STATISTICS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN in Engineering and the Physical Sciences volume I, second edition NORMAN L, JOHNSON FRED C. LEONE + Toronto John Wiley & Sons, New York » London - Sydney 197 H. DoHcoH .SIMon CTATUCTMKA V NTAHVPOBAHME OKCNEPMMEHTA B TEXHMKE WY HAYKE METO{IbI OBPABOTHM JAHHbIX Tlepeson ¢ aurauiicxoro NOX pexaKusef kang. Tex. wayx 3. K, JIEWKOTO Hajatescrao «Mup» Mocksa 1980YANK 001.60 B xnure wanaraioren ocHobis TEXHNKH craTHeTHMECKHX suNHCAE- unt Hapaay co cTanAspriuiait npweMay oWeKuBaNNR TipoBePKH Tunores paccwanpinaioren Meroas cramucrivecxoro KONTPONN, ane- Deum Teopume cratweriveckx peureHtil, wonpocu perpeccuoMoro 4 koppeasiwionsioro avamusos. Tpueerenis cratucruveckne TaGmumet NM rpawnn, nonestee pH PeWENHN NPNKAARAWX Samay, a TAKE Gonince witeao npHMEpOS mM YnpaxeNH Tipeanaavavena Aa% eneuianneros, weaaOUNX NpHNEHATE Neto au watemarmveckoll crazveruKu Ht Teopit aanuposanun sxcnepH dena, m npexerananer Heconnenai wnTepec 228 CTYACHTOR BY30B H ‘emupanrou ecrecroeHHonaysHWX M TeXHUMeCKHX cneiMansyocTel Pedaxwus aumepamypes no nosou mexnure Copyright © 1964, 1977 by John Wiley & Sons, Toe haghts reserved Authorized translation irom 1502000000 english language edition published by John Wiley 20208-168 Sons, Ine. A GAT (01-87 "8-8 © Flepenog a pyccKn aseax, Mupr, 1980 MPEQUCNOBME PEZAKTOPA MEPEBOLA B npeataraemom suustatinto siTareteli epsom ToMe HaBecTHO! MoHO- rpagua H. Jjxoncowa 4 ®, JTuowa uaaaraiorea crawaapriine cra- THCTHYeCKHe MeTOAM H MpHeMEs, WHPOKO HenOMsyeMse NPM BLITION- HewHH mOGOH sKcnepuMeittarbHoh paGors. 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Xanmauime (ra. 10—12). 9K, Teynua NPEQUCNOBUME K NEPBOMY U32,AHUIO Ler» stof xnurt—nosHaxonnTs Haysnbix pa6oTHHKoB 1H cryseHToR TeXHHMYECKHX CHeMltasbHOCTeh ¢ OCKOBHBINH CTaTHICTHYeCKHMM MeTORANT H naysHT® npuneniTs 9TH NeToast B xnure wsAOKeHK ocHoBHe pastes maTeMaTHueckoll cTaTueTUKH MAIR MOAOTO MOAMMANIIA MaTepHana HeoOXoAHMO XopoUlee aHaHNe “NPHKTaAHOR waTeNaTHAU. Taapnaa saxava, KoTopyio crasiiam nepex co6oh aBTopsl, coctos.na B TOM, STOGM AaTb veTKOe MpexcTaBeHNe O cnocobax npimeHeniia CraTHCTHYECKHX MeTONOB H MPHHWHNAX, AeKALLEX B OCHOBE HX HHCMO.tb- Sopanis. Sta KHura He SHUUKAONEAuH H He aKAeMHNECKHA KypC. Yeuoxnenue nateptaza m Matematueckas crporocth He Odili caNo- utemibio. Horta 3T0 OKasbiBatocb HeOBXOAUMBIM, WTOOE OGecteNiTS ‘TpeGyenyio rHGKOCTH, npeLOTApaTis NosBAeHHe OLINGOGHNX BEBO OB Wall paspacnnTs JoxasaTerbcTBO TIpH 3ToM BCAKOe yenOKHEHHE MaTepHasa