ELASTICITY A body is said to be rigid if the relative positions of its constituent particles remain unchanged when external deforming forces are applied to it. The nearest approach to a rigid body is diamond or carborundum. Actually no body is perfectly rigid and every object can be deformed to some extent or other by the application of suitable forces. All these deformed bodies, however, regain their original shape or size, when the deforming forces are removed. The property of matter by virtue of which a body tends to regain its original shape and size after the removal of deforming forces is called elasticity.(2) Shomseing thus dyeess- (Precssusee| pO Oenstie shes: . 6 = byes SAE G oe Vol wena sts op= fin, eePerfectly Elastic Body A body which perfectly regains its original form on removing the external deforming force, is defined as a perfectly elastic body. Example : quartz. — It is quite close to a perfect elastic body.Plastic Body (a) A body which does not have the property of opposing the deforming forces, is known as a plastic body. (b) All bodies which remain in the deformed state even after the removed of the deforming forces are known as plastic bodies.Restoring force When an external force acts at any object then an internal resistance produced in the substance due to the intermolecular forces which is called restoring force. At equilibrium the numerical value of internal restoring force is equal to the external deforming force. Stress The restoring force acting per unit area of cross-section of the deformed body is called stress. _ Internal restoring force Fs Fegeeg Shem '= Area ofcrosssection ~ A A (at equilibrium). SI UNIT : N/m. Dimensions : [M'L""T~ypes of stress — (i) Longitudinal Stress When the stress is normal to the surface of body, then it is known as longitudinal stress. there are two types of longitudinal stress : (a) Tensile Stress The longitudinal stress, produced due to increase in the length of a body, is defined as tensile stress. FE, => — tensile stress(b) Compressive Stress The longitudinal stress, produced due to the decrease in the length of a body, is defined as compressive stress.(ii) Volume Stress If equal normal forces are applied over every unit surface of a body, then it undergoes a certain change in volume. The force opposing this change in volume per unit area is defined as volume stress. (iii) Shear Stress When the stress is tangential or parallel to the surface of a body then it is known as shear stress.(iv) Breaking Stress The stress required to cause the actual fracture of a material is called the breaking stress or ultimate strength F = force required to break the body. >in Breaking stress =Strain change in the dimension of the body original dimension of the body There are three types of strains : Strain = Types of strains depend upon the directions of applied force.(i) Longitudinal strain change in length of the body AL initial lengthof the body ~ L_ (ii) Volume strain change in volume of the body AV original volume of the body ye(iii) Shear strain When a deforming force is applied to a body parallel to its surface its shape (not size) changes. The strain produced in this manner is known as shear strain. tanp = £ (Here @ ls very anal) £ Shear strain > —<" _ displacement of upper face relative to the lower face os distance between two facesStress — Strain Graph a StrainHooke's Law If the deformation is small, the stress in a body is proportional to the corresponding strain; this fact is known as Hooke's Law stress —— =constant Within elastic limit : stress « strain > strainTypes of Elasticity Coefficients Young's Modulus of Elasticity 'Y' 1. Within elastic limit, the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain is called Young's modulus of elasticity. y ~ longitudinal stress F/A _ FL ~ longitudinal strain” ¢/L fA (Mg/n?) | MgL Y= ((/L) ~ me2. Bulk's modulus of elasticity 'K' or 'B' Within elastic limit, the ratio of the volume stress (i.e., change in pressure) to the volume strain is called bulk’s modulus of elasticity . KorB= volume stress F/A_ _ ~ volumestrain = —AV. Vv AP AV Vv3. Modulus of Rigidity 'y' Within elastic limit, the ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain is called modulus of rigidity of a material. © shearing strain A Ad _ shearing stress _ (=e) _ Feangen oPoisson's Ratio Within elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called poisson's ratio. onan Db lateral strain B °.