‘This neato andar an develo in eran th eran econ pines on standart ele in he Deion Pine 0 the Bevcopment fly Designation: C1074 -19 Standard Practice for Recommendations sued bythe Wald Trade Organon Technea! Barriers to Trade (EBT) Ca Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method’ ‘Tis standard i sued under the fxd designation C1074: the number immediatly following he designation indicates the yea of ign adoption oi the ese of revision, the year of lst revision. A ntmber in paretieses nds the yar of st eo. A Suprserp pion (e indcates an ei change since the last ison or teappoval 1. Scope* 1.1 This practice provides a procedure for estimating con- crete strength by means of the maturity method. The maturity index is expressed either in terms of the temperature-time factor or in terms of the equivalent age at a specified tempera- ture, 1.2. This practice requires establishing the strength-maturity relationship of the concrete mixture in the laboratory and recording the temperature history of the concrete for which strength is to be estimated. 1.3 The values stated in ST units are to be regarded as standard for determining the maturity index. No other units of| ‘measurement are included for this purpose. There is, however, no resrition on the system of units for expressing strength in developing the strengih-maturty relationship. 1.4 This standard does not purport 10 address all of the safety concems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilty ofthe user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- imine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical bums to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.*) 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor: dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ication established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom ‘mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TB) Commitee. 2, Referenced Documents, 2.1 ASTM Standards:* "This pace i ude the jrsicon of ASTM Commitee COD Conte ‘Nondestotive and In Plae Testing. ‘Cutt dion aoved ue 1, 2019, Pls July 2019. Originally aproved ‘in I9RT. Lax previous eon approved in 2017 ay C1074 17, DOL 10520" Curt, tion on Safety Precations, Manwal of Aggregate and Corre Testing Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Nol 0402 contact ASTM Customer Service at servie@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Steals lune infetion, reer tothe standards Document Summary Page 0 the ASTM webs. C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field (€39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin- ical Conerete Specimens C78/CT8M Test Method for Flexural Strength of Conerete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading) C1O9/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or (50-mm} Cube Specimens) C125 Terminology Relating to Conerete and Concrete Ag- ‘gregates C192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete ‘Test Specimens in the Laboratory C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulie Cements and Coneretes ‘803/C803M Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete C873/C873M Test Method for Compressive Strength of ‘Concrete Cylinders Cast in Place in Cylindrical Molds (C900 Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Con- crete C918/C918M Test Method for Measuring Early-Age Com- pressive Strength and Projecting Later-Age Strength C1768/C1768M Practice for Accelerated Curing of Conerete 3. Terminology 3.1. Definitions: 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to ‘Terminology C125. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 maturity method—a technique for estimating concrete strength that is based on the assumption that samples ofa given concrete mixture attain equal strengths if they attain equal values of the maturity index (1, 2, 3) 3.2.2 strength-maturity relationship—an empirical relation- ship between concrete strength and maturity index that is ‘obtained by testing specimens whose temperature history up to the time of test has been recorded. * The tace amber in parenteses ele to thelist of references lhe en of this standard A Summary of Changes section appears atthe nd of this standard ‘ony © ASTM ena, 10 Ba Hor ie, PO Box C70, Wet Cathet, PA 426-2050, Un Ste ‘Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 26 09:21:88 EDT 2020 Downloaded by ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,fly c1074 -19 4. Summary of Practice 4.1 A strength-maturity relationship is developed by labo- ratory tests on the concrete mixture to be used 4.2. The temperature history of the field conerete, for which strength is to be estimated, is recorded from the time of concrete placement to the time when the strength estimation is desired, 4.3. The recorded temperature history is used to calculate the ‘maturity index of the field concrete. 