MORIMNAADCe raaBKOK KesK—HaySHtTs NpaBHAbHO NpH- MeHaT® cTatucTiNeckHe MeTOAt Tloaesayo uiopmauiio Mower novepnuyT> M3 KHHIH H 4HTa- ‘Tem, He sHaKoMBill ¢ OcHOBaNH BBiCHIel MatewaTHkH. TipuRomHNDe RokasaTeAbeTBa MOXHO ONYCTHTS, PACCNATPHBAR TOKO NOCTAHOBKY Satay H Teoperiveckue Benoa. UroOs cTyZeHTEK aM ayoHBe PaGorHHkH Moran 1erKo ycBOHTs PaccMarpHBaewble cTATHCTHECKHE MeTOIH, B KHIITY BKMOYEHO Gouloe GHC-I0 MpNepos. STH npH- Mepbi MpuBeeHEL He AIA TOFO, YTOGSL noayaHAICR CGopHHK roTOBIIX pettentos. Hanpotap, ux wasiaxeHue CocTOHT B TOM, NTOGHI BuLte- JUTE W pasBACHT’ TOT AK WHOM BoNpOC. Hexoropsie pasteuist nomevenis snestoxkoR. Tipu nepsos rent own woryr OxiTb onyitensi. OxvaKo GBit0 Odi HenpaBizbHO cultTaTD x BTopocrenenttuimn OOuINHO tech paccMarpHBaioTeA cneUMa.TbHBIe Bonpockt Ham AaeTeA APYTOR MORXOR. B xome karknoll raapy npiBoniTed CoaBuloe KozMNecT#O ynpaxK- Henuil. Oni uwetor pasaamunyio cTenenb TpyaHocTH, To AaeT wHTaTe- 4am © pasvofi NORTOTOBKOM BoaMOxHOCTS BAIGOPA H NOSBOAHET saKpe- TTS MaTepHaa, HsoxeNH B cooTseTCTBYIOULel raase Tpnneppi W YnpaxKnenis’ B3ATH MS PasaNuNx OGAacTe HayKM H TeXHHKIL reer npueoasten B KOHUe KHHTH npHMepHO 2am AecaTH YnpaxKHe- Hull Wa KaxAoi Paap (sa HcKMOueHHeM ra 1) Cn¥ckH antepatyput We nperewayiot Ha MomHOTy K ABAMIOTEA HenocTaToMMBINH MAM TeXMpeducsonue K_nepeoxy usdanwe qurateseli, KOTOPHIX HHTepeCyioT r.taBinN O6pasoM TeopeTiieckHe ponpocts MaTeMaTHNeCKOH CTATHCTHTKH. ‘Marepnian stoi Kuri npemHasHavex cryaeHTaM crapuinx KypCoB, ‘eneiaMsHpyIOMLMNIeS B OGIACTH npuKsaAHOR craTHeTHKH, AH Hay" weHHA B TeveNue AByX-Tpex ceNectpoB. Kunra GyneT nosesHa TAKE ctygentam apyrnx cnetinaabHocteh. Tlepauil Tom MoxeT OuiTh nonOMeH B OCKOBY KYpCa, paccuHTaHHOTO Ha oni cemectp. Oniako MoeT OKa2aTHCA 2KeWlaTeMIDHEIM OTAOKHTS ayvenne ra. 11, a BosMOxHO H ra. 10, 20 enemyrouero ceNecrpa. B npnaoxeuit K nepBoMy Tomy conepxkHTeA paA TaBANN, HeAOMs. syeMBIX B crarKeTHMecko# paGore. Hexoropwe ua 9THx Ta6.H, NotpeOyiotes TOKO MpHt HayNeHHH NaTepita.ta BTOpOro TOMA, ORaKO Jas yxo6erBa nce TaOaHus COOpaHs B OIHON TONE. ‘Mut xoTuM BuIpaaHT® rayOoKyio NPHSHaTeMBHOCT ACeM, Ss MO- MOI Ht MOREPAKA Cea BOIMOKNEM NomBAeHHE AAHAOH KHUTH. Tipsiocum wekpemmo1o GstaroqapwocTs WaulM ceMBAM H ApyShsAM, Tepnesite KOTOpHIX Gui00 BaXNM ¢aKTOPON, cnocoGeTsORARLIMN saBepuienmo sToro Tpyaa. OcoGenio xoweTca noOaaroaapits 3a Nout cexperapell Mapraper JTaaxo u Mapu yaep a Texvoaori- ueckoro mucrutyra Keftca a Jlougone x Zbkoan Cu6opi nis Konner xa JTowgolcKoro ynnnepewrera 3a. paapeuiente