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Cancennatse? teael to eds route oTese aarrorel discon Hn NY , gechon called abs. struc ltare aan »,"F NN AGSemi cantilever Beam — propped cantitever Beam Canbhevers beam having additencat Bale port ts called propped canHleves beam, nk ES cae ee 2 = = ReORIO. KN fe Tt 120x641 mt Deumrlond AeStechen ot the Byes end B os. the ComBleves AB ostBenst prop: 4 4 wt 2 Gee)" | 20283 e240 een Baa a2 =r GS despassone - Wprmrd dibtewon at end B of the comtlevs Beam ar & R27) a BF ens + Bet (a2) ei ilies a 0 RG) Re (6” ) (8-4) Bes es v lO B Re fr |For heaving no daglection ak the Frea end B Sqocke Tee aleve two desteckion lo240 _ 1Oo8 Re gs ex Shear ferce at BL geo. Shear force (ines. heegere ) & =~ Boxe =-40 uN. heey Bora oh Support & SF > ~BoxB4~ Re 2 ~!604948 = S4-8KN. Beniing wremant 85 O° Br4OKN-M AX ae ye be BPR ORE KEL 4 na ofdp0s At A = PEOKSxe, Re XE 2-640 4 5688 ALR weeDEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Subject: Aircraft Structures 4) Mode! Test Class : B.E.(Ae(0) V Semester ‘Answer all the questions Part A (2X 10 = 20 marks) Expiain unsymmetrical bending with examples, Define Neutral axis and Neutral plane, Define shear centre and locate shear centre for channel section. ‘Sketch shear stress variation across depth for an |-Section. Stato Bredt batho assumptions, eosenn ‘enclosed area. 7. Whats a shear resistant web, 8. Explain various methods used to compute the crippling stress. 9. State the advantage of having a semi cantilever type of wing construction. 10. Give exampies of moncoque and semi monocoque structure, Part ~B (5 X16 = 80 marks) 14.(0) Compute bending stresses at the points A,B and C of section shown in Fig.1. My = 5000 Nmim and ‘Mx = 0.Nmm. All dimensions are in mm. Thickness is uniform and the moment applied about centroidat ‘x08 x and y, 11. (b) Compute bending strosses at the points 1,2,3,4,6,6,7.8 of the section shown in Fig.2. My = 500 Neam and Mx = 100 Nim. AI dimensions are in mm. Thickness is uniform and the momont epplied about k= 20 —4e—~ 0 ~t cceontroidal axes x and y. Fea Dy A thin walled circular tube subject to @ torque T. Show thal T= 2Aq, where q is the shear flow and A is the12 (a) Determine the shear flow and shear centre for the section shown in Fig.3. The section is subjected to a vetical load of 5000 N, b= 30 4 ett Ee 412 (0) Determine the shear flow and shear centre for the section shown in Fig.4 All dleensions are tn mm Fig 13. (a) Determine the shear fow and shear centre for the section in Fig 5 bevtgd—as J i pot res ‘ or 13. (0) Find the shear flow and twist per unit length ofthe two cell structure shown Fig.6, The material used is ‘Aluminium with E= 70 GPa and poisson's ratio = 0.3. Torque is 75 KN-mm in clockwise direction, he toemendennen— faa T sesaea anaes ea 14, (2) Explain the Needham and Gerard method of crippling strength calculation with examples, a3Or 14. (b) State the differences between shear resistant web and complete tension field web, What purpose vertical sifeners serve in case of these webs. 16a) List down various components of atypical aircraft wing and explain the use of each component. Oraw & shear force and bending moment diagram for somi cantilever beam with Uniform distribution Load. or 45, (6) Wo short notes on any four ofthe fatowing 1) Semi monocoque structure i Buk heads ip Uist three functions of fuselage bulk head iv List three functions of the rear spar Sem tension eld beam vi Explain the advantage of using semi cantilever type wing. ‘Box Beams Fig, 8.2.2 Torque around a Closed Section ‘The moment of the force qxds about any arbitary selected point (reference point ‘o") is the product of the force and the moment arm, h. Since the term of ds X h (segment area) is twice the area of the shaded triangle, and summing all tonque and triangles around the section, Torque: My=qX2A Bq, 822 