plug-in feature, however, also adds to the cost.

Figure 5: Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle

2.6 Operation of Hybrid Vehicle

Each operating hybrid electric vehicle will be determined by the operating strategy. The

operation depends on the objectives of a higher optical emission reduction fuel economy. It is the

handling strategy of setting up every time the distribution of the driving torque required to the

internal combustion engine and electric motor so that the engine operates in the best possible

operating eye. The operating strategy also controls the generation of electricity to charge the

attraction batteries.
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2.7 Hybrid Control

Relevant hybrid driving depends on the efficiency achieved, not only on the hybrid

topology but also most important in high-level hybrid controls. For example, a parallel hybrid

drive vehicle is used to indicate the component network and individual control systems in the

drivetrain. The entire system is controlled by high-level hybrid coordinate with a subsystem with

its own control function. These control acts as a battery management, engine management,

electrical drive management, transmission management and braking system management. Hybrid

controls also include operating strategies that optimize the way in which the drivetrain is operated

in addition to the pure control of the subsystem. Operating strategies bring influence to bear the

function of HEV emissions and pruning, on the start of engine start, regenerative braking and

point-of-point optimization. This includes decisions regarding driving conditions such as driving

or electric recovery and distribution of torque drivers to engine and electric motors.

The function of an electric drive is an important part of point-to-point optimization. It can

be done by increasing the electric drive to achieve higher torque and therefore better acceleration

capability, especially at low engine speeds. Although, this requires a full consideration of design

and optimization of operational strategies to exploit maximum potential.

Figure 6: Hybrid Control System

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2.8 Engine Design and Operating Parameter

Hybrid powertrain applications combines combustion engine and electric motor such as

micro, mild or full hybrid. The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the

structure of the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type, and the mode of operation.

If a vehicle utilizes more than one form of on-board energy to achieve propulsion, it is a

hybrid. That means a hybrid will have a traditional internal-combustion engine and a fuel tank,

as well as one or more electric motors and a battery pack.

Sometimes, hybrid cars are mistakenly confused with electric vehicles. Often, hybrids are

gasoline-burning machines that utilize the electric bits to collect and reuse energy that normally

goes to waste in standard cars. Theoretically, diesel-electric hybrids would be even more fuel-

efficient, but hybrid systems and diesel engines both represent extra cost. So far, installing both

in the same vehicle has proven to be prohibitively expensive.

Figure 7: Components inside the Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle

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2.9 Engine and Fuel Source

The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the hybrid

vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type, and the mode of operation, the engine and electric component

used.

Most hybrid electric design uses gasoline engines are used in and will likely remain

dominant for the future mobility, while petroleum-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is

possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from renewable energy sources. Like most

modern internal combustion engine powered vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to about 15%

bioethanol.

The other type of the hybrid engine is diesel-electric HEVs, it uses a diesel engine for

power generation. When delivering constant power for a long period of time, diesel engines have

the advantage since it suffer less wear while operating at higher efficiency. The diesel engine's

high torque, combined with hybrid technology, may offer substantially improved mileage. Most

diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuels, so they can use but do not need petroleum at all for

fuel.

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2.10 Basic Components inside Hybrid System

2.10.1 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Figure 8: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

An ICE in a hybrid vehicle is required to produce electricity or hydraulic pressure

depending on the drive train technology deployed. Since the engine is not the only source of power,

therefore it can be smaller and driven as long as when it is powered on, it is in most efficient

operations range where it gives the power.

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 2.10.2 Electric Motor

Figure 9: Electric Motor

In a hybrid system, there are two electrical machines where one of them functions as a

motor primarily, and the other functions as a generator primarily. As the electrical portion of the

energy must be converted from the engine to the generator, through two inverters, through the

motor again and then to the wheels, one of the primary requirements of these machines is that they

are very efficient.

The electric motor provides power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill

climbing. This allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used. In some hybrids, the electric

motor alone propels the vehicle at low speeds, where gasoline engines are least efficient. In series

hybrids, only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and a smaller ICE also called range extender

works as a generator to power the electric motor or to recharge the batteries. They also usually

have a larger battery pack than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive than parallel hybrids.

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 2.10.3 Batteries

Figure 10: Hybrid Battery Pack

enough power to move a large heavy vehicle down the road for a few feet or a few miles. Like

all batteries, hybrid batteries have two electrodes that sit in an ion-rich solution called the

electrolyte. The electrodes are typically very close, so a polymer film, called a separator,

prevents them from touching, which would create a short circuit. There is at least two type of

batteries in hybrid vehicle produce power and torque in their operating system which is NiMH

and Li-ion. Below is the comparison of both battery in hybrid car.