44 Using the calculated maturity index and the strength- ‘maturity relationship, the strength of the field concrete is estimated, 5. Significance and Use 5.1 This practice can be used to estimate the in-place strength of concrete to allow the start of critical construction activities such as: (7) removal of formwork and reshoring; (2) post-tensioning of tendons; (3) termination of cold weather protection; and (4) opening of roadways to tral 5.2 This practice can be used to estimate strength of laboratory specimens cured under non-standard temperature conditions. 5.3 The major limitations ofthe maturity method are: (J) the conerete must be maintained in a condition that permits cement hhydration; (2) the method does not take into account the effects of early-age concrete temperature on the long-term strength (Gee Note 6) (3, 4); and (3) the method needs to be supple- ‘mented by other indications of the potential strength of the field conerete 5.4 ‘The accuracy of the estimated strength depends, in part, ‘on using the appropriate parameters (datum temperature ot value of Q) for the maturity functions described in Section 6, [Nore [Approximate valves of the datum temperature, Tad the ‘Q-value for use in Eq | oF Bq 2, respectively, are given in Appendix X2, IF maximum accuraey of sirengih estimation is desired, the appropriate values of 7, oF @ for specific coneete mixture may be determined using the procedtires given in Appendix XI 6. Maturity Functions 6.1 There are wo alternative functions for computing the ‘maturity index from the measured temperature history of the concrete, Refer to Note 1 6.2 One maturity function is used to compute the temperature-time factor as follows Min) = Z(r.- 7.) at ao where: M(t) = the temperature-time factor at age 1, degree-days or degree-hours, At = atime interval, days or hours, T, = average concrete temperature during time interval, An, °C, and T, = datum temperature, °C. If during atime interval Ar the value of 7, is less than Ty the value (T, ~ Tj) shall be taken equal to zero for that time interval {Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 2609.2:83 EDT2020 > Downloaded by 63 The other maturity function is used to compute equiva lent age at a specified temperature as follows (3): Leal Bat @ equivalent age at a specified temperature T,, days or hy activation energy divided by the gas constant, K, average temperature of concrete during time interval Ar K, specified temperature, K, and time interval, days or b. Nore 2—Temperature used in Eq 2 is expressed using the absolute temperature scale, Temperature in Kelvin (K) equals approximately Temperature °C + 273 °C, 7. Apparatus 7.1 A device is required t© monitor and record the conerete temperature as a function of time and compute the maturity index in accordance with Eq 1 or Eq 2. [Nom 3—Acceptable devices include commercial maturity instruments ‘that monitor temperature and compute and display either temperature-time factor or equivalent age, Some commercial maturity instruments use fixed values of datum temperature or activation energy in evaluating. the maturity index: thus the displayed maturity index may not be indicative of the true value fr the concrete mixture being used. Refer to Appenx X2 for information on correcting displayed time-temperature. values for another value of datum temperature. Equivalen-age values displayed by a instrument cannot be adjusted for another activation energy 7.2 Alternative devices include temperature sensors con- nected 10 data-loggers, or embedded digital devices that measure, record, and store temperature data as a function of time. The temperature data are used to calculate the maturity index according to Eq 1 ot Eq 2. 7.3 The time interval between temperature measurements shall be Yh or less for the first 48 h and | h or less thereafter. ‘The temperature recording device shall be accurate to within #1 °C. 8, Procedure to Develop Strength-Maturity Relationship 8.1 Prepare at least 15 cylindrical specimens according to Practice C192/C192M, The mixture proportions and constitu- tenis of the concrete shall be similar to those of the conerete whose strength will be estimated using this practice. If two batches are needed to prepare the required number of eylinders, ‘cast an equal number of cylinders from each batch, and test one cylinder from each batch at the test ages given in 8.4 8.2 After the specimens are molded, embed temperature sensors to within =15 mm of the centers of at least two specimens (Note 4). After inserting the sensor, tap the side of the cylinder mold with a rubber mallet or the tamping rod so thatthe fresh concrete comes into contact with the sensor. After tapping is completed, connect the sensors t a maturity strument or to a temperature-recording device. [Noms 4—A metho to assis inthe proper positioning ofthe sensors to insort a small diameter rigid rod imo the center of the freshly made ‘vlnder. The rod will push aside any interfering agaregate particles, The rod is removed and the sensor is inserted into the cylinder. 