University of Central Punjab

ADP-Programs
Assignment No.1 (Evening)

Student Name Syed Abdul Rehman Registration No. L1F21ASCS0113

Program ADP-CS Semester F23
Course Title Operating Systems (OS) Course Code CACS2553
Course Instructor Prof. Ghulam Mohyuddin Section F22A/F22B
Date Assigned Tuesday November 28, 2023 Total Marks 50
Due Date Friday December 01, 2023

Instructions for Students:

1. All the students are instructed to solve the assignment on their own. No student is allowed to copy
any part of the assignment.
2. Students will get ZERO marks for those solution, which will found identical/similar partially or
fully.
3. You can search the material from any resource, books, web, literature, etc. But make sure, you DO
NOT copy paste from the resource. Rephrase the required material in your own words in
assignment solution.
4. Assignment solution must be submitted in PRINTED FORMAT.

Q-1: What are the three main purposes of an operating system? (10 marks)
The three fundamental motivations behind a working framework are:
Asset The executives:
Designation and the executives of equipment assets, for example, computer processor, memory, circle space, and peripherals.
Guaranteeing effective and fair utilization of assets among various applications and clients.
Taking care of struggles and forestalling asset dispute.
Process The board:
 Creation, planning, and end of cycles (programs in execution).
 Giving an instrument to cycles to convey and synchronize with one another.
 Overseeing process states and setting exchanging between processes.
UI:
Giving a UI to collaboration between the client and the PC.
Offering a bunch of orders or graphical components for clients to control and connect with the framework.
Working with correspondence and data trade between the client and the PC.
These three purposes by and large guarantee that the PC's equipment assets are used productively, processes are overseen
successfully, and clients can cooperate with the framework in a helpful and significant manner. Working frameworks go about as
a mediator between the equipment and the client/application, abstracting the intricacies of equipment the board and giving an
easy to understand climate

Q-2: Give two reasons why caches are useful. What problems do they solve? (10 marks)

Reserves are valuable for two fundamental reasons and assist with tackling explicit issues in PC frameworks:

 Speed Improvement:

 Issue: The speed of the computer chip is regularly a lot quicker than the speed of getting to principal memory (Slam).
Bringing information straightforwardly from Slam each time it's required could prompt critical postponements.
 Arrangement: Reserves give a more modest, quicker capacity region found nearer to the computer chip. By putting away
oftentimes gotten to or as of late involved information in the store, the central processor can rapidly recover this information
without sitting tight for more slow access times from the primary memory.

 Diminishing Memory Idleness:

Issue: Memory idleness, the time it takes for the computer processor to get to information from the principal memory, can be
a bottleneck in framework execution.

 Arrangement: Stores act as a halfway, quicker layer between the computer chip and fundamental memory. Regularly got to
information is put away in the reserve, decreasing the need to get information from the more slow fundamental memory.
This assists with relieving the effect of memory dormancy and further develops the general framework execution.

Q-3: What are the benefits of single user system and multi user systems? (10 marks)

 Straightforwardness:

Single client frameworks are commonly less complex to configuration, carry out, and use. They are
appropriate for PCs where the essential client has full command over the framework.

 Asset Usage:

Assets are committed to a solitary client, which can prompt more unsurprising and steady execution for that
client. The whole framework is centered around serving the necessities of a solitary person.

 Simplicity of Upkeep:

Upkeep and investigating are by and large easier in single client frameworks, as there is just a single client to
consider. Updates and alterations can be made without influencing different clients.

 Customization:

The client can alter the framework as per individual inclinations without worries about other clients' prerequisites
or inclinations.

 Financially savvy for Individual Use:

Single client frameworks are in many cases more savvy for individual use since they needn't bother with the
intricacy of elements expected for multi-client conditions.

Multi-Client Framework:
 Asset Sharing:

Various clients can share assets like computer chip, memory, and peripherals. This prompts proficient utilization of assets
and cost reserve funds, particularly in business or authoritative settings.

 Joint effort:

Multi-client frameworks work with cooperation among clients. Clients can share documents, impart, and work on
projects at the same time, upgrading efficiency and cooperation.

 Brought together Administration:

Framework organization and the board are unified, making it simpler to carry out refreshes, safety efforts, and
framework wide setups. This is especially significant in big business conditions.

 Security:

Multi-client frameworks frequently incorporate client confirmation and access control systems to guarantee that
clients can get to the assets and information for which they have consent. This upgrades security and safeguards delicate data.

 Savvy for Organizations:

 IN a business or hierarchical setting

multi-client frameworks are savvy, as they permit various representatives to utilize similar arrangement of
assets, decreasing the requirement for individual workstations.

Both single-client and multi-client frameworks enjoy their benefits, and the decision relies upon the particular prerequisites and
use cases. Single-client frameworks are reasonable for individualized computing, while multi-client frameworks are fundamental
for organizations and associations where cooperation, asset sharing, and brought together administration are pivotal.