M Eg, 8.2.3 oF Shear flow: where: A ~Bnclosed area along the entire perimeter ‘Such a uniform torsional shear flow applied to the end of a closed section structure develops constant reacting shear flows in the full structure identical to those developed in single flat panels by in-plane loads as discussed in Chapter 6.0, (B) TORSION OF CELLULAR SECTIONS Analysis of single-cell structures subjected to torsion has already been discussed. They could be analyzed in a straight forward manner by consideration of static load (¢-g., equilibrium) alone. With multi-cell sections this is not possible and as in the indeterminate (redundant) structures already discussed, both equilibrium and compatibility have to be considered to develop enough relationships to evatuate all the unknowns (see References 8.6 and 8.7 for further information). Fig. 8.2.3 shows a cellular section subjected to a torque, M,. Consider the element a-b-c-d subjected to a shear flow, q, due to the torque. Let 8 be the deflection due to the shear flow, and the strain energy stored in the element is given as: rom the strain energy equation: ay ~ Potee Xdisplacement _ qs 2 2 Bf 1076 Shear strain in element = per unit Fength where f,.= shear stress due to torsion (q is shear flow and tis thickness) am QtChopter 80 Also where: A = Enclosed area of the box A-B-C-D_ Strain energy: qdds 7 M,._M, = GN GRG ds du = ds up Mi, BA'GE ‘otal strain energy: Us Sein = ese where $9 is the fine integrat and is the integral of the expression {® around the cel. If web thickness is constant for each wall, $s is the summation of the ratio of wall length to wall thickness forthe cell. Using Castigliano’s Theorem, the twist angle ‘@" will be obtained by: 228 24Box Besens ‘The above expression has been derived from a unit length of the box. ‘The twist over the entire length, L, of the box will therefore be obtained by: Lg ods OnGg@say "The above equation can be rewritten for a single section as below: Ly Mi 404, ML 8 =Ga@) RT Gr where Ae From Eq. 68.4) (From Ba. 823) Consider the two cell structure shown in Fig. 8.2.4 and let q; be the shear flow on the free walls of cell 1 and qa the shear flow for the free walls of cel 2 Fig. 8.24 Shear Flow Distribution of Two-Cell Box ‘Torsional moment in terms of internal shear flow: ‘Taking moment of shear flow about a joining point ‘o', Mya = 2q¢(Ac + An) + 2q2An — 2040, = 2quAr #2qiAne + 2qrAn~2GsAn gis #2qiAm + 22x ~2(Q1~ 4a)» = 2q.Ar tara When a given torque is applied to the multi-cell box beam, consideration of equilibrium requires that M, = EL.) Bg. 8.24 ‘The moment of internal shears for a multi-cell box structure is equal to the sum of twice the area of each cell multiplied by the shear flow in its free walls. If qsis the shear flow in the common wall, then for eq) Qe Qin-a ibrium: 29 3lChapter 8.0 Also condition of, eee requires that the twist of all the cells must be the same, ie. = igs Eg. 825 Combining of Eq. 8.2.4 and Eq. 8.2.5 to obt box structure, the values qin and q; ...... gy and in a multi-cell Example: Determine shear flows in all walls as shown below: 12 in, ‘Assume the shear flow in cell 1 is q, and incell 2 is qs. Their angles of rotation are: 6 yg ax TAGS AX" 1 1 268, = GoD lacGy 260, = 6q,-q: 1 ds maasoxre boat 12,10, 12, 10 TOMAS Trt dost AY HED) 5, dar~ Sar Pa Gas = Aba, Eq. (A) ‘Also for equilibrium: M, 10" = 2004, + 240q: Eq.) Solve Eq. (A) and Eq. (B), obtain y= 2,242 Ibsfin 42 =2,298 Ibs.in, 4 =~$6 Ibs.fin 230 33Box Beams Final loading: 2,242 Ibs.in, 2,298 Ibs./in. 2,242 Ibs.in, seat ee 2,242 IbsJin. 