Text Type Conventions and Styles Document List of Text Types: 1. Blog 2. Diary (journal) 3. Review (of a film, CD, book, play, TV show, concert, video game, restaurant or cafe) 4, Set of instructions / guidelines 5. Brochure, pamphlet, leaflet, fiyer, advertisement 6. Interview 7. News report 8. Official report 9. Opinion Article or Lead Newspaper Editorial (from Senior Editor) 10. Article (feature) 11. Personal letter or personal e-mail 12. Letter to the editor 13. Letter giving an opinion 14. Letter giving advice 15. Letter of complaint 16. Letter of application (for a job or course) 17. Letters of apology, request, or asking for advice 18. Info-graphics 19. Op-Ed 20. Speeches 21. Tabloid 22. Autobiography 23, Memoir 24, Biography25. Pastiche 26. Satire 27. Screenplays 28, Song lyrics 29. Poetry 30. Radio broadcasts 31, Text messages 32. Websites 33. Forums/chat rooms 34, Publi Service Announcements 35, Post Cards 36. Cartoons 37. Charts and Graphs 38. Appeals 39. Commentary 40. Essay 41. Travel Writing 42. Parody 43, Short stories 44, Novel 45. Facebook posting 46. Obituary 47. Eulogy Text type Purpose Features 1. Blog ‘© Personal blog is an ongoing commentary or '® Written in 1* person (avoid “CU” or “GR8” explanatory words or phrases) diary (though unlike a diary it may contain or texting/SMSS language) © Subject line ‘* Name of person writing blog‘Often more than just a way to communicate; it becomes a way to reflect on life Includes observations, descriptions of events, or other material Shows feelings ‘© Date and time (most recent post appears first) © Atleast two entries ‘© Comments from readers; links; photos 2. Diary To reflect, to introspect, to explore personal | Contains your voice (Le. it sounds like you) (ournal) emotions, thoughts, fears, concems etc. To | @ Written in 1" person objectity those thoughts, feelings and concerns | © Date by writing them down. ‘© Often runs over a series of dates with the About you net meant tobe read by anyone | goal of exploring the story of your life. but the writer ‘© Grammar (begin sentences with phrases. Very personal, intimate, and introspective like: f wonder, I guess, I suppose, think, I Can be a straightforward account of the events | reckon, limagine, | hope, I doubt; consider of the day AND/OR a way to examine your life | using verbs in the conditional tense: / Shows thoughts, feelings, reflections, and ideas | wonder what will happen if go. [future], ! about the world around you, specificevents, | wonder what would happen if! went. ete, [theoretical situation in the present], / wonder what would have happened if | had gone. (theoretical situation in the past) Link to Diary Exemplars: htte://www.wikinow.com/Write-a-Diary 3. Review ‘Communicate a clear opinion about the subject | © Date, reviewer (ofafiim,co, | matter « Title, subtitle (that reflects opinion or book, play, TV | « Opinion should be based on evidence: facts and| perspective) show, details ‘© Hook/lead concert, video | «should be authoritative - you must sound | @ Paragraphs, columns aie antor | knowledgeable ‘Intro should justify why it’s being reviewed ‘afa) Summarize key information (recently released; writer, musician dies) Some summary of plot (don't retell! no ‘© Critique of characters/themes (Convincing? Original? Relevant today?) . n with a recommendation (e.g. 4 out of 5 stars) © Use of terminology from genre (e.g. refrain, chorus) Link to Review Exemplars and How to 4.Set of Usually gives step-by-step guidance about how | « Use headings to capture reader's attention instructions / | to do, approach, or fix something © Use bullet points or numbers guidelines Usually chronologically ordered (begins at start | © Limit amount of Information in each step: of process, finishes up at the end) Be precise (specific) and concise (brief) © Write clearly'® Sometimes written to give advice - these are less systematically ordered and more personal instyle ‘© Explains each step of the process/operation © Very factual ‘Start with a short paragraph that gives context / background to the guidelines Create a title that explains what the instructions are "How to...” Begin each sentence with an action verb (e.g. pick up, take, hold, etc.) ‘Address the reader using "you" or "your" Limit each step to one main idea Use short, clear sentences with words that are common Reinforce steps with a picture, illustration or| diagram Include any cautions, warnings, or dangers Leave out redundant or confusing information Put steps in the most logical sequence Conclude