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Classical Logic
Invented by ancient Greeks, Socrates
used by mathematicians
In this logic
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• Most engineering texts do not address the uncertainty in the information, models,
and solutions that are conveyed within the problems addressed therein.
• The more complex a system is, the more imprecise or inexact is the information that
we have to characterize that system. It seems, then, that precision, information and
complexity are inextricably related in the problems we pose for eventual solution.
• However, for most of the problems that we face, we can do a better job in accepting
some level of imprecision.
• It seems intuitive that we should balance the degree of precision in a problem with
the associated uncertainty in that problem
BRIEF HISTORY Boolean Logic
George Boole
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Boolean Logic
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Boolean Logic
If A represents an ordinary crisp set/ Boolean set
Then A ={x | P(x)} indicates that the set A consists of those items
x for which the property P is true.
For example:
“THE BULB GLOWS AT A SUPPLY VOLTAGE OF 220V”
According to this statement the bulb will glow at 220V and not otherwise.
GLOW, 1
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Fuzzy logic
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Fuzzy Logic
• The term fuzzy refers to things that are not clear or are vague. In the real
world many times we encounter a situation when we can’t determine
whether the state is true or false, their fuzzy logic provides very valuable
flexibility for reasoning.
• In the boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents the absolute truth value
and 0.0 represents the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy logic, there is
an intermediate value too present which is partially true and partially
false.
ARCHITECTURE
• RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by
the experts to govern the decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic
information. Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer several effective methods
for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments reduce
the number of fuzzy rules.
• FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets.
Crisp inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the
control system for processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.
• INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy
input with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to
the input field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the control actions.
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214 216 218 220 222 224 226
FUZZY REPRESENTATION
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Basics of Fuzzy Logic…
The terms like AROUND, APPROXIMATELY, MORE-OR-LESS,
SLIGHTLY, VERY represent an intuitive feel of expert human and
can be expressed as FUZZY SETS.
FUZZY SET
Fuzzy set is a mathematical measure of ambiguous phenomenon
and a technique for mathematically expressing linguistics
ambiguity.
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Basics of Fuzzy Logic…
• The collection of points which determine the curve “AROUND
220V” can be written in the form
F μF (x)/x OR F μF (x)/x
u
u
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• Suppose set A is the crisp set of all people with 5.0 ≤ x ≤ 7.0 feet.
• A particular individual, x1, has a height of 6.0 feet. The membership of this
individual in crisp set A is equal to 1, or full membership, given symbolically as
χA(x1) = 1.
• Another individual, say x2, has a height of 4.99 feet. The membership of this
individual in set A is equal to 0, or no membership, hence χA(x2) = 0.
• In these cases the membership in a set is binary, either an element is a member of
a set or it is not.
Trapezoid(x; a, b, c, d) = 0 if x a;
= (x-a)/(b-a) if a x b;
= 1 if b x c;
= (d-x)/(d-c) 0 if c x d;
= 0, if d x.
A sigmoidal membership function is specified by two
parameters {a, c}:
• Sigmoid(x; a, c) = 1/(1 + exp[-a(x-c)]) where a controls slope at the
crossover point x = c.
• These membership functions are some of the commonly used
membership functions in the fuzzy inference systems.
Fuzzy Rules
• Fuzzy rules are useful for modeling human thinking, perception and
judgment.
• A fuzzy if-then rule is of the form “If x is A then y is B” where A and B
are linguistic values defined by fuzzy sets on universes of discourse X
and Y, respectively.
• “x is A” is called antecedent and “y is B” is called consequent.
Binary fuzzy relation
• A binary fuzzy relation is a fuzzy set in X × Y which maps each
element in X × Y to a membership value between 0 and 1. If X and Y
are two universes of discourse, then
• R = {((x,y), R(x, y)) | (x,y) Є X × Y } is a binary fuzzy relation in X × Y.
• X × Y indicates cartesian product of X and Y
Fuzzy rule as a relation
If x is A, then y is B
x is A, y is B fuzzy predicates A( x), B( y )
If A( x), then B( y )
can be represente d by relation
R( x, y ) : A( x) B( y )
R( x, y ) can be considered a fuzzy set with 2 - dim membership function
R ( x, y ) f ( A ( x), B ( y ))
where f is " fuzzy implicatio n function" , performs the task
of transform ing the membership degrees of x in A and y in B
into those of ( x, y ) in A B
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Fuzzy implications
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Example of Fuzzy implications
h
20 50 70 90
t
20 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
30 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5
40 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.9
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Example of Fuzzy implications
When " temperatur e is fairly high" or t is A' , A' T
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Compositional rule of inference
The inference procedure is called as the “compositional rule of inference”. The
inference is determined by two factors : “implication operator” and
“composition operator”.
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Representation of Fuzzy Rule
Fact: u is A ' : R(u)
Rule: If u is A then w is C : R(u, w)
Result: w is C ' : R( w) R(u) R(u, w)
R(u, w) : A C