ncnoasaopaT» coorseTcraytomite MaTepHanbt Mb Becta npisHatenban pexaxtopaM 2xypHato Annals of Mathema- tical Statistics, Applied Statistics, Biometrics, Biometrika, Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Industrial Quality Cont- rol, Journal of the American Statistical’ Association, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Technometrics # apytux noaauuit, TOCBAUEHALX He TOMbKO BONpOCAM cTaTHCTHKH. Xoveres noGaarotapHr» np. Mupcowa a nonewurenel Oouect- Ba OvoMeTpHH 3a paspeutientie BOCTpOHsneCTH HeKoTOpHe Tab.mHUEs, ony6auxosaunise 8 xnitre Pearson E. S., Hartley H. O., Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1. Mi oOasaHia noxofvomy copy Powaasay @uuiepy, waeny Koporesckoro oduectaa (Kem6piuvk), apy Opaaxy Heiney, szeny Koposesckoro ouectaa (Porancres) H wagatenpcrey Oliver and Boyd (Squn6ypr) 2a paspewienne ne- penevarars ra6mmust II, VI « XXIII ua kanru Fisher A., Yates F., Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research. Astopst npusiarembusi tawxe O. Jlosucy u wanatemcroy Oliver and Boyd sa paspemienne nepenewarars ‘ra6amus E, EI, GH us xwira Davies O. L., Design and Analysis in Indust: rial Experiments, Hos, 1964 H. Mexconcon, ‘®. dluon NPEAUCNOBUME KO BTOPOMY M3Q,AHUIO ‘Sra kuura sHayuTexbHo oTaHuaeTeR oT nepsoro usaanua (1964 r-.), HO OcHoBHAe NPHNWWIN UsdoKeHNA MaTepliana Te we, ITO Ykasatied B mpeaweaoBHH x MepBoMy HoRaHHHO. Voseneuus nepsoro 1sgaiia mpopouuanch B caeayroux Han- paszenusx: 1. Hexauoxente marepwana, Kotopsih B Hacronutee apes npen- crapaseren menee satin (nanpuep, MeTox MyauTraa AMA peule- His HopMaaLHbiX ypaBHestuit B ra. 13). 2. 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C nOMOULbIO AaHHEIX, COpaHHBIX (Kak Mb agentes) 8 KOHTPOsIMpyeMBX YesIOBHAX (aH, BO BCAKOM Caytae, B YCTOBHAX, 0 KOTOPLX, Kax OGocHORAHHO MOsaraeTCR, Y Hac HMeeTeH HaBECTHOe MpexCTaB.eHte), MB NOAYYaeM HAbopmaNO, Ha OcHOBaHNH KOTOPOA eaeM ONpeTENeHABE BHIBORM. Boedenue u 1.1, BBIBOPKA H COBOKYMHOCTb Haxonzernste anutte MoH paccmaTpuBare Kak Homepenns onpeaeaennstx oeotems oGeexmios, abiGpanntux 3 HeKoTopoli Gomis oR coBoKynHocTH. Heo6xomiMo ¢ ocoGok TuarenpHOcTHIO onpe- Realirb, WTO NOHHMaeTeA NOX coBOKynHOcTsIO. Mw perHerpitpyen unhopmaumo 06 onperenenmbixX XapaxTepHcTAKaX seMeltTOB BLiGop- xu. Hanpuwep, Gepetes rpynna crepe, OGpaGoranneix na cranke, WAH Kaxr0ro SeMeHTa sTOM BHIOOPKH OnpeneaReTcA Mpene NpOT- HoCTH Ha paspHiB. Szech OOseKTaNH sBARIOTeR cTepyNt, a HOME PAEMBM npHsHaKOM—npenea mpouyocTh Ha paspus. HsMepremeam apakTepuctukan