2,298 Ibs.fin. (C) SHEAR CENTER ‘The shear center for any beam bending becomes # main reference point for both shear and torsion loading. Since the torsional stiffness and strength of an open section is quite small, it is Fecommended to keep the applied load at or close to the shear center as shown in Fig, 8.2.5 and for any segments of shell structures, the following rules should be kept in mind: + The applied lond acts parallel to a straight ine connecting the controids of the two adjacent flanges (or stringers) + Passes through the shear center a distance ¢ = 24% from this straight tine, + Has the magnitude =q h ‘The shear center for open cells is located by maintaining rotational equilibrium between the applied load and reacttve web shear flows. © Fig. 825 Shear Center of Three Open Shell Sections ‘The familiar D section, shown in Fig. 8.2.6, which is a part of a nose section of an airfoil, is used for ailerons, elevators, rudder, flaps, etc., on general aviation and small aircraft airframes. ‘The D- section may be considered a combination of a beam and a torsion box. Since this closed cell is stable under bending and torsion loads, a different procedure is required: 231 3SChepeer 8.0 P, ~ Resultant of shear flow fon nose skin P,~ Resultant of shear flow on vertical web Fig. 8.2.6 Shear Center of a D-Cell Section D-CELL WITH TWO-STRINGERS SECTION: ‘Assumptions (a) Bending moment is taken by beam stringers only: ‘The vertical load, P., must act parallel to the vertical web of the D-cell beam * There ean be no component of load in any other direction since there is no swingey to resistit (©) Torsion moment is taken by the cell (the shear flows are carried by both the riose skin and vertical web), (©) The total shear load acting on the cell may be resolved into two com + The shear load P. acting in the web plane * The shear load P, in the forward or aft skin acting at the shear conte: 0: From static: BR=0: P.=-P.-P, EM, =0: Pd= Pre, Since e,=2A* then, Pau Fe Shear stress in nose skin: fgg = Shear stress in vertical web; fi, == 232 SFeee UUUUUUUUEY % on ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 25 : MODEL QUESTION PAPER B.E, AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING, , VI SEMESTER AB341 - AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES - IL : TIME ~3 Hours MAXIMUM : 100 Marks PART A (10X2= 20 Marks) °°” ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 1. Define shear cent 2... Give a sketch of a thin-walled angle section and mark the shear ‘centre location for ‘the same. 3. State S.L. Units for (a) shear flow, (b) shear. ‘modulus State the Bredt - Batho formula and list the assumptions involved. A thin - walled single - cell tube is subject to torsion. Derive an expression for shear plow in the walls of the tube. Briefly write about the concept of Jumping of cross - sections, For a structure which carries primarily bending loads? as ‘why are I - sections preferred over other cross-sections? ‘What is a wagner beam? ‘What are monocoque structures? List 2 functions of an aircraft rib. PARTB (5X 16 = 80 Marks) Bring out the differences between ‘Symmetrical and unsymmetrical bending 4 What are principal axes of inertia? 2 A bending moment of 3000 Nm is 10 applied to the cross - section shown in Figure 1 ~ at an angle of 30 to the vertical y-axis such tat Mx and My luce tension in the positive x-y quadrant. Obiain the exptiggfin for bending stress. 36T=1mm for all webs : 190m Figure 20) 1 c, ‘ Cr GC. 100cm a c. B A. : c 7 oe 1 G. E Cc 125 om i 3 oe i fat 40cm c Cc c so 7 10 adit : : ; i S Figure 1 = © 12(@) For the section shown in Figure 2(a), determine the sheair centre location, S 7 c A,B, C,0=2em* & e 25cm c 410} em ce G D 20cm ¢ ‘ Figure 2(@) G 128) A vertical load of 1000N is applied to the Section indicated in Figure 2(6) in the ¢ positive - y direction. Plot the shear flow distribution. 