with a brief summary such as, “By following these guidelines” 5. Brochure, pamphlet, leaflet, flyer, advertisemen t '® Provides descriptive information to inform, sell, promote, or raise awareness about a certain issue oe eoeee eoee Take readers straight to important formation ‘Address audience clearly and directly Eye-catching title Headings, sub-headings, bullet-points, and ‘numbers to highlight key information Short sections or paragraphs ‘Simple and straightforward language Contact information Some factual information (statistics, etc.) Creative use of language (alliteration, puns, series of ads.) High proportion of adjectives and adverbs ‘Some language rules may be broken Use of rhetorical devices A testimonial(s) Link to How To Write a Brochure 6. Interview ‘* To gain first hand information about an issue, a person, a subject. the topic and 2) the personality of the interviewee ‘A dialogue in question-and-answer style ‘© Title (with a hook) * Date, ‘* Questions should lead to an understanding of 1)| erviewer’s name Introductory paragraph explaining who the interviewee is, her connection to the issue (Le. job, position), and where and why the interview is taking place 4‘© Tobe published (don’t write a transcript of the conversation) ‘© First question should establish rapport (Thanks for talking to our magazine.”| ‘© Ask “open” questions (Begin with: what, ‘how, why, who, where); avoid yes/no ‘If discussing personal issues, start with less sensitive topics (background, facts) and move on to specifics ‘Last question could be about future plans ("So what do you see as the next stage?”) ‘¢ Final paragraph should conclude interview and thank and wish the interviewee well ‘* Use cohesive devices (transitions) and, perhaps, humor 7. News report ‘® Presents newsworthy information about events that have just happened © Factual ‘© Formal register ‘© Begin with a headline; use subheadings ‘© Write date and byline ‘© Provide the 5 W’s (who, what, why, when, where) in the lead paragraph ‘© Provide further facts and details including statements and direct quotes in the explanatory paragraphs; explain how the events occurred ‘© Report similar incidents and least important formation in the final paragraphs © Use short paragraphs ‘© Rhetorical devices (indirect speech, passive voice, objective, concise) ‘* INVERTED PYRAMID: structural device for news articles where in the most important information and facts are put near the top of the article, including an engaging LEAD... the assumption being that most people so not read all news articles to completion... They want the main points of the news quickly. ‘© LEAD: opening sentence which answers as much of the who, what, where, when and why as grammatically possible. it i 8. Official report ‘® Presents information in a coherent, formal ‘manner (e.g. police report, witness statement, or social worker's report) ‘* Often argues for a certain position or solution to a specific issue or problem ‘© Formal register Begin with background information about the issue o conflict Explain what happened ‘Summarize findings and recommendations Conclude with a short summary of the ideas eeepresented ‘© Present facts, statistics, and details ‘© Use objective, descriptive language ‘¢ Itmay or may not be addressed to anyone, as long as this is not confused with the formal letter style ‘© Organize with subheadings and bullet points (but do not inappropriately replace continuous prose) Link to an example of a Police Repo! http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Police-Repo| 9. Opinion Article or Lead Newspaper Editorial (from Senior Editor) © Written to 1) provide an opinion on a current event 2) provide balanced support regarding issues, but persuasive language to get readers to agree writer's personal opinion. 3) Ask the reader to review or adapt their opinion on an issue, or see things from a new angle. Possibly asks reader to take action. ‘* Includes a Headline that is relevant to the issue and implies the opinion of the writer. ‘© Formal register, academic, persuasive language... though register can also vary according to audience. ‘© Informative, precise and persuasive ‘* Provides balanced information from both les ‘© Explains issue and opinion of writer early in the piece. ‘© Anticipates counter-balance arguments and works to refute them. ‘+ May have a “call-to-action” which provides information for “next steps” a reader may take if they are moved by the opinion article. ‘* Give all the information the reader needs to make a