8.3 Unless specified otherwise, moist cure the specimens in ‘a water storage tank or in a moist room meeting the require- ments of Specification C511, ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,Gy c1074- 19 [Nore $—Curing under water will sid in reducing temperature die. fences among test specimens [Nor 6—To account for the reduction in longterm concrete strength «due to high earty-age curing temperatures, the test speciir could require ‘hat specimens be moist-cured at an elevated temperature close to the expected average in-place temperature during the frst 24 Wafer place 84 Unless specified otherwise, perform compression tests at ages of 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days in accordance with Test Method C39/C39M. Test two specimens at each age and compute the average strength. If the range of compressive strength of the two specimens exceeds 10 % of their average strength, test another eylinder and compute the average of the three tests. Ifa low test result is due to an obviously defective specimen, discard the low test result Nott IF the conerele mixture has rapid strength development, if strength estimates are to be made at low maturity index values, or if as ‘mentioned in Note 6 specimens are cued at temperatures higher than the Standard curing temperature, the first test age should be as soon as practicable after final setting. Subsequent tests should be scheduled to result in approximately equal increments of strength gain between test, ages, A last ive test ages should be use. 8.5 Ateach test age, record the average maturity index for the instrumented specimens. 8.5.1 If maturity instruments are used, record the average of the displayed values 8.5.2 If temperature recorders are used, evaluate the matu- rity index according to Eq | or Eq 2. Unless specified otherwise, use a time interval (Av) of Yh or less for the first 48 h of the temperature record. Longer time intervals are permit- ted for the relatively constant portion of the subsequent temperature record Nore 8 Judgement should be used in selecting the initial ime Jntervals to record temperature in mistres that result in rapid changes in early-age temperature due to rapid hydration. Appendix X3 gives an ‘example of how to evaluate the temperature-time factor or equivalent age from the recorded temperature history of the conerct. 8.6 Plot the average compressive strength as a function of the average value of the maturity index. Draw or calculate a best-fit curve to the data (Note 9), The resulting curve is the strength-maturity relationship to be used for estimating the strength of the concrete mixture cured under other temperature conditions. Fig. 1 is an example of a relationship between ‘compressive strength and temperature-time factor, and Fig. 2 is an example of a relationship between compressive strength and. equivalent age at 20 °C. Nort 9—The srength-maturity relationship can be established by using regression analysis to determine a best-fit equation tothe data, Possible ‘equations that have been found to be suitable for this purpose may be {ound in Rel. (3)-A popular equation isto express strength as linear function of the logarithm of the maturity index (see Fig. 3) 8.7 If specified, a flexural strength versus maturity index relationship is permitted. Prepare at least 15 beam specimens in accordance with Practice C192/C192M. If two batches are needed to prepare the required number of specimens, cast an equal number of beams from each batch, and test one beam. from each batch at the test ages given in 8.4. Embed tempera ture sensors in two specimens, one from each batch if two batches are made, Connect the sensors to maturity instruments for temperature recording devices, and moist cure the speci- {Copyright by ASTM I (al ihts reserved; Sun Jul 2609:2:83 EDT2020 5 Downloaded by “0 B+ © ot = Sot i s+ 10 +t + + + 0 100-200 30000500 Temperature-Time Factor, °C-days FIG. 1 Example of a Relationship Between Compressive ‘Strength and Temperature-Time Factor 05 at & x4 = 24 204 154 10 + + + t + o 5 1 1 2m 2% 3 Equivalent Age at 20 °C, days FIG. 2 Example of a Relationship Between Compressive ‘Strength and Equivalent Age at 20 °C mens in a water bath or in a moist room meeting the requirements of Specification C511 (see Note 5). Measure