= longitudinalstrain ~ a -AD d-D AL Piel lhe She -1 < 0 < 0.5 (theoretical limit) o = 0.2 - 0.4 (experimental limit)[adore OL Styow Tr=“ 91 x loo C oe =-l xto - i 785 4e OFWork done in stretching a wire (Potential energy of a stretched wire) / = apes xara = [Ja il. a: YA dW = F.dx = 7—x.dx “YA YA[x? _ YA(A0? _1 acy We f [xd Ae] or Wana 5x¥x{T | Ale W = % xY x (strain? x volume W = ¥% (stress) (strain) (volume).dw= Faz- Stress” f wa) We OL “stuse x2 bol 7% jaw: feax- we je dx =D stress x StHoUn x Value ‘Lo a OL CAH Ly V8 ("| = Tt © We YAOL) Xo, ake~ ee Self Revision All Important PYQsA barometer is constructed using a liquid (density = 760 kg/m ). What would be the height of the liquid column, when a mercury barometer reads 76 cm? (Density of mercury =13600 kg/m") [NEET (Oct.) 2020] (a)1.36m (b) 13.6 m (c) 136m (d)0.76 mAns. (6) Density of liquid, p, = 760 kg /m* Density of mercury,p,, = 13600 kg/m? Height of liquid column in mercury barometer, h,, = 76 cm= 0.76 m If height of liquid in liquid column beh,, then 760In aU-tube as shown in a figure, water and oil are in the left side and right side of the tube respectively. The heights from the bottom for water and oil columns are 15 cm and 20 cm respectively. The density of the oil is [take Pweter = 1000 kg/m* ] [NEET (Odisha) 2019] 200m (a)1200 kg/m* =—(b) 750 kg/m* (c)1000 kg/m? ~—(d) 1333 kg/m?Ans. (b) According to Pascafs law “Pressure applied to an enclosed fiuid is Pressure due to water column of height 15 cm=Pressure due to oil column of transmitted undiminished to every point height 20 cm of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel.” = RRO=hAT In the given situation as shown in the 1Sp =21 figure below SR, OR, 6 >A Soe {-given,p, = 1000kg m*) = 750 kgm Water OilTwo non-mixing liquids of densities pand ndn> I)are put ina container. The height of each liquid is h. A solid cylinder of length L and density d is put in this container. The cylinder floats with its axis vertical and length pL (p< |) in the denser liquid. The density d is equal to (NEET 2016} (a)i2+in+Nplp (d)(2+(n-Nplp {c)fl+(n—Dplp (f+ (n+ DelpAns. (a) Substituting the given values in the Given, the density of the small ball isd viscous force expression, we get The mass of the small ball is M Viscous force =Vdg -V 9g The density of the glycerine is d/2. 2 As we know that, Viscous force = “02 MB (sM=dxv) viscous force = weight - buoyant force Viscous force = Vd,g —Vd,9 Here, Vis the volume of submerged bodies, gis the acceleration due to gravity, d, is the density of the small ball, d, is the density of the glycerine, d,=d andd, =d/2Two small spherical metal balls, having equal masses, are made from materials of densitiesp, and p, (p, =8p, )and have radii of 1mm and 2 mm, respectively. They are made to fall vertically (from rest) in viscous medium whose coefficient of viscosity equals n and whose density is 0.1p, . The ratio of their terminal velocities would be [NEET (Odisha) 2019] (a2 wy (38g) 72 36 72 36Ans. () The terminal velocity achieved by ball in viscous fluid is org * 9m, where, p= density of metal of ball, jensity of viscous medium, radius of ball and 11=coefficient of viscosity of medium Terminal velocity of first ball, Aa -ol'g ¥, r Similarly, for second ball lp, - OVE 9 Ail) From Eq. (iJand (ii), we get 1, _ Ab, 0179 9H 2%, -olng SnAsmall hole of area of cross-section 2 mm? is present near the bottom of a fully filled open tank of height 2 m. Taking g=10 m/s”, the rate of flow of water through the open hole would be nearly [NEET (National) 2019] (a)89x10*m*/s (b)2.23x10* m*/s (c)6.4x10* m*/s (d)12.6 x10 m/sAns. (d) The rate of