final decision * Conclude with a general comment, opinion, or assessment ‘+ May use longer sentences and more developed paragraphs than a regular news article. Tips for Writing an Editorial/Opinion Article 5 Steps to Good Editorials Organize an Editor 10. Article (feature) ‘© Mainly to inform, though may also persuade and educate; they offer a personalized perspective on a current issue. ‘+ Not concerned with news events ~ instead it explores a range of issues, opinions, experiences, and ideas ‘* Can inform, entertain, and persuade readers, or ‘© Audience (wide or narrow, e.g. all residents of a city or teenagers) determines register ‘* Often offer a combination of the subjective (persona, individual story) with the objective (Facts, stats, expert opinions, data). ‘+ Begin with a headline (gives main idea and gets attention), date, name of publication,‘Can offer an opinion about current affairs, but can also just give a personal or humorous perspective on modern day life ‘+ Give a personal perspective on the subject -a point of view / angle that makes the article interesting or unique ‘and writer's name ‘Intro should provide a hook and background info ‘© Body paragraphs use subheadings, facts, statistics, specific names/places/dates, quotes/opinions from experts, personal views, and visual aids (e.g. photographs, tables, diagrams, maps) ‘+ End with satisfying conclusion (restate main idea, encourage a change, make a prediction, or leave reader with something to think about) ‘* Go beyond surface facts and direct quotes -| add color, descriptive detail, background, and personal comment ‘Use anecdotes, imagery, description, and rhetorical questions ‘Register determines language (e.g. informal includes contractions - can’t, won't, ete. — and vocabulary like cool, weird, or chill) © Create a familiar tone with informal, colloquial (slang) and first person narrative Important Steps for writing a solid Feature Article (from the NY Times) Example of a Feature Article k to How to Write a Feature Article 11. Personal letter or personal e-mail ‘* To connect, to share persona information, to update a friend on recent events, to apprise. ‘© Refers to reason for writing (e.g. share news and information, apologize, give thanks, congratulate, invite, give condolences) ‘© Usually consists of personal topics and expresses personal feelings, thoughts ‘© Informal register Include address Begin with date and greeting (e.g. Dear, OR Hi, Hello) Explain reason for writing Share good and bad news Ask about recipient Ask questions you want answered End with closing remarks (e.g. thank or wish recipient well) wish , closing, and signature Contains paragraphs ‘© Use informal, conversational - BUT correct language; imagine the reci front of you (e.g. contractions, abbreviations, slang, smiley faces, !) ‘© Avoid words in text message (SMS) form, swear words, and inappropriate language eoeee .‘© Use simple, short sentences and connectors (e.g. then, later) E-mail differences © Begin with these lines: © From: To: + Date: © Subject: ‘© When writing an informal e-mail, avoid using chatty language and do not focus on authenticity at the expense of organization and methodical development of ideas Some examples of Personal Letters How to Write a Personal Letter 12. Letter to | © Written to express a point of view, to list ‘© Formal register the editor arguments supporting this opinion and to reject| ¢ Include your address those against it ‘© Begin with date and greeting ( “Dear Sir: or ‘© Similar to opinion essays, but in letter format Dear Madam:") '® May end by restating opinion or offering ‘© ‘State purpose; refer to article, date, writer, suggestions for action title, and newspaper issue ‘© State the issue/topic and whether you approve or disapprove ‘© Support your argument with examples, clarifications, and details ‘© Refute any counter-arguments ‘© Provide suggestions or solutions to solve/handle the problem or topic ‘© End with closing remarks, closing, and signature How to Write a Letter to the Editor 13. Letter ‘® Written to give an opinion , to advise... ‘® Semi-formal to formal register giving an (approve/disapprove, agree/disagree) ona —_| @ Include your address pinion topic/issue ‘© Begin with date and greeting (“Dear Sir: or © Respectful tone Dear Madam:") ‘© State purpose; refer to article, date, writer, title, and newspaper issue © State opinion ‘© Support your argument with justifications, examples, and details © Refute any counter-arguments ‘© End with closing remarks, closing, and signature14. Letter giving advice Written to give advice upon someone’s request Should give solutions ‘May include opinions and reference to personal experience Formal, semi-formal or informal register State purpose; refer to the original request made (in e-mail, letter, etc.) Give advice be precise and concise examples, and details End with closing remarks, closing, and signature Grammar (useful phrases: /f/ were you, / would..., You ought to..., You should..., Why} don’t you..., What about..., Make sure you..., Have you considered. 