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 Hybrid Car Battery Comparison

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Lithium Ion (li-Ion)

Heavy weight Light weight

Expensive Expensive

Relatively resistant to heat Sensitive to heat

Can be reconditioned Can’t be reconditioned

Long life Long life

Low energy density High energy density

Need occasional maintenance No maintenance required

Mature Technology Not fully mature technology

Memory effect No memory effect

High self-discharge Low self-discharge

Predicted death Sudden death

Simple charge protection circuit Complicated charge protection

circuit

Stable chemistry Not very stable chemistry

Durable Fragile

Simple air cooling required Active liquid thermal cooling

required

Close to its technology peak Promising future technology

Table 1: Hybrid Car Battery Comparison

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 2.10.4 Transmission

Figure 11: Transmission System

vehicle’s drivetrain. A hybrid vehicle has multiple forms of motive power. By combining the

conventional powertrain components, an internal combustion engine and transmission, with new

electric components, electric motor, power electronics and high voltage energy storage, the hybrid

vehicle drivetrains systems is created.

2.10.5 Controller

Figure 12: Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

The controller is used to charge the battery or to supply the power to electric motor. It’s

also converts battery DC to a chopped DC power, chopping in amplitude DC or frequency AC

and power based on low voltage input signal.

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 2.10.6 Generator

Figure 13: Generator

Generator is used to convert mechanical energy from engine into electrical energy, which

can be used by electric motor stored in the battery. It is also used to start the gasoline engine

instantly.

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3.0 Latest Technology in Hybrid Vehicle

The Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki (SHVS) is a mild hybrid system that uses an

Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) to assist the engine when accelerating and to generate electricity

through regenerative braking, which it does more efficiently than systems using conventional

alternators. Using the electricity stored after being generated through regenerative braking, the

electric motor function of the ISG improves fuel efficiency by partially assisting the engine, which

it does by making up for the added portion of fuel usually required during the high-fuel-consuming

actions of starting from a stop and accelerating. It also allows for a smooth and quiet restart after

an automatic engine stop, thanks to the use of an ISG belt-drive start, rather than restart by a

conventional starter motor.

3.1 Operating System

An Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), which has a motor function, enhances fuel

efficiency by providing a power assist to the engine. Fuel-efficient, lightweight and compact, the

SHVS us the ideal system for compact cars. The combination of the ISG and DUALJET, an

advanced engine built for exceptional thermal efficiency, achieves excellent drive and fuel-saving

performance. The ISG takes the place of a conventional alternator. The ISG is a generator with a

motor function. Its generating efficiency is higher than that of alternators. The power generated by

the ISG restarts the engine after the Engine Auto Stop Start system stalls it and assists it during it

acceleration, when fuel consumption is high. The result is enhanced fuel efficiency. The ISG’s

motor function is used to restart the engine. Its belt drive makes restart quieter and smoother than

in vehicles with conventional engine stop and start systems.

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 In addition to a lead battery, the SHVS pack a lightweight, compact lithium ion battery

designed for a long working life. During deceleration, power generated by the ISG is stored. This

power is used whenever engine assist is needed. Highly efficient recharging enables frequent

engine assists, contributing enhanced fuel efficiency.

3.2 How the SHVS system works during actual driving

When the clutch pedal is pressed during automatic engine stop, the ISG’s motor function

restarts the engine. A belt drive realizes smooth and quiet restart without noise from the starter

motor gears.

During acceleration, the electricity stored during deceleration drives the motor to assist the

engine. By providing assistance during fuel-consuming acceleration, the SHVS increases fuel

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efficiency. During cruising, the electricity that was stored during deceleration is supplied to the

electrical components, and electricity generation is minimized to focus engine output on driving.

This boosts fuel efficiency while enhancing drive performance.

When the vehicles begins to decelerate, the ISG efficiently converts the kinetic energy of

the vehicle to electrical energy, charging both batteries. When brakes are applied, generation

output increases to charge the battery further. At speed of 15km/h or slower, putting the gear into

neutral and releasing the clutch stop the engine automatically. In addition to performing automatic

engine stop when stationary, the engine stops after deceleration begins, achieving further fuel

efficiency. The electricity stored in the two batteries is supplied to the electrical components.

Deceleration energy is used to generate electricity. Stored electricity drives the motor to assist the

engine during acceleration, when fuel consumption is high, reducing fuel consumption.

Lightweight, compact and energy- efficient, this mild hybrid system is ideal for compact cars.

SHVS, the new mild hybrid system from Suzuki.

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3.3 Suzuki Maruti’ Ciaz with SHVS Mild Hybrid Technology

 Regenerative braking

Suzuki’s new SHVS system works on the principle of regenerative braking where kinetic

energy while slowing down is converted to electricity and stored in the battery of the car.