liquid flow moving with As the velocity of liquid flow is given as velocity v through an areag is given by v=/2gh Rate (R) = Area (a) x Velocity (v) ¥2gh Given, area of hole, Substituting the given values, we get a=2met R=2x 10% x 2x02 sameuemenee =2x 10" x632= 12.84% 10 m'/s sronrotianknee™ =128x 10" m'/s The given situation can also be depicted as shown in the figure below.A liquid does not wet the solid surface if angle of contact is [NEET (Oct.) 2020] (a) equal to 45° (b) equal to 60° (c) greater than 90° (d)zeroAns. (c) A liquid does not wet the solid surface, if the angle of contact is obtuse i.e., 8>90°.A capillary tube of radius r is immersed in water and water rises in it to a height h. The mass of the water in the capillary tube is 5 g. Another capillary tube of radius 2r is immersed in water. The mass of water that will rise in this tube is [NEET (Sep.) 2020] {a)5.0g {b) 10.09 (c)20.0g (2.59Ans. (d) Relation for height of water in capillary tube is 2S cos® Por = As sé Hence, correct option is(d).The ratio of radii of two wires of same materials is 2: 1. Find if they are stretched by the same force, the ratio of stress : Soh = Fp, oO me aa he “4Solution stress fOree _ F _ (stress, _ F ™ [2] - BI fe =-7> area mr? (stress), my F 5The upper end of a wire 1 meter long and 2 mm radius is clamped. The lower end is twisted through an angle of / 45°. The angle of shear is ..... ORS, 2 rai? 4 4m§ut6= Ss 70" ——-~ 45° = 0.09°.The stress versus strain graphs for two materials A and B are shown below. Explain the following ¥ (@) Which ial_has greater Young's modulus ? F(b) Which material is more ductile ? } (©) Which material is more brittle ? P + tress wo Which of the two is more stronger material ?(a) Material A has greater value of Young's modulus, because slope of A is greater than that of B. (b) Material A is more ductile because there is a large plastic deformation range between the elastic limit and the breaking point. (c) Material B is more brittle because the plastic region between the elastic limit and breaking point is small. (d) Strength of a material is determined by the stress required to cause fracture. Material A is stronger than material BA bat of ma (0) ata oo 30am aye he rng ae #48 30 Ni. Te area of cross pecAiay ol the ie 16 1 teeet Wk We the mera anager veloclly with whit it can be rotated in a horizontal circle 2? ————— msioty Or [= Boon 2 ote 7 AtwSolution 2 x10" ma _ tresking sem (BS) <> @= =. ABI X10" _ 4g ay, A 10x0.3The breaking stress of aluminium if 7.5 x 10* dyne/cm?) Find the maximum length of aluminium wire thal can hang vertically withgut getting broken. Density of aluminium is 2.7 g/cm? 1 = 2 Given : g = 980 cm/s*. oF A =. 3 9AL 3. h oO 83 =O ¥9Solution Let ¢ be the maximum length of the wire that can hang vertically without getting broken. Mass of the wire, m = cross-sectional area (A) x lengh (¢) x density (9) Weight of the wire = mg = Afpg This is equal to the maximum force that the wire can withstand. :. Breaking stress = thes fa or 7.5 x10" = (x27 «980 => ¢= 2510" = 2.834 x 10° cm = 2.83 km.Find out the and tangential stress on the fixed block shown in figure. wont aTwo wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one made of steel and the other made of brass are loaded as shown in Fig. The unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is 1.0 m. Young's modulus of steel is 2.0x 10" Paand that ofbrassis 0.91 x 10" Pa. Calculate the elongations of the steel and brass wires. (1 Pa = 1 N/m’) ; Y2£e = ae (ob) AOL es “Ay (oy. Seery,Mats (4+6)x9.8%1.5 The elongation in steel wire Al, = = ; = 1.50 x104m . Ys ~ 3.14%(0.125x10")' x2x10" Maly 6x9.8%1.0 Se = —__O* 2 SX ____ «132x104 mY, — 3.14x(0.125x10*) «0.91x10" The elongation in brass wire AC, =The graph shows the extension of a wire of length 1m suspended from a roof at one end and with a load W connected to the other end. If the cross sectional area of the wire is 1 mm2, then the Young's modulus of the material of the wire is 8) (Ge Axe40-20 no, 2x10°N/m’. -1)xNeet Salt sted PY -