15, Letter of complaint Written to express displeasure about a product, or service; often asks for a refund or replacement Should explain what you want the organization todo Respectful, ly tone Formal register Include your address and contact info Begin with date and greeting; use the name of the recipient to enable better interaction Explain complaint Justify complaint and give examples Explain what you want the organization to do - provide solutions, recommendations or suggestions Keep a respectful tone - do not sound patronizing and avoid offensive language Be concise and precise End with closing remarks, closing, and signature ; i Business Example of a Letter of Complaint 16. Letter of application (for a job or course) Written to express interest in attending an institution or receiving a job Highlights your qualifications (abilities, strengths, and experience) Formal register Include your address, contact info, and when you can be reached Begin with date and greeting State reason for writing (e.g. mention course you are applying for and where you learned about it) Explain your interest and qualifications (e.g. Why have you chosen this course/university| or job? What benefit can the university gain from your enrolment or the company from your hiring?) End with closing remarks (e.g. how you will apply the knowledge you gain from the course}, closing, and signatureHow to write a Letter of Application for ajob 17. Letters of | © To apologize, to request something. ‘© Written in 1* person apology, Letters of apology are typically written to ‘© Include your address and contact info request, or somebody that the writer feels they have hurt. | Addresses the person appropriately asking for Is generally heart-felt and meaningful. (Semi-formal to formal register) advice Request letters is are written when you need | © Offers apology or asks for request/advice certain information, permission, favor, service in the beginning of the letter or any other matter which requires a polite and | ® Gives an explanation humble request. ‘© End with closing remarks, losing, and signature 18, To inform, quickly and efficiently through | © Focused on a valuable topic Info-graphies Visual information which attracts the eye and |e Easy to read and understand (Charts, is easy to comprehend. Graphs, Visuals, Numbers, Statistics) ‘Away of explaining complex scenario's or | © Highlights tons of reliable and interesting large amounts of data in a visually stimulating | data (data density) format ‘© Creatively visualizes data and information Can provide a unique perspective that canbe | (i.e. font size, sub-headings, Images, icons difficult to project using words alone. are all used to great effect). © Grab viewer's attention ‘© Presents information simply Examples of Infographics: http://arts2090bettinaroy.wordpress.com/201 2/04/26/information-graphics/ 19. Op-Ed To offer an educated opinion which represents the official stance of a publication. ‘Anewspaper article that expresses the opinions of a named writer who is usually unaffiliated with the newspaper's editorial board. It appeals to a mass-media audience. It appears on the page opposite the editorial page of a newspaper. ‘© Short sentences (8 words or less!) ‘© Simple sentence construction (subject verb object) Active voice rather than passive voice in verbs (see reverse for examples) Short words from common vocabulary Almost no use of numbers or math Grabber title Important point first, not last! Use of quotations by people: Subjective rather than Objective Use of people's first and last names for “human interest" © Affiliation language (Business, University, Titles, Location) for persuasion © Who, what, when, where, why, how writetodone.com/how-to-write-a-strong-opini on-piecie-for-your-blog 1020. Speeches To inform, to persuade, to move emotionally, to inspire, to commemorate, to sanctify with eloquence. ‘The purpose often is to persuade and a call to action, but other purposes may include to inform, to