Q-4: What are the functions of an operating system for hardware and users? (10 marks)

The elements of a working framework can be comprehensively sorted into two fundamental perspectives: overseeing
equipment assets and giving a UI. We should investigate every perspective in more detail:

Capabilities for Equipment:

 Processor The board:

Dispensing and booking computer chip time for different cycles.

Dealing with setting switches between various cycles.

 Memory The board:

Designating and deallocating memory space for processes.

Overseeing virtual memory and guaranteeing effective utilization of Slam.

 Gadget The board:

Controlling and organizing info and result gadgets.

Overseeing gadget drivers and dealing with correspondence among gadgets and the central processor.

 Record Framework The executives:

Arranging and overseeing documents on capacity gadgets.

Taking care of document consents, catalogs, and access control.

 Security and Assurance:

Implementing access control strategies to safeguard framework assets.

Carrying out confirmation systems to guarantee just approved clients approach.

 Network The board:

Working with correspondence between gadgets in an organization.

Overseeing network associations, conventions, and information move.

 Blunder Dealing with:

Recognizing and answering mistakes and blames in the framework.

Carrying out components for blunder recuperation and adaptation to non-critical failure.
 Capabilities for Clients:
 UI:
Giving an easy to use connection point to communication with the framework.

Supporting order line interfaces, graphical UIs (GUIs), or different types of client cooperation.

 Program Execution:

Stacking and executing projects or applications.

Dealing with the execution of different cycles simultaneously.

 Record and Registry Control:

Permitting clients to make, erase, duplicate, and move records and registries.

Giving instruments to record association and route.

Correspondence:

 Supporting correspondence among clients and cycles.

Working with between process correspondence (IPC) and network correspondence.

 Work Planning:

Dealing with the booking of undertakings and cycles to upgrade framework execution.

Guaranteeing fair and productive utilization of framework assets among numerous clients.

 Utilities and Instruments:

Giving framework utilities and instruments to errands, for example, record the board, framework observing, and
investigating.

Offering a bunch of framework orders and devices to help clients in different errands.

 Client Record The executives:

Overseeing client accounts, including creation, cancellation, and change.

Upholding client confirmation and access control strategies.

The working framework goes about as a mediator among equipment and clients, guaranteeing productive asset usage, giving
a helpful UI, and working with the execution of different errands and applications.

Q-5: What are storage structures? How many types of storage structures are used in a modern computer
system? Explain. (10 marks)

Capacity structures in a PC framework allude to the association and the board of information stockpiling. There
are different kinds of capacity structures utilized in a cutting edge PC framework to productively store and
recover information. Here are a few normal sorts:

 Essential Capacity (Fundamental Memory):

Slam (Arbitrary Access Memory): Unstable memory utilized for brief capacity of information and program
code that is effectively being utilized by the computer chip. Information is lost when power is switched off.

Reserve Memory: A little, fast memory unit that stores habitually got to or as of late utilized information to
accelerate computer chip tasks.
 Auxiliary Capacity:

Hard Plate Drives (HDD): Non-unstable attractive stockpiling gadgets with high limit utilized for long haul
information capacity.

Strong State Drives (SSD): Non-unstable capacity gadgets that utilization streak memory for quicker
information access contrasted with HDDs.

Optical Drives (e.g., DVD, Blu-beam): Capacity gadgets that utilization optical innovation to peruse and
compose information on circles.

 Tertiary Capacity:

Attractive Tapes: Consecutive access stockpiling media utilized for authentic purposes because of their high
limit however more slow access times contrasted with other capacity types.

 Organized Capacity:

Network Joined Capacity (NAS): Stockpiling gadgets associated with an organization, giving shared
stockpiling open to various clients or frameworks.

Capacity Region Organization (SAN): A committed fast organization that interfaces capacity gadgets to
servers, considering proficient information access and the executives.

 Distributed storage:

Cloud-based Capacity Administrations: Information stockpiling administrations gave over the web by cloud
specialist co-ops. Models incorporate Amazon S3, Google Distributed storage, and Microsoft Purplish blue
Mass Stockpiling.

 In-Memory Data sets:

Information put away in Smash: A few data sets load and oversee information essentially in the framework's
primary memory (Slam) for quicker access times contrasted with customary plate based data sets.

 Conveyed Document Frameworks:

Hadoop Conveyed Document Framework (HDFS), Google Record Framework (GFS): Stockpiling frameworks
intended to appropriate and oversee enormous datasets across different servers for equal handling.

 Information base Capacity Designs:

Tables and Records: In social data sets, information is coordinated into tables, and lists are utilized to improve
question execution by giving fast admittance to explicit information.

Current PC frameworks frequently utilize a mix of these stockpiling designs to meet various necessities like speed,
limit, sturdiness, and openness.

The decision of capacity structure relies upon factors like the kind of information, execution needs, and cost
contemplations.