16 . Wem p & G G & © © € 6 me2) Newtwol pstth y- The beam verily dhout same auth tm th whith gate moment of aren of Cres Seckren — abour not Subseetest te any Strate & zeyo avd tw wilt peaim know ag nevitral ans (049 awh or 2edos trey. Ne Lonpmesyion (WO bengwon {oz ance d we ORE fuamnd i | ular= | Hee etme srent conte | - EOD eee eee tee Hee eee tee tet grew Cenlve 1b A pemk in Phe Cobb section pj blender uviifown beam ale whith epply ws heel lad peroauce” vo rwthe only produeey tending = edlec tro" - phen gente dor Hinuallel @ Catt engte eltion © Tear LT grerer Sheree bhéos varalten pp retly TL semen Seo RAORVANA AASixth Semester Aeronautical Engincering AE 341 — AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES. soe Define Principal axes and give an expression tod Defi ine Neutral axis and give an expression to determing if Define Shear center. M Me fark shear center for thin walled (a) equal angle section (b) dT-section. ‘Sketch shear stress variation across depth for an I-section, ‘Give any one moment of inertia for a thin walled L-section with thickness ¢ and flange width = web height = 4. _ Sketch Buckling modes of a plate in (a) Compression (b) Shear, # eee r What is effective width? Sketch a semi-monocoque structure and name the parts. PARTB.-+ (6 x 16 = 80 marks) Derive-an expression for shear flow in-an open tube subsets z and modify this expisision fr @ coded tube. (4, Seve rant modify this a {@) , An equal angle section with side 20 em thickness 2 em is “moments M, =20KN~m and’ My =15KN=m,Eind th tensile and compressive stresses... subjected to e maximum Or Determine the direct stress” disti produced by a positive bending m: lange width = 4/2, ip ribution in a thin-walled Z-section oment M,. Height of the section = A QFig. 1. Section is subjected t0\giwertical shear load ofS iNg ko semea yo [5 a (b) Determine the [shear flow ahd: shear saat Ye the;geetion ghown WK in Fig. 2. TB 6 tom Fig. 2 (a) (i) Differtintiate between Buckling @Ad- Crippling and,explain,how will ng ap you caléulate Buekling.stress in‘céthpression and shear. 8) (i) Explain any one’ jate Crippling strength. (8) ie 4 iptingstrene 4 Q . OF(©) Check whether the box beam shown in Fig. 3 will withstand the load spihect Cuskling and also find the Margin. of Safety , =P, =5000N, Uniform skin thickness stringer = 2 em? Assume skin is effective i K, #5, K, Given 15 mm, Area of each in bending. For a/b =2, a Pa LL he, “el 15 em e315 em > Fig. 3 5. (2) Explain the principle of Semi-Tension field beam and find an expression for (i) Web stiffener load (ii) Flange axial load (b)” Find the shear flow and shown in. Fig. 4. The materi, Poisson's ratio = 0.3, Fig. 4 —. Se ee eet EMOTO OOOO OOOO NANA AANA Be ad“Doution’ ORAF?.STRUCTURES ~ It Maximum : 100 marks 1 a by unsyminetrical bending? Explain a method to find tricel section. ts application in solving structural Gipite'of virtual work and it ine the shear flow and angle of.twist for @ closed single call. ra Indicate how Von Karman's effective, width is computed knowing the streds distribution on the shegt-stiffener, panel. What is a lip? How does it affect the strength of a section? Explain clearly the distinction between the strength and stiffness problems in structures. Explein how a thin beam subjected to shear resists the load What is a semi tension field beam? , What do you understand by monocoque and semi monocoque type of aireraft construction? BAPART B—~(5 x 16 = 80 marks) ; 4 a 11. Obtain the shear flow arcund a three cell box beam (Fig. 1) when it is aubjectda to a torqueBPI"E 100 a KNm The thickness of vertical members, horizonti members and semicircle are 1.25, 0.75 and 0.6 cm respectively, an —aT 27 she 25 >| ao om 6 & c € € > Fig. 1 12, (@) (i) Does the shear center always lies outside for the open section? Explain, (i) Obtain the shear flow and shear center location for the channel section subjected to a vertical shear load of 5 KN. The height of thé vertical web is 50 mm and width of flanges is 25 mm. Thickness of the flanges and the web is 1.5 mm, or : eannannnnnanna (b) Obtain the shear flow distributio: Each stringer area is 6.5 em?. oy _ 2 a for the closed section shown in