eulogize, to comfort, etc. ‘Allows you to focus on one topic throughout the speech. twill be understandable, yet thought-provoking, to the intended audience ‘© Should make use of rhetorical devices in order to accomplish its purpose © Have one or two highly memorable lines. (Can be accomplished through the use of anaphora) ‘Makes mention of one or more of the following historical people or events, facts, proverbs, religious references, allusions in general. ‘© The speech should sound trustworthy to the intended audience. © Often relies on ETHOS, PATHOS and/or LOGOS for its persuasive effect. Link to “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther Kiny http://www .youtube.com/watch?v=smEqnn kitys 21. Tabloid To entertain, to sensationalize, to provide g0ssipy information on an event which appeals) to pop culture, to scandalize, to infer (often without hard evidence) It allows you to present the news in condensed! form. You can make use of illustrations and sensational exaggerated material. It grabs the readers attention with shocking headlines and vivid images. ‘© News featuring sex escapades, murder and gore, sports, and scandals of all sorts. ‘* Attention grabbing/shocking headlines ‘© Key source of information is often gossip. © Vivid use of adjectives to shock/entertain the audience © Lack of fuct-checking, © Interesting, shocking and Headlines, © Generally a simple sentence structure ‘© Columns are narrow and easy to read. appealing ‘© Personal anecdotes or quotes from people often included ‘© Answers the six basic questions: Who? ‘What? When? Where? How? Why? '® Basic point is to attract reader's attention. © Often based on rumors. rather than verified facts ‘© Barely credible sources ® Often exaggerate on stories making them. seem more dramatic ‘© Yellow joumalism is a type of journalism where sensationalism triumphs over factual reporting. © Many pictures. © Contains stories not usually found in reputable newspapers or magazines. # Damages peoples’ reputations by lies. a© Biased Link to “How To Write a Tabl Article” 2. ‘© to leave a message to future generations Focus on FOUR major things: Autobio-grap |e to pass on your heritage © Who you are in life (how would you hy © to put closure to a period or episode describe your personality), © toprocess experiences © What life means to you, ‘© to preserve family history ‘© What major life events or eritical issues ‘®t share what and who you are have had an impact on your life. ‘© What your outlook on the future is. Examples of Autobiographies: The Diary of Anne Frank (Ann Frank); Bossypants (Tina Fey) 23. Memoir |e Toreflect, to review, to come to a better ‘© Should have a problem, conflict and @ understanding of one's life; usually written resolution. from @ more mature perspective as one © Should include validated facts. recounts their life experiences, the choices ‘* Colorful metaphors, similes, descriptions, they’ve made and how that has shaped the dialogue and feelings. person they’ve become ‘¢ Takes a snapshot of'a moment in someone’s life. Examples of Memoirs: Night (Elie Weisel); + Speen inmor clr ing tian an | OPA Ase The Glas Cate autobiography. ‘* Allows you to include the most relevant information’. 24, Biography | © Itallows the weiter to tum her fierce critical eye [~ The standards of eraft in personal writing on him/herself. should not be lower than in fiction. There is © Its always satisfying to read a writer who no reason why something true should be sharply and defily attacks the hypocrisies and sloppily or boringly written, Many writers delusions of the world around him, but we trust | seem to feel that they are “expressing that writer more completely when he also themselves” if they just get their feelings attacks himself, when he does not hold himself down on the page, but expressing yourself to.a different standard, or protect himself from is not enough. scrutiny. © A memoir should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. There should be a ‘* Personal writing should seem honest. The problem, a conflict, and a resolution. reader likes personal writing to feel “honest.” (This does not mean that the memoir is “honest’—who knows how the ‘writer really felt about something that happened 20 years ago, or yesterday. It just needs tofee! honest.) 12Conor Duffy International School Bangkok Personal writing should entertain the reader. even if your subject is extreme or shocking, it ‘won't be interesting in any but the most prurient terms, unless it is written well, and surprisingly. 