flexural strength in accordance with Test Method C78/C78M at time intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, or as specified otherwise (see Note 7). Test two specimens at cach age and ‘compute the average strength. If the range of flexural strength, of the two specimens exceeds 15 ‘% of their average strength, lest another beam and compute the average of the three tests. If 2 low test result is due to an obviously defective specimen, ard the low test result, Use the same procedures a in 8.5, and 8.6 to develop the flexural strength-maturity relationship, 88 It is also permitted to develop a relationship between ccube strength of concrete and the maturity index. Follow the procedure as given for cylinders except that the cubes are to be prepared and tested in accordance with the applicable test method, Insert temperature sensors atthe centers of at least wo ‘cubes. Test two cubes at each test age. In deciding whether to ard a low cube strength result, use the precision statement Of the standard test method for cube strength as guidance. ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,fly c1074 -19 ‘MPa 1 10 100 Equivalent Age at 20 °C in days (log scale) FIG. 3 Example of Compressive Strength as a Function of Loga- rithm of Equivalent Age 9. Procedure to Estimate In-Place Strength 9.1. Secure temperature sensors within the section to be east before concrete placement, or embed temperature sensors into the fresh concrete as soon as is practicable after concrete placement (see Note 10). Place temperature sensing elements so that they will be surrounded by concrete and not be in direct contact with metallic embedments or other features that will be partially exposed to the environment (see Note 11). If this practice is used to decide whether critical construction opera tions may begin, install sensors at locations in the structure that are critical in terms of exposure conditions and structural requirements (see Note 12). [Nore 10—The appropriate method will depend on the type of sensor that is used and the conditions at the constriction site. Manufacturers recommendations provide additonal guidance. ‘Nor II—The intent isto avoid placing temperature sensing elements Jn contact with embedments that are partially exposed to the ambient environment and tht could potentially be at a diferent temperature than the concrete ‘Nort 12—In building construction, exposed portions of slabs and slab.column connections are typically cttical leatons. The advice ofthe nginoer should be sought fo erica locations in the particular suture tude construction, 9.2 Connect the sensors to maturity instruments or temperature-recording devices and activate the recording de- vvices as soon as is practicable. Use the same value of datum temperature or Q-value, whichever is applicable, as was used in computing the maturity index during development of the strength-maturty relationship (see Section 8). 9.3 When the strength at the location of a sensor is t0 be estimated, read the value of the maturity index from the ‘maturity instrument or evaluate the maturity index from the temperature record 9.4 Using the strength-maturity relationship developed in Section 8, determine the value of compressive (or flexural) strength corresponding to the measured maturity index. {Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 2609:21:83 EDT2020 Downloaded by 9.5. Before performing critical operations, such as formwork removal or post-ensioning, that are based on estimated strength from the concrete maturity, perform other tests to censure that the conerete in the structure has a potential strength, that is similar to that of the concrete used to develop the strength-maturity relationship. Appropriate techniques include: 9.5.1 In-place tests that give indications of strength, such as ‘Test Method C873/C873M, Test Method C803/C803M, or Test Method C900. [Nort 13—The later two test methods require mixtre-specifie strength relationships to estimate in-place strength 5.2 Early-age compressive strength tests in accordance with Test Method C918/C918M of standard-cured specimens ‘molded from samples of the concrete as-delivered, 9.5.3. Compressive strength tests on specimens molded from samples of the concrete as-delivered and subjected to acceler- ated curing in accordance with Practice CI768/C1768M. 9.5.4 Early-age tests of field-molded eylinders instrumented with maturity instruments, These cylinders shall be subjected to standard curing in accordance with Practice C31/C31M. The carly-age strengths are measured after the in-place maturity of the structure indicates that the conerete has attained the target strength on the basis of the strength-maturity relationship. The measured strengths are compared with the strengths estimated from the established strength-maturity relationship and the maturity index of the test cylinders. If the difference consis- tently exceeds 10 %, a new strength-maturity relationship is t0 be developed in accordance with Section 8. 