Fig. 2. & 74 ARNaAANadannonoedrib? How does it transfer the load? the load distribution in all the members of the rib shown , me Fig. 3 Or (b) A fuselage bullthead of 1 m radius, has 12 stringers equally placed around ithe section starting from top print. Bach stringer area is 6.35 em’, The bulk head is subjected to a symmetrical vertical shear load of 10 KN. Find the shear flow around the bulk head. (Show that the sum of the moment of inertia about any two orthogonal oxes is invariant with respect to any other two orthogonal axes. @) (ii) Obtain the shear flow distribution and shear center location for the gection shown in Fig, 4. When it is subjected to a shear load of BEN. : (10) 8 N 1002(b) (b) 4 A beam section shown in Fig. 5 has four ‘The area off stringers A, B, C and D are 6.25, 8.125, 4.6 and 6 agem, respective Find the stresses ii all the four stringers of the section due to M, = kNm and M, =~20 kNm where x andy are the centreidal axes, Assume 2 that webs and walls are ineffective in bending. | — soem —} Fig. 5 (Clearly bring out the difference between shear resistance beamad. and tension field beams. (8) ii) Find the crippling load for an angle section of aluminium alloy, 50 mm x 25 mm x 1mm. (10) or Write short notes on: | (Formed and extruded section — He Gi) Gerard method of finding crippling stress fo (iii) Bhergy theorems in structural analysis.B.E/B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRIL/MAY 2005, ‘Sixth Semester ‘AB 941 — AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES — IL 20" time: Three hows Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PART A— (10x 2= 20 marks) . 1. Show a typical stress distribution for a open/closed section undergoing ‘unsymmetrical bending. Define principal axes of a section. Define shear flow. How shear stress is obtained from shear flow? Indicate the position of shear center for a channel section and angle section. 2. 3. 4 5. List down various structural components in an aircraft wing, 6. List down various structural components in the fuselage. 7. Explain how torque is realized by an aircraft wing. 8. Is it convenient to have engine fitted to the aircraft wing from the structural design point of view? Justify the answer. 9. Briefly explain the effective width theory. 10. What is the difference between tension field beam somi tension field beam? PART B — (6 x 16= 80 marks) (i), Derive the expression for the shear flow in thin walled single cell subjected to torque load. @ Gi) Obtain the shear flow for the thin walled structure shown in the Fig. 1. ieee (a2) walk’ thickness » om G toon 10 ry —p—— 20 tm ——y Fig. 1 7 i(2) (a) Obtain the bending stress values at the points A, B, C and D foi section shown in Fig. 2. Compute the stresses using momont values with t tox and, 1d) al, respect tox andy axes an ny eee shown in Fig. 3. Assume the webs do not take part in bending. Compute i the loads using moment values with respect tox andy axes and principal axes, y 1eo% @ Rp s0 ke com 6 de aslem , 1200 KH tm 50 em . ben wee 7 Fig. 3 (a) Find the shear flow distribution and locate the shear center for the section shown in Fig. 4. Each of the stringers has an area of 4 cm? and the section is subjected vertical shear of 50 KN. 2 Ria (b) Compute the load on the lumped flanges due to bending of the section ~ 9 o qannetannnnnnananannan c c ©RR i subjected to vertical shbar of 60 ‘ough shear center, Obtain the she; the stringers KN applied Sr Hlow for the section. Ame! of all Sre'same and is equal to gage = Seton, Gg ‘ ne toem given ‘Sem 3 Fig.5 FW (@). Obtain the Shear flow for the box beam Shown in Fig. 6. Aix Ay = 95 em’, a MPAs ASTATS Tent and Arne oe \ ip 19¢m 2 Wem 3 0 em 4 ig. 7 is subjected to a Clockwise torque of a flow in the coll structure and the Reg15. (@) @) Derive the expression for buckling stress for a thin plate under compression. © (ii) Obtain the critical load for the composite section shown in Fig. 8. Effective width is 150 em. H = 200 GPa. (10) T Fem 20m Fig. 8 Or (b) Write short notes on any TWO of the following : j (G)",, Definition and analysis of monocoque and_semomonocoque “structures. eo Gi) Tdealisation and analysis of aireraft wing structure | _—~ Gi) Idealisation and analysis of aircraft fuselage. eae 4 R162Aeronautical aici ‘AE 341 — AIRCRAFT WUCTURES — II : Maximum : 100 marks # ee tie rei nd give an expgegsion to dotermino it. Lob. PART B — (6 x 16 = 80 marks) Derive-an expression for shear flow of an open tube of arbitrary crass, ction subject x ‘Without twist. (12) a Modify the above expression for a closed tube, @ guN's) bending moment Ms. 12, 8 Find the bending stress distribution in a thin walled Z-section, whose thickness is t, height h, flange width b/2 and subjected to a positive Or (b) Find the max. bending stress for the section shown in the fig. 1, subejeted to a bending moment Mx= 1600 N-m. : Fig-1 13, (a) Find the shear flow distributionyand, shear center fora thin: walled. channel section of thickness($ mm, flange widl ‘web height 10 em; and subjected to a vertical lohd6f 6 KN through Ure-shear center, °° Or mote tine @® Find shear flow of the open section shown in fig. 2 ‘Area of eat stringer = Oam®, The loads are S:= 10 KN and S; = 60 kNacting thrbugh the shear center. a “t rea steed 1S em, + 2 Bil: i: 6 Find the shear flow_and twist ver unt ent ofthe two cell tube made of . aluminjum as shown in the A) 4 and subjected toa Torque 75000 N-em. cs Fig. 4 Differentiate between buckling and crippling and explain any one aethod to determine crippling strength, ao) Explain Wagner beam, : 6) " Or Buaa Maximum : 100 marks ees Show that for a curved web T = 24q, ‘Explain effective width and give an expression to determine it. Explain Buckling in compression for a Plate. Draw shear stress and bending stress variation across the depth for ‘s(@) rectangular section’ and (b) I-section, 10. Find Ix and Iy for a thin walled I-section with thickness t and flange width = web height = h, PART B— (6 x 16'= 80 marks) Derive an expression for shear ‘flow of ain open tube of arbitrary cross- Section subjected to shear loads S, and S, without twist. (a2) z pe ae fy the above expression for a closed tube.13, 12, (a) Find the bending stress distribution in a thin walled Z-section, who: thicknoss is t, height h, flange width 8/2 and eubjected to a pos bending moment Ms. a E 7 Or (b) Find the max. bending stress for the section shown in the fig. 1, ' toabending moment Mi= 1500 Nan... Fig. 1 (a) Find the shear flow distribution and shear center for a thin walled channel section of i088 $ mm, flange width 5 cm, web eight 10 om and subjected to a vertical load of § KN through the shear center. Or (b) Find shear flow of the open section shown in fig. 2 Area of cach stringer = 6 em?, ‘The loads are Sx= 10 KN and 8, = 50 KN acting through the shear center. tesa fee bow} . WS em nnaanannannae monnaf the two cell tube made of. bjocted to a Térque 76000 Neem, leas he asco} ean aa Fig. 4 aise ‘Differentiate between buckling and crippling and explain any one method to determine crippling strength. (10) i) Explain Wagner beam. (6) Or Explain lift load distribution, structural load distribution on a cantilever wing and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams, 3 BueB.E/B.Tech, DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2006, Sixth Semester fi ; Aeronautical Engineering AE 341 — AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES — 11 ‘Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. 2 PARTA—(10x2=20marks) 2. Specify any one aluminium alloy used in aircraft construction and its ‘| aes properties, 8. Draw shear stress and bending stress variation across the depth for ‘ (a) rectangular section and (b) I-section. 7 4, Define principal axes and give an expression to determine them. 5. Define shear center and locate shear ceritor for channel section and equal angle section. » ® 2 2 ® 2 2 @ 2 Cd ® 0% y/o semi-monocoque structure and explain its advantages. ay =e » = = we 6. Show that for a curved web shear center distance e = 2 A/L, ‘7, Explain effective width and give an expression to determine it, 8. Explain safe life and fail safe design with example. 9. _ Give expression for buckling stress (a) colurnn (b) sheet, 10. Define load factor and classify aircraft based on load factor. 58; PART B— (5x 16 = 80 marks) (4 Bg. 1 shows the section of an angle purlin. A bending momont of 2000 Nm is ‘spplied to the purlin in a plane at an angl sence of the bending mioment is such that its Produce tension in the positive * y quadrant. stress in the purlin stating clearly the point at which it acts, A Loom (Ore A neal 12. (a) subjected to M, and M, and modi Principal axis and neutral axis, - Or Derive an expression for bending stre le of 30° to the vertical y axis. If the components M, and M, both Caleulate the maximum direct ss in an unsymmetrie section ify this expression with respect to ) Tang the shear Slow distribution ina thin walled Z-seetion, wine thickness is t, height h, flange width through the shear center, (®) (@) Find the shear flow for the section stringers a= =4 om?,c=d =Dem? E a- oe ve #4 | Ska ds Fig. 2 Or 2 ‘4/2 and subjected to a vertical load shown in the Fig 2. The area of 2bem x 4 fea yoy H1014 aeannonnnnnnnanannnnannvoaon nonanneFind the M.S. in buckling for the box beam shown in Fig. 6. Given : P=P, TRGEN, Atea ofeach stinger = 2 em? and the theat ple se is 1.5 mm through out. Assume the sheets are effedtive in bending and made of 2024 Ts, Alumit nium alloy. For afb = 2, Ke = 6, Ks = 65 aed he wh = 8, Ke = 4, Ke = 5.8, Ms w Gi) Explain Wagner beam, 1 Or: ‘ «i Yo) Explain the various lois and strieturil load dig oe of @ passenger aircraft-and tribution on the’ assuming it as a fee~free beain draw’ the er Shear force and bending moment diagrame, : no eden ononannnannnnnanannannan n 9 n naus ill ie) The idealized single cell thin-walled tube shown in-Fig, 8 has a horizontal axis of symmetry. Direct stresses are carried by the booms Bi to By while the walls are effective only in carrying shear stress, Caleulate tho distribution of shear flow around the section: Given : By = By = 2cm*, By = B, =2.5em", By =B, =4em?, and B, =B, =lem?, VUVUIVysus fe-=. am Ai = 677 em?, Az = 2500 cm?15(a) (i) Discuss the analysis of a Setti-cantilever type of. aoréraft wort, ——_ a Gi) List out the different structural. elements contained in an aircraft wing What a their funetins? or 15(6) Tie tapered beam shown in figure 4(a) is subject to a vertical load V (Derive an expression for shear flow at any point in the web of the beam. na (ii) Obtain the shear flow distribution when V = 10,000.N ut Cc 100em 5 Tom ¢ ¢ t ¢ 4 ¢ lem € Section A-A € c eee < i € ¢ < « ¢ « ‘ 4 3, E i'3(@) The section shown in Figure (a) e subject to foes Fx = 1600N and Fy = 6000 N. Determine the bending stresses atthe locations A, B, C, D. Assume that the webs are ineffective in bending. (s) 16 A (tcm’) B (0.5 cm’) te Bom D(O.8em) 186m (04cm) Figure 3 (a) ——_ 1 130) @ A thin-walled tube having a cross-sectional area “A' and wall thickness "is ‘subject to twisting moment Mo, Derive and obtain the expression for cell twist. 8 Gi) The 2-cell tube indicated in Figure 3(b) is subject to a clockwise twisting moment of 1000 Nem, Determine the shear flows in the walls of the tube, g 20cm t=2mm 20cm 20cm All other wall thickness = 1 mm ; Figure 3(b) é 14(a) Write notes on the following @ strength of thin-walled columns, 6 ( Se react cles, WIDTH, 6 i inter-tivet and shiest wrinkling falares 4 40). @—Deetive the bucking equation in plate 10 i)’ Explain the interaction relationship and state its uses. i