25. Pastiche To create, to pay respect fo an author's style, to mimic, to show an appreciation for the techniques an accomplished author is known for. A pastiche is an exercise in literary criticism: it involves changing one or more elements in a ‘work of prose or poetry in order to examine the effects of stylistic variations. Writers can use ppastiches to hone their own style, and a pastiche may even lead further, to an original story or essay. The “style” of a Pastiche depends largely on the style of the author being mimicked... a pastiche of Hemingway would have very different elements to a pastiche of Shakespeare, Hunter S. ‘Thompson or Emily Dickinson. Some examples of how one might approach pastiche include altering: Plot: Take any story and outline its plot. Change the plot outline from a tragedy toa comedy or vice-versa. Molire did that with his own plays: typically adeus ex machina comes on stage in the final scene and bails everyone out of trouble. The action is comic but the plot is tragic up to the last, implausible scene. And that, Moliére seems to imply, is the point. Setting: Change the setting of a story. If the action takes place in a big city, change it to a small town or jungle or vice-versa. Likewise, if the action takes place in the resent, change it to the past or future. Tf the story seems to have no particular setting of note, give it one in a way that is more than decoration, Character: Transform a character from male to female or vice-versa. How will that affect dialogue and action? Or turn a villain into a hero by making the fewest changes possible, Can your character be a villain or hero by actions alone, without talking or looking like one? What's the least you can do to avoid inconsistency? And, of course, how do these changes affect the meaning of the story? Point of view: Rewrite a scene in a story from the point of view of another character (something like the “Rashomon effect”). Or 13change a scene by adding senses other than sight and hearing, © Dialogue: Take a scene in a novel or play and change the level or mode of language: how would the characters speak if they were from another region or social class? 26. Satire To poke fun at, to parody, to satirize, to ‘© the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or exaggerate, to ridicule, to point out the ridicule to expose and criticize people's absurdity of a social issue. stupidity or vices, particularly in the This allows you to poke fun at different aspects | __ context of contemporary politics and other in life such as people, government, politics, topical issues. facts, tragic events. © Often shows the “flipside” of an social To make a social commentary by pointing out issue to draw attention to the absurdity of the absurdity or hypocrisy of a current soci the prevailing sentiment. issue (ex. Political Correctness, Gender Roles, | @ Notable satirists include Jonathan Swift, Nationalismm/Patriotism, Ignorance ete.) Voltaire, The Simpsons, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, Family Guy, Sascha Baron Cohen, Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert Satirical Techai Satirical Techniques #2 Link to The Onion Link to Private Eye (UK Link to The Spoof 27. Ti the most basic terms, a screenplay is a ‘® A screenplay can be an original piece, or Screenplays 90-120 page document written in Courier 12pt based on a true story or previously written font on 8 1/2" x 11” bright white three-hole piece, like a novel, stage play or newspaper punched paper. In our case we would make this | article, At its heart, a screenplay is a much shorter. blueprint for the film it will one day become. Professionals on the set including the producer, director, set designer and actors all translate the screenwriter's vision using their individual talents. Since the creation of a film is ultimately a collaborative art, the screenwriter must be aware of each person's role and as such, the script should reflect the writer's knowledge. 