 Integrated Starter Generator

This electric motor is powered by the high capacity battery of the car. It is used supplement

the engine’s power while the car accelerates. As we know, an engine burns more fuel to gain

momentum at higher RPMs as compared to sustaining momentum which is done at lower

revolutions per minute. And since the ISG motor aids the Ciaz mild hybrid in acceleration with

electricity, the engine does not have to revolution as much when the car accelerates thereby saving

fuel.

 Idle Start/Stop

The Maruti Ciaz mild hybrid also comes with idle start/stop technology that shuts off the

engine when the car comes to a halt in order to save fuel in stop/start traffic conditions.

 Torque Assist Function

The regeneration of energy assists the torque function of the car. This helps the engine in

providing optimal acceleration and performance.

 Gear Shift Indicator

It prompts the driver to effectively change gears. This helps ensure a smoother ride and better fuel-

efficiency.

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4.0 Discussion

Nowadays, we cannot deny that the car technology are getting advanced especially in

propulsion method of the car itself due to strict rules and regulations that been imposed through

the whole world. Many city council start to minimize the number of cars entering the city during

peak hour, since the CO2 emission are major concern in big cities. In most European country, there

a common practice where only “green car” are allowed to enter the city during rush hour, yet some

council imposing extra fee to enter the city center. The common alternative propulsion systems are

Electric Vehicle (EV) and Hybrid system either it is Plug-In Hybrid or a normal hybrid.

When choosing an alternative or eco-friendly car anxiety range are common among the

consumers. For an electric vehicles, they need a larger pack of battery in order to travel extra miles.

However larger battery means it is heavier and takes more time to charge. Hybrid however

assisting the conventional petrol engine to save up the fuel. The engine only operates when the

vehicle starts to accelerates while during ignition, the car powered solely by the electric. However

the hybrid operation are different from one manufacturer to another depending on their technology.

Some European hybrid model can cruise solely with electric power at up to 120km/h before the

petrol engine is used depending on energy left on the battery.

In Malaysia, hybrid technology are not something new with the first market penetration

happens in 2010 where Honda Malaysia launch the Honda Civic Hybrid. The number of car sold

are small due to the high price. At that time the Hybrid versions are imported from Japan whereas

the normal version assembled in Melaka. In 2011, government announce the duty-exemption on

any hybrid model sold in Malaysia and the car market are flooded with hybrid vehicle. However

things were changed at the end of 2012 where the government announced that duty exemption

only valid for hybrid vehicles that are assembled in Malaysia.

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 The government’s aim now is to create a whole new ecosystem where Malaysian can enjoy

much affordable hybrid model in the future. The hybrid system seems more practical as the

charging point for electric vehicles are insufficient. With the fuel price that fluctuate every week,

many people starts making hybrid model a viable choice for their new car. The fuel consumption

are lower especially in city with a stop-and-go traffic and with various choice depending on the

budget.

5.0 Conclusion

There is no doubt that people nowadays concern about greenhouse effect, emission and

fuel economy. Hybrid are one of viable choice to many people in the world where it combine good

fuel consumption in town and great fuel range for long distance travel. As the technology getting

advance, the hybrid become more attractive to replace the normal internal combustion engine.

Hybrid engine provide assistance to the internal combustion engine to reduce the engine load. Thus,

improve fuel consumption of the car.

As the conclusion from this assessment, student can gain the knowledge about the engine

technology such as the engine specification, how the engine works and the technology that have

been used in order to improve the existing technology in monitoring the pollution.

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6.0 References

 How do hybrid electric car work? (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work

 Hybrid design. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.avl.com/ic-engines-design1/-

/asset_publisher/gYjUpY19vEA8/content/hybrid-design?inheritRedirect=false

 Hybrid System Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridAnimation/hybrid/hybridstarting.html

 Staff, C. (n.d.). HEV Types. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

http://autocaat.org/Technologies/Hybrid_and_Battery_Electric_Vehicles/HEV_Types/

 Series vs Parallel vs Series/Parallel Drivetrains. (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/series-vs-parallel-

drivetrains#.WuMihdyg-01

 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Series Hybrid Designs? (n.d.). Retrieved

April 26, 2018, from

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/advantages-disadvantages-series-hybrid-designs-

78758.html

 Components of Hybrid Car. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work

 Suzuki Maruti Ciaz. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.nexaexperience.com/ciaz.html

 Maruti Tech Facts – SHVS Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

http://www.popularmaruti.com/tech-facts-shvs/

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 SHVS- Suzuki Mild Hybrid System Retrieved April 26, 2018, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyOA7jI7kHM&t=37s

 Suzuki Ciaz Engine Specification Retrieved May 17, 2018, from

http://www.globalsuzuki.com/automobile/lineup/ciaz/index.html

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