OGbexTOB (KONTPOABHEX OOpasitos, NpOO maTe- Plata Wt. 3.), coctaBmomix BuGOPKY, MoryT GTS conepxaRHe yraepora B KonTpoabHBIX OOpastiax; WNC aca, perncTpypye- MBX 3a eRMHNNY BpeMeHH MPH PanHoaKTHBHOM H3ayueNHM, CHIDKe- Hie Beca eta 3a CHeT HCTHPAHA; KOAHYECTBO OCARKOB ga Me- cat 8 onpereaenion ropoze. OGwiaiio npuitMaioTeR HeKoTOpKe XONyUeHHA OTHOCHTEMBHO suGopkH. Oxw MoryT GsiT® pasaHumbiMH a1 pasHeIx sanay. Yacto Npniunaerea xonymenne 0 TOM, 470 BLGOPKA ABAKeTCR oOKOpOD- Holl, T.e. Ha MOzyseHA TOABKO 13 OAHOM coBoKYMHOCTH. KpoMe ‘Ord, HaM XOTeTOce Ou HMeTR BHIGOPKY, He conepaamyto cHcTe- mariiveckix oMtHGoK. C nomomsto BuGOpOMHEX HsMepenHHt onpenersOTes (HAH BH casiorer) HeKoTopsle cmamucmusecKue nokasameau (cmamucmuxu). B ceo ovepens Oni cnorbsyIorcA KaK OCHOBA 1.18 BHIBOLOB OTHO- CHTeMBHO HEKOTOPHX KOAMYECTBEHHLX XapakTepHcTHK (HAM napa- ‘Mempos) UCXoANOH COBOKYNHOCTH, H3 KOTOPOM Gpita Basta BH Gopxa. Cymecrsyer Heorpannientioe MHOxecTBO 34a, OHaKO HeKoTO- Pwe csolicrsa pacnpererenun snavenn CoBOKynHOCTH Usy¥aioTes OcobeHHo wacto. Hanpumep, oOo Hac wiTepecyer cpentee 3Ha- YeHHe HexoTopol Xapaxrepuicraxn copoKynuoct. Kpowe Toro, Hepeko Hac uittepecyer oGutas bopma pacmpenenenits. acto y 206H0 Mpegcrapaat ero B BHAe MaTeMaTHMecKOH KpHBOR y—f(x), rae F (2) noxaswpaer (80 BeaKoM caysae, npHOnmKeHHo) wacToCTe MOAB ZeHHA B paccMaTpHBaeMOR COBOKYNHOCTH sHaNeNMi, paBHBX x (€ onpesenenioit crenensio Touxocti). Ecan Taxoe marematiueckoe Onitcatine BOSMOXKHO, TO MBI MOAYAeM OTBET Hla cHeAyrOUIiTe BoNpOC 1) Kaxoaw npenenst pacnpesesenua, 2) apzsercs am pacnpenesienne yrumodaaonbin (7. e. HMECT IM OHO TONBKO OBHH MaKcHMyM) 1 3) SBNAETEH J ONO KOTOKOTOOGPAsHIM ZN2 Taos 1 U-o6pastaant WO Nw Ovens sacto Baxkto sHars, RBAReTCR mH pacnpereeHMe CHMMETPHY- BIN HAH HaCKOMKO OHO acuxxempuano. [ToBOpAT, ¥TO pYHKUHA [ (2) cumerpsna oTHocHTeTbHO HeKoTOporo silaveNHa x, HampHMep yy €Ca f (ty-+A) = f(t) —A) aaa Beex suavennti A.) wan J-o6pasiim 1.2, MOPSAOK CAEQOBAHHA TJIAB Tipu wotowewun watepwana sto KHUFM Ma paccNoTpHM BHa- wane SMMMpitNecKHe pacnpereTeHHA H WHCIOBME XapakrepiCTHKH, Henoxbayemsie 1a HX OGobuleNHOTO onHcanHtR (rt. 2). Cioga BXOAAT mpercrapzcuHe BuGOPOUREX sHaveNT B TAOAHYHIOM BAe H BUI CHeHHe Ha OCHOBAHHH BHOOPKH HeKOTOPHX CTATHCTHK, a TAKKE rpauieckoe npegcrapnenne sTHx peayasraros. Tlocae storo Met PACCMOTPHM oTAeTbHBIE pastes OOueH TeopHit BeponTHoctell (rw. 3) HW HeKOTOPMe OCHOBHEIe 3aKONKE H cBolicTBA pacnpenerteHHth B WeTOM (ea, 4H 5), Tapa 4 nocpamexa nanGozee wacto wcnomayestunt