10, Interpretation 10.1 This practice is used to estimate the in-place strength ‘of concrete based on the measured thermal history at a point in the structure and a previously established strength-maturity relationship. The accuracy of the estimated strength depends ‘on several factors, such as the appropriateness of the maturity function for the specific concrete mixture, the in-place early- age temperature history, and the actual mixture proportions of the field concrete. High early-age temperature of the ficld ‘concrete may reduce the long-term potential strength (3, 4) and. thereby result in lower in-place strength than would be estimated from the stength-maturity relationship obtained under standard curing temperatures. To overcome this problem, the strength-maturity relationship could be developed by cur- ing at a temperature similar to the average early-age tempera- ture expected during the first 24 h after placement (see Note 6). If attainment of a minimum level of in-place strength is critical for safety, the estimated strength obtained from the strength- maturity relationship needs to be verified in accordance with 95, AL. Keywords 11.1 in-place strength; maturity method; nondestructive testing; temperature ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,fly c1074 -19 APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) Xi. DETERMINATION OF DATUM TEMPERATURE OR Q-VALUE XLI Procedure X1.L1 The testing required to determine experimentally the datum temperature or the Q-value (activation energy divided by the gas constant) can be performed using mortar specimens, and the results are applicable to the concrete under investiga tion (6, 7, 8). The basic approach is to establish the compres- sive strength versus age relationships for mortar specimens. cured in water baths maintained at three different temperatures, ‘Two of the baths are at the maximum and minimum eonerete temperatures expected for the in-place concrete during the period when strengths are to be estimated, The third bath temperature is approximately midway between the extremes. and is typically chosen as the temperature for standard curing. ‘More than three curing temperatures can be used to improve the estimated value of the datum temperature or the Q-value. X1.1.2 Proportion a mortar mixture with a fine aggregate- to-cementitious materials ratio (by mass) that isthe same as the coarse aggregate-to-cementitious materials ratio of the con- crete mixture under investigation (7). The mortar needs to have the same cementitious materials, the same water-cementitious, ‘materials ratio, and the same admixture dosages that will be used in the field conerete X1.1.3 Prepare three sets of 50-mm mortar cubes, with at least 21 cubes per set. For each set of cubes, record the time, in hours and minutes, when water and cementitious materials ‘make initial contact. This time will be taken as zero age for the ccubes. Mold the cubes in accordance with Test Method C109/C109M and submerge each set into one of the tempera ture baths. Submerge the molds slowly to minimize water turbulence. For each set, remove the molds and return the specimens to their respective baths approximately 1 h before the first test age for that bath temperature X1.1.4 For each set of cubes, determine the compressive strength of three cubes at each age in accordance with Test Method C109/C109M. Strength values are shown in units of ‘MPa, but the user is permitted to express strength in other units if desited. Perform the frst test when the compressive strength is approximately 4 MPa. It is important to test at this low strength level {0 obtain a good fit to the strength-age data as described in X1.1,6. Perform subsequent tests on three cubes from each set at ages that are approximately twice the age of the previous tests. For example, ifthe time of the first test was 12 h, successive compressive strength tests would be per- formed at 1, 2,4, 8, 16, and 32 days. The test age shall be taken as the average age of the three cubes. Record test age to the nearest 0.01 day. XI.L5 Table X1.1 shows an example of average cube strengths at different test ages for three water-bath tempera tures. The strength versus age data are analyzed to determine the relationship between the rate constant for strength dey ‘opment (k-value) and the curing temperature {Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 2609:21:83 EDT2020 5 Downloaded by ‘TABLE X1.1 Example of Mortar Cube Strength Data Bah