28. Song lyrics | © To describe, to emote, to elicit a reaction from | e Like poetry, Song lyrics generally describe the audience. Often people react to music in visceral, powerful ways... both the music and the lyrics can have a powerful effect on the moods, emotions and reactions of the listener. some aspect or experience of being human. And , as such, they can employ all of the poetic devices described below. ‘© Often song lyrics follow a rhythm and thyme scheme (something that may be absent in free verse poetry). © The very basic structure of song lyrics includes verses, a bridge, and a chorus, which are often structured thusly: 14Verse #1-Chorus-Verse #2-Chorus-Bridge-(possible instrumental piece like a guitar solo)-outtro Chorus. Genres include: Rock, Metal, Hip-hop, Dance, Techno, Folk, Rap, Country, Classic ete, 29, Poetry To describe, to emote, to offer insight into a Poetry relies on a range of poetic devices to complex idea, to explore the human condition, achieve it's goal; these devices can be to use figurative language to explain a difficult broadly categorized as: concept. 1) Structural (rhyme scheme/ rhythm, ‘The central message, or the human experience stanza pattems, free verse ete.) being explored in a poem, is often called the 2) Figurative Language (metaphor, theme of the poem. A thematic statement is, paradox, allusion, simile, symbol, imagery the conclusions, or insights a poem may make etc.) about a specific human experience. 3) Sound Devices (cacophony, alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme (again!) 4) Voice (speaker, perspective, tone, irony etc.) Poems are rarely literal... instead they tend to use creative and descriptive anguage to explore, share or illuminate an aspect of the human experience, Instead of saying “Tt was a sad day”, a poet might describe “Dark clouds hung over the greying pavements/Hushed and sloppy leaves caught/in paralyzed puddles.’ Lyrie poems describe something; narrative poems tell stories. A beginner's Guide to Writing a Poem 30. Radio broadcast 31. Text To socialize. messages 32. Websites 33. To share opinions, to explore a topic, to Forums/chat efficiently get a wide range of people together rooms tually) to discuss a topic of mutual interest. 34, Public To inform, to warn, to draw attention toa Service matter of public important/concern. Announceme nt 1535, Post Cards To share, to socialize, to offer an update ona vacation and the experiences one is having. '® Post cards generally have three aspects to their structure: © 1) PICTURE SIDE: A picture of something indicative of the place being visited by the writer. For example, The Eiffel Tower i Paris, or a tranquil beach in Thailand. ‘There may be print (on the picture side, or with Written Side, which identifies and/or describes the picture.) ‘© 2) WRITTEN SIDE: On the reverse side, a space for writing a brief message... Usually this is one-half of the written side. Depending on the hand-writing of the writer, there is usually only room for a brief update and some pleasantries here. © 3) WRITTEN SIDE: A place for writing the address of the intended recipient. More and more, Post Cards have become something that is sent via email, facebook, instagram, etc. as these platforms cut out the delivery time required for surface mail. How to Write a PostCard 36, Cartoons To entertain To satirize society; to draw attention to social absurdity, conventions or traditions. Political Cartoons: To provide a quick witty comment on a current political situation. ‘® Entertainment: cartoons which entertain (“Peanuts”, “Calvin and Hobbes”, “The Far Side”) often use a combination of panels, drawing, characters and word bubbles to convey a quick and witty account of an event or human experience. Satire: Political cartoons are often a single panel. They do not rely on regularly recurring characters as a serialized cartoon might. instead they offer an enlightened, satirical look] at current political figures and situations through a combination of hyperbole, irony, drawing, word bubbles, labels and puns, among other satirical tools. Examples of a wide range of Political Cartoonists How to analyze/write Political Cartoons 37. Charts and Graphs ‘® Toinform ina graphic, easy to understand, manner. ‘* To provide an efficient and visual way to compare a lot of collected data. ‘© Charts often include data in a visual, easy to understand way. Often this information is comparative (ex. The number of students| from each different country at ISB). ‘© They can also be used to ascertain trends which may anticipate future outcomes. 16‘© Charts include many conventions including labels, X and Y axes, scaled numbers and a visual aspect. ‘Types of charts include Pie Charts, Histograms, Bar Chart and Line Charts. 