ANicKpeTHBIM PacnpereneHHsM, a 8 rx. 5 pacemarpitpaworeR Henpe- PuBHve pacnpenestenua, HenpepoleHwe pacnpenerenum HcnOASyIOTC!, ecaH cyulectsyior soGsle BosMoxHBe sHaveHMA (3a HcKmONeHHIEM, Mower Gib, HeKoTOporo uMesta sHaNenHA) caywaiHoh Be:nuuIH (® onpenenesisix npenenax). Ecam umeetea TomBKO noctexoBaTe.tb- HOCTs OTeABHBIX BOSMOAHBIX siiaveHU, TO MpHleNIeNo JucKpemnoe pacnpenenenite, Pesyasrarst cyeta o6kwHO aBAAIOTeR npHMepaNH aucKperibix caysafinax peausns, C apyrofi cropous, Bec KOT ponbHOrO OGpasita, POCT YevtoveKA, AOIrOBeNHOCTS HeKOTOporO Mare piaia H yroa BXOXKAeHHA pakeTH B aTwocbepy sBAmoTCH npHNe- PaNH Henpepsisiarx cayualnbix BeamuiH, Tapa 6 noceauena nopaakossi craTHcrHKam, mpiiMeHaeNbM K AaNHBM, KoTOpHe eCTecTBeHHEIM O6pasom YNOPALOHeN BO BpeNet TO BeaHNHHe HT. 1. HAM pasMeMaioren B onpenesentioM NopsaKe. Bra, 7 u 8 paccwarpparca HanOomtee usBecTue KPHTEpHM 3Ha- WHMOCTH H MeTORM OlleHHBaHHA TapaMeTpoB COBOKYNHOCTH ¢ TOMO- histo BUGopKH. Sra Tena mpozomKaeTeR BT. 9, THe BBORATCA 1e- napanetpHieckue Kpurepnn. Boabinmucteo sana anazornunst pac- cMorpenisim B ra. 7 #8, Ho B 3TOf raane octaGzentr HexoTopie Aonylyenits 0 GopMe COBOKYMHOCTH HAH ee XapakTepucTuKax. Bocdonue 13 B ra. 10 secuaa xparko onucanst KoMTposbusle KapTa H MeTO- 4g BuGoposoro KouTpONA. KonTpObHBIe KapTH HaKOM.IeHHBIX CYMM PaCcMaTpHBAIOTEA AOCTaTOSHO MoAPOGHO, YTOOH uHTaTeA cMOr Oe AYTH BosMOmHIOCTH sTOrO MeTORa. B ra. 11 KpATKO uSTaraoTeR Ta xWe Bonpocst, Kax GynkuiH -cTonMocTH 4 MpMMeHeHHe pyHKUA anpuopHoro pacnperesenus. Sta rasa npuserena Ais Toro, Tow NOKaSaTs wiTaTemo, WTO CTaTHcTHKA H CTaTHCTHNeCKHi BBIBOR CYLLe- eqBYWT He B BaKYYMe, a cBASAHE c TaKUNH TPeSyIoMNNH nocTOR- Horo Brianna MpOGaeMaMm, KaK ETOMMOCTE HaySHBX HecaegoBaHHTL ¥ aKenepnwentos. Taasa 12 wastisaerca ,Perpecciia # Koppensuus Ler px.110- NewHiA 9THX aByx BONPOCOD B OAHY TaaBy cOcTOHT He's mom, TOOK onbratscz NOKasaT», TO ONM BsauMOCEAGaHK (OMENS YACTO OH Boobie He cBxsaHL Apyr © apyron). IIpuyuna snece cKopee 8 TOM, WTO MHOrHe HcrOaBsyeNWle MeTOAKL BUSHCAEHH OMHHAKOBH. Tras 13-15" ‘nocaamens: aucnepcwounomy ananusy (Gone MpapusbHo Ouit0 Ost HaskisaTe eFO aHasHSOM HsMeHYMBOCTH) H CTa- THeTHeCKOMY MaNHpoRaHwio okcnepuNeHTa. 