Terperaiue, ‘ae ay ‘Suengih, MPa 097 45 204 145 451 28 897 295 1es7 5a 30 16 255 202 aoa ne 270 403 232 525 53.1 2 2 Py X1.1,6 The first step is to determine the é-values by fiting the following equation to the strength-age data for each curing temperature (6, 9): Ke- = Seieae= 1) xin average cube compressive strength at age 1, MPa, test age, day, limiting strength, MPa, age when strength development is assumed to begin, day, and the rate constant, Mday. XI.L.7 The best-fit values of the parameters Sy. f,, and k can be obtained using a computer program that ‘will perform least-squares regression analysis for a user-defined function, that is, Eq X1.1. Altematively, the best-fit values of the three parameters can be determined using the “Solver” function available in spread sheet programs. Fig. X1.1 shows a spread- sheet that has been set up to use “Solver” to obtain the best-fit values of the parameters. The strength-age data are shown in cells A9:BIS. Cells C9:C15 show the estimated strength using Eq XI.1 and the values of the parameters shown in cells BI:B3. Cells D9:D13 show the square of the error, that is, the square of the differences between the measured and estimated irengths, Cell B4 shows the sum of the errors squared. The “Solver” function is set up to minimize the value in cell B4 by varying automatically the values of the three parameters in celis BI:B3. The user can also specify constraints on the Parameters; for example, the value of the estimated parameter f, can be constrained to be a positive value, The values shown Fig, X1.1 are the best-fit values alter the “Solver” function ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,Gy c1074- 19 A B c D 1 S= 57.5 | MPa 2 = 0.59 | 1/day 3 te 0.24 | day a ‘Sum Error’= 1.35 5 RSD = 0.6 MPa 6 ne 7 7 8| Age, day Strength, MPa_Estimate, MPa_Error® 9 0.38 44 4.24 0.03 10 0.79 13.8 13.95 0.02 it 1.79 270 27.35 0.12 2 4A 403 39.90 0.16 3 8.94 48.1 48.05 0.00 14 15.97 525 51.84 0.43 15 25.79 53.1 53.86 0.58 FIG. X1.1. Example of Spreadsheet Set Up for Using “Solver” Function 04 has been executed, Cell BS shows the residual standard deviation ofthe best-fit curve. Table X1.2 shows the resulting _gg Hote 55s so best-fit values and residual standard deviation for the example data in Table X1.1 i i i X1.2 Determination of Datum Temperature X1.211 Plot the K-values as a function of the water bath temperatures as shown in Fig. X1.2. Determine the best-fting, straight line to the three points and determine the intercept of the Tine with the temperature axis. This intercept is the datum temperature, T.,, that is to be used in computing the temperature-time factor for the field conerete according to Eq, 1. In this example, the datum temperature is 3.4 °C. X1.3 Determination of Q-value X1.3.1 Calculate the natural logarithms of the A-values, and determine the absolute temperatures (in kelvin) of the water baths (kelvin = Celsius + 273). TABLE X1.2 Destfit Values for Parameters for Example Data Parameter ee say 010 059 aay 083 024 so, MPa v7 6 {Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 2609:2:83 EDT2020 Downloaded by ‘Oran Weis (Greevibe) puri o License Areement, No father reposts -18: 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 41/Temperature, 1/K FIG. X1.2 Example of Plot of k-Values Versus Curing Tempora- ture to Determine the Datum Temperature used in Calculating ‘Temperature-Time Factor 0.0036 X1.3.2 Plot the natural logarithm of the K-values as a function of the reciprocal absolute temperature as shown in Fig. X13. Determine the best-ftting straight line to the three points. The negative of the slope of the line is the Q-value that is to be used in computing equivalent age forthe field concrete according to Eq 2. In this example, the Q-value is 4900 K. whore10 15 2 2% 3 35 Temperature, °C FIG. X1.3. Example of Plot of the Natural Logarithm of k-Values Versus the Inverse Absolute Temperature to Determine the @-Value used In Caleulating X2. MATURITY X21 General 2.1.1 A maturity function is a mathematical expression 10 account for the combined effects of time and temperature on the strength development of a cementitious mixture. The key feature of a maturity function is the representation of how temperature affects the rate of strength development. There are two widely-used approaches; one assumes that the rate of strength development is a linear function of temperature, and the other assumes that rate of strength development obeys the exponential Arthenius equation (3, 5, 6) X22 Temperature-Time Factor X2.2.1 The assumption that the rate of strength develop- ‘ment is a linear function of temperature leads to the maturity function given in Eq 1, which is used to compute the temperature-time factor. To compute the temperature-time factor, it is necessary 10 know the appropriate value of the datum temperature for the specific materials and conditions, ‘The datum temperature may depend on the type of cement, on the type and the dosage of admixtures or other additives that affect hydration rate, and on the temperature range that the concrete will experience while hardening (6, 8). For Type 1 cement without admixtures and a curing temperature range from 0 to 40 °C, the recommended datum temperature is 0.°C (©). For other conditions and when maximum accuracy of strength estimation is desired, the appropriate datum tempera ture can be determined experimentally according to the proce- dures in Appendix X1. X2.2.2 Some types of maturity instruments that compute temperature-time factor may not employ the appropriate datum, temperature, and therefore may not indicate the true value of {Copyright by ASTM I (al ight reserved; Sun Jul 2609:21:83 EDT2020 7 Downloaded by ‘Oran Weis (Greenvibs) purwant to License Aprcement, No further repuctions au Equivalent Age FUNCTIONS. the factor. The value of the temperature-time factor displayed by the instrument can be corrected for the datum temperature as follows: M, My (1,-7.8 oa. where: the corrected temperature-time factor, degree-days or degree-hours, ‘Mg = the temperature-time factor displayed by the instrument, degtee-days or degree: T= the appropriate datum temperature for the concrete, Ty = the datum temperature incorporated into the instrument, °C, and the elapsed time from when the instrument was turned ‘on to when a reading was taken, days oh, X23 Equivalent Age X2.3.1 The assumption that the rate of strength develop- ment obeys the Arhenius equation leads to the maturity function given in Eq 2, which is used to compute equivalent age at a specified temperature. Note that in using Eq 2, the temperature must be in kelvin (kelvin = Celsius +273). To ‘compute equivalent age itis necessary to know the activation ‘energy for the specific materials and conditions. It has been shown that the activation energy depends on the type of ‘cement, the type and the dosage of admixtures that affect the rate of strength development, and the water-cementitious materials ratio (8). In general, for Type T cement without admixtures or additions, values of activation energy in the range of 38 000 to 45.000 Jmol have been reported (4, 7). ‘Thus an approximate value of Q, the activation energy divided by the gas constant for use in Eq 2, is $000 K. (The value of the gas constant is 8.31 J/(K-mol)), Published data are available whoreGy c1074- 19 ‘on the activation energies for mixtures containing fly ash or slag cement (4, 8), and models have been proposed for estimating activation energy from the composition of the cementitious materials (10). If maximum accuracy is desired about the effect of temperature on strength development, the appropriate Q-value should be determined experimentally according to the procedure in Appendix X1 X2.3.2 The calculation of equivalent age also requires a specified temperature, T.. Traditionally, a value of 20 °C has. been used (5), but any other convenient temperature, such as 23 is permissible provided that it is reported along with the value of the equivalent age. X2.3.3 Typically, maturity instruments, which compute equivalent age according to Eq 2, allow the user to select the value of activation energy or Q-value. If a maturity instrument uses a non-alterable value of activation energy or Q, the displayed equivalent age cannot be corrected for the appropri ate activation energy or Q-value of the concrete being used. The only way to correct for the actual activation energy o Q-value is to re-compute equivalent age from the recorded lemperature history using Eq 2. The user should recognize this limitation when the in-place concrete has an activation energy ‘or Q-value that is widely different from that incorporated into the instrument. Refer to (3) for information on the effect of the activation energy on the computed value of equivalent age X3. EXAMPLE MATURITY CALCULATIONS X3.1 Temperature Record X3.1.1 Fig. X3.1 shows a hypothetical early-age tempera- ture history for concrete that will be used to illustrate the calculations of temperature-time factor and equivalent age. The temperature values at half-hour intervals are tabulated in column 2 of Table X3.1 X3.2 Calculation of Temperature-time Factor X3.2.1 The value of the datum temperature, 7,, is required to compute the temperature-time factor according to Eq |. For this example, a value of 2.5 °C is assumed, 25 15 10 Temperature, °C 0 2 8 6 @ Age, hr FIG. X3.1 Hypothetical Temperature History used to llustrate Computations of Temperature-Time Factor and Equivalent Age 1 2 {Copyright by ASTM I (al iht reserved; Sun Jul 2609:21:83 EDT2020g Downloaded by X3.2.2 The average temperature during each half-hour in- terval is computed and the results are given in column 4 of Table X3.1. The datum temperature is subtracted from the average temperature, and the difference is multiplied by the age interval, which in this example is 0.5 h. The product gives the incremental value of the temperature-time factor for that age interval. The incremental values are shown in column 5 of Table X3.1 X3.2.3 The summation of the ineremental temperature-time factors gives the cumulative temperature-time factor at each age. For example, at an age of 12 h the temperature-time factor is 175 °Ch, X3.3 Calculation of Equivalent Age X3.3.1 The value of @ and the value of the specified temperature, T,, are required to compute the equivalent age according to Eg 2. For this example, the value of Q is assumed 10 be 4700 K, and the specified temperature is assumed to be 20 °C (298 K), X3.3.2 Using the average temperature, in kelvin, during ‘each age interval, the values of the exponential function in Eq. 2 are calculated. These values are given in column 7 of Table X3.1 under the heading Age Factor. The product of each of the age factors and the age interval (0.5 h) gives the incremental ‘equivalent ages at 20 °C; the incremental equivalent ages are shown in column 8 of Table X3.1. X3.3.3 The summation of the incremental equivalent ages gives the cumulative equivalent age at 20 °C (column 9 of ‘Table X3.1). For example, at an age of 12 h the equivalent age ‘at 20 °C is 11.3 h, Note that because the concrete temperature is less than 20 °C for the frst six hours, the equivalent age at Ghis only 3.2h, ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,fly c1074 -19 ‘TABLE X3.1 Example Maturity Calculations ® a @ © seme? £ nt Teppime Tempting) Eg Ageat Ea. agpat gp, Tampere, Ae fae So Facer Agence S06," “SQ. “ Increment °C-h__Curmulative °C-h Increment h__ Cumulative h a % ° 00 18 3 os és 20 8 23 a7 20 5 8 35 18 ° oa 10 28 5 8 5 3 n oat 2 30 & os bs 3 ® oz “a FH : os as 2 “ on 1 a : os ss 28 * ae % 33 8 8 “ Se % 38 2 so ® 8s ts 70 * oat 32 85 x 85 95 as a a0 a7 7 5 os 2 88 & oss % is = os 2s 108 rd oe S a = os 23 Ho * ose 33 35 ” 8 zs 20 we on % 100 2 os 2 3 a O78 & 408 ” 85 2 3 ir 079 80 no Fa os zs 2s 10 78 98 ns ® os Fa te tee on 18 20 2 os 2s tie i or m3 REFERENCI (1) Saul, A. G.A., “Principles Underlying the Steam Curing of Conerete at Atmospheric Pressure," Magacine of Concrete Research, Nol 2, No. 6, March 1951, pp. 127-140. (2) Malhotra, V. M., "Maturity Concept and the Estimation of Concrete Strength” Information Cireular IC 277, Dept. of Energy Mines Resources (Canada), Mines Branch, Nov. 1971, 43 pp. (@) Carino, N. J, “The” Maturity Method.” Chapter $ in Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Conerete,°™ Edition, Malhotra, V. M. and Carino, N. 1, Eds, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, and ASTM Tnermational, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008 (4) Brooks, AG. Schindler, A. K., and Barnes, R. W, “Maturity Method [Evaluated for Various Cementitious Materials.” Joural of Materials in Civil Engineering, Nol. 19, No. 12, December 2007, pp. 1017-1023. (6) Freiesicben Hansen, P, and Pedersen, J, "Maturity Computer for Controlled Curing and Hardening of Concrete,” Nordisk Betong. 1. 1977, pp. 19-34. ‘Copyright by AST I (al ihts reserved; Sun Jul 26 09:21:83 EDT 2020 Downloaded by (6) Carino, N.3,"The Maturity Method: Theory and Applicaton.” ASTM Journal of Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol 6, No.2, Winter 1984, pp. 61-73, (7) Tank, R,C,, and Carino, N. J, “Rate Constant Funetions for Strength Development of Concrete." ACI Materials Journal, Vol 88, No. 1, Jan-Feb. 1991, pp. 74-83, (8) Carino, NJ, and Tank, R.C, “Maturity Funetions for Concrete Made with Various Cements and Admixtures,” ACT Materials Jounal, Vo, 189, No. 2, March-April 1992, pp. 188-196. () Knudsen, T, “On Particle Size Distribution in Cement Hydration,” Proceedings. 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (Paris, 1980), Etions Sepa, Vol Il, 1170-175 (10) Schindler, A.K. and Foliar, K.J., "Heat of Hydration Models for Cementitious Material,” ACI Materials Journal, Jan-Feb 2005, pp. 24-33 ° ‘Oran Weiss (Greonvibe) pursuant to License Agrsment. No further reproductions authorize,fly c1074 -19 SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee CO9 has identified the location of selected changes to this practice since the last issue, C1074 ~ 17, that may impact the use of this practice. (Approved June 1, 2019.) (2) Revised 1.3 (4) Revised 8.3 and added new Note 6. (2) Revised 6.2. 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