38. Appeals 39. To offer an intellectual, emotional and ‘© Commentaries on works of literature or Commentary personal response to a piece of literature or other text types often analyze a work of text type, to appreciate the literary, rhetorical and linguistic devices and author has used, and the effects they have. literature (poem, prose passage etc.) or a non-literary text type (advertisement, editorial, brochure, diary entry). ‘© They often include an intro, which introduce the main message of the passage, and then several body paragraphs that highlight the stylistic devices the passage depends upon. These could include structure, figurative language, rhetorical devices, sound devices, imagery (word and visual), purpose, intended audience, tone... the final paragraph of a commentary often concludes by summing Up the main message and purpose of the Passage. 42. Parody 43, Short stories 44, Novel 45. Facebook Post Mainly to socialize (as part of the “social network) According to creator, Mark Zukerberg, Facebook was created "to make the world more open and connected” (Feb 5, 2012) To make social communication more efficient. To share interests, articles, likes, photos, ideas, events, social life etc. AUDIENCE: variable according to the settings the profile owner chooses, but ostensibly only ‘® APERSONAL PROFILE: which contains personal information about the profile ‘owner including work history, jobs, relationship status, likes, photos, favourites, a record of posts/communications etc. ‘© LANGUAGE: specific grammatical rules are not always observed on Facebook posts. Instead, the emphasis is on quick, efficient communication. 17the friends you “accept” should be able to see your whole profile page. There are settings which allow anyone access to your profile. Increasingly, Facebook has been used to advertise and market products. Compani understand the attraction many 18-29 year olds have to Facebook and use it as a tool to attract consumers. ‘© Short hand terms such as LOL (“laugh out loud”), TIVL (“Talk To You Later”), GTG (“Got To Go”), BRB (“Be Right Back”), YOLO| ("You Only Live Once”) are common. ‘* Communications threads are developed as friends join in conversations. © Users are encouraged to “like”, “comment” or “share” posts. Link to example of Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/leadingbyexample| ‘46. Obituary ‘to report the recent death of a person, typically along with an account of the person's life, those who survive the deceased, and formation about the upcoming funeral. To briefly, and publically, commemorate the dead. AUDIENCE: the general public; usually of a local community or city. An Obituary is usually published in the “Classified Advertisements” section of a local newspaper. The newspapers usually charge a fee for the publication of an obituary. ‘© Usually written by a family member or someone close to the family (though funeral homes will write obituaries for a fee). ‘© The language is very straightforward and factual. ‘¢ The tone is meant to remain factual, subdued and relatively unemotive (i.e. An obituary is not written in the grandiose, emotional language of a eulogy ~ a speech given during a funeral) ‘© Obituaries commonly include the following: Full name (some people put a maiden name in parenthesis); Date of death; Where the person was living at the time of death; Date of birth; Birthplace; Key survivors (spouse, children) and their names; Time, date, place of memorial or burial services (if you want the public invited) © They may also include: Cause of death; Biographical information, life story, or major life events (covering as much or as little as you'd like); Survivors who are grandchildren, siblings, nieces and nephews, friends, or pets; Memorial tribute information, such as “in lieu of flowers, donations may be made to such-and-such hospice or such-and-such nonprofit organization" 18Link to an example of an obituary: http://abenewspapers.com/obituary-placemen| 47. Eulogy ‘An, often emotional speech, given on at the funeral or wake of someone who has passed away. * torecollect; to commemorate; to remember; to celebrate the life of someone who many people cared for; to highlight; to elicit love, laughter, tears, appreciation, smiles from the audience. Often given by a member of the family, or someone very close to the deceased. Tone: can vary according to the personality of the speaker... but often is solemn, commemorative. Can also be humourous in an attempt to celebrate the positive memories of the deceased... but, overall, a eulogy shows deep care and a sense of loss. May use quotes, poetry from outside sources. Often refers to memories and positive events from the deceased's life... and an invitation as to how the deceased should be remembered. Link: http://www.write-out-loud.com/free-sample-eu logies.html 19