3xech suTaTe all- eT MHOKECTBO CTaHLapTHBIX CTATHCTHYECKHX METOROB, HeHOMAyEMBIX MHlornMH HaysuEnn paSoTHHKaNH B OGsacTH ecrecrsenHBix nayK. B ra. 16 uaqaraoTen MeToRs nocenOBaTesbHOTO aNaii9a AaHHEIX, Hexoropue xputepmu, nepsonavansHo ssexenmbie B rat, 7 W 8, a2ech MoaHpnUNpOBANEL TAK O6pasoM, YOO HX MOAKHO OsizI0 MpHMEHATE InpH MlocaenosaTessHoM anaTue W Ha K&KAOM STaNe NOAyNENHR DE Goposiix shasenuil MoxHO O30 npHHHMaTS peulensia GTHOCHTesb- HO paccarpisaemofi cosoKynwoctit, Onnako ne craBHTca sagaua MOAHOCTEIO OXBATHT sce BOSMORNBIE cHTTyANH (Aa TO H HeBOS- oxo). Tipu oGcyasrennu 5 ra. 18 NeToAMKH uecrexoBaNHA noBepxHocTt orkanka paccnarpuBaiotes Kak perpeccHonili anans, TAK H Me- ‘Tom naauuposaxua sxcnepuwenta. B ra, 17 aaetea anewentapHoe Hsi0xeuHe MHoroMepHoro aHiasHsa. B ra, 19 omacanit paaaianwe enoco6i suGoposuoro O6caenoBaKHA H UX cpojictea. B YacTHOCTH, Hac MBTepecyeT HemobsOBAHHe HMeLOULHXCA cpeneHHli O CTPYKTYpe COBOKYMHOCTH, KoTOpHle HoMOraIOT BHOpaTk ayuIHE cnocobLi NOAy- euum BuxGopox Tanvaa knwra wanucana raaHeim o6pasom Aaa cneuHaancros B oOaacrH pusndeckHx H Texnimecknx Hayk. OnHaKo apTOpst Hase- Jorea, aro olia GyzeT nowestia WecenoBaTeaAM, paGoTaIouHM B ApY- Tux OGaactax. Cratiicriveckite MeTOIS, BAKKE AIR ONKOL OGzac- ‘TH, YacTO UMeIoT Comuyio ueHHOCTE WAAR ApyrHx OOnacreli, TaK Kak octiopst ctaTictavecKoro auamisa sBaMOTCR OOMYINH AK” MHO- THX cep reateabHoct#. PasyMeerca, mpu nepexone oT onHOl 06- 1} B nepauit rom sxoxar 12 rage, octamnof matepuaa noweuten 80 ETO} owe, Mpa. ed. m mm“ Tas0a 1 JacTH K Apyrof akueHTst MoryT cMeuLaTbes. AnTopbt YaeamIOT ocHOB- Hoe BHHiMaRHe moTpeOHOcTaN cnenHaHcTOB B OOzaCTH dusHyeCKHX W TexHHUECKHX HaYK, WOO B MOMBTKE OXBATHTS ONEHS mApOKYIO AYAHTOpHIO HM TIPHINLTOCe Gt CALMIIKOM pasaBAAT MaTepHa. (B Ma- ‘TemaTivecKoM cwsiciie). ABTOpM OnacaitHcs, ¥TO Takax TIOMTKA cHuSHAa Gu WeHHOCT KHHTH, H OHA Hi Ana KorO He MpencTas.tR.ta Gut uutepeca. Kpome Toro, 9Ta KonKpetHas ayanropua Gawxe Bcero K ecTeCTBeHHBIM HirTepecaM apropos H OGecreNHBaeT OCH UHpOKYIO o6nacts mpHzomenni. 1.3. HHTEPNONALHA Marepwam sToro pasieaa npit HeoGxoaHMocTH MoxHO HCTIOTb30- bats Kak cnpapounuti. Hexoropse yoonmHaemsie snech pyHxuiit OnpeneamoTen HWKE, OAHAKO 3HAHHE STHX OyAKHHTH He OBRIaTeTbHO ALIA MOMMMAHHs PaccMaTpHBAeMESX MeTOROB. Tipu crateraeckoh opaGorKe aHMBIX HcMOAbayIOTCA HeKOTO- pute Ta6qMnH sHaNeHHA MatemaTHuecKHx gyzKunit. EctectaeHo, NTO TaKHe TAGAMIUL MOryT CONepAATh sMUI KOHCNHOE WHCO 3Ha- uennit. Tak, wanpuwep, TaGania snavennh dynKumn g(x) MoxeT Conepakath KOHKPETHBIE sHaNeHHA STOR YHKUNH TOTBKO 118 KOHES- voro wnes1a stiavenmit aprywenta x. Ecait tpeOyetcs nafirn sHavene oynnwnr g(x) na TaKoro x, KoToporo Het B TaGwuiue, TO 60 sHaneniie ‘pyHKIMIN g(x) BHYMEAAeTCR cHelWaTbHO AIR 3azaHHoro aHaveHHA x, AHO sHayente dyuKnHn g(x) HaXORNTEA ¢ NOMOUDIO raGauuNBIx sHaNeRHi stom GyHKUBH nyTeM HHTepmoaRM. Paspa- Gora OveHD CIOXKHBIe MeTORSE HHTePHOAAUMH, OAHAKO SRecb MEL OrpannunveR Tew MIRMyMOM, KOTOPBtH HeOOXOAHM J dyeKTHD~ HOTO MpaKTHYecKoro HeTOmbsOBaItNR TaGAKL, MpUBeReHHAX B STO! xaure. Ecam witareas xeaaet nony'irs Gosiee noanoe npescras~ lene 0 cymlecrByiomyHx MeTOAaX HuTepmoARHMH (a TaKOKE 0 MeTORAX ‘iuenennoro aNbepeHuposarina 1 HiTerpHpOBAHs), TO nodesHe cBenenita MoxHO No¥epnHyTs B cooTseTcrayiotte# aNTeparype [2, 3, 5]. Crauzaprisie MeTORM WHTepmorsuAN 9KBHBaTeHTHE TOZGopY MuorouteHa oT x0 sananvomy HaGopy TaGmHuHEX sHavenitht dyHK- wai g(x). Mpoctefium sbaserea caysah aunefiwol annpoxcuMauin. Tonyerun, sto g(x) # g(x;)—TaGAMHHWNE sHaveHUs dynKuN g(x). Hurepnoauposaiiioe suavenue gynkunn g(x) mpl x=x' onpene- aneteR no GopMyste B(x). (ld) Stor npwem Hasuaerem aHHehHOR mTepnoamtnell. O6uIIHO aia- Neue x’ HaxonUTeR MeNY x, HX, a HHTepmoaHpoBartHoe sHaveHtIe gyunnin g(x) Gyner Tem Towee, vem OauaKe g(x) K qUHeRHOR ymin x 5 uurepsaze (x,, x). (a) +2 ae Becdenue 15 Tloaestiof nposepxoit rowocra mpencranzenua g(x) KaK amuelt- voit yHKUMH mepemenHoro x sBaReTeR BBMUNCAeNHe oTHOWeNIT nepsot pasnocmed (g (*,)—g(x.)] K AtUKe cooTBeTeTByIOMNIX HHTTep- Banos (f,—x,). Baucaente 9THx uATepBaion moxagatlo B Ta6a 1.1. Tabauya 1.1 Annetuan xrepnoanun z « apne eevepeaae = 50) tet) —a (edits) Ee tele) —e allem) 2 Bo) | Os) elle) Ecamt g(x)—annefinan yaxuus nepenennoro x, 70 oHomenns sT#x TepBuX pasHocTel gomKus ONS now nocTomu, Ecan nocne- AobavesbHe BHANeHIA x OTCTOAT APyT OT Apyra Ha papuBe WHTep- BAIL, Te. X4—X)= Hy — y= %—X,= ..., TO eee Ha WUpHAY uTeppara (OOuLy:0) MOxHO He MPO BOATS. Hae ecan g(x) He apasetes aniefivoh pynxuneli or x (po BeNKON culy¥ae, TIP TOHKOK annpoKcHMaluiH), 10, saMeHB x woHto- TOHHOM GyHKIGIell OT x, MOXHO MpHMeHiaT aumelimyio annpoxcHMa- mo, Bowacrnocta, ecam pynkuito g(x) MOKHO npexcragity KaK 8) =a, a,x-*-ayx*-+..., 70 mpi GombulAX x MONO anIpoKcH- Muposate g(x) sutneluoh Gynkunen or x-*, Hanpumep, raGanamant savennsn g(20), g(24), g (30), (40), £(60), g (120) 1 g(00) coor- Bercrayor snavenns pynKimn G(y)—2(120y") np y=6, 5, 4, 3, 2,1, 0. Ecau G(y)—npuOamxenuo auxeliian pynkuin y, to nyten Auvehnoh HHrepronmu NoxHO HairTH, HanpuMep, sHavente pyHK- wt g (48) = G (2,5) xax 2/,[G (2) +-G (3)] =" [¢ (60) +g (40)]. Stor MeToA HasbipaeTem eapaontvecKol uKmepnoanyuel; ON OCOGEIHO TO: JeseH, TAK KaK NOSBOATET NPOBOANTS HitTepmOAAMHiO No GecKoHeAnBiN untepsanan. Caéayer sanetit», wto Taba. E, K, Ta P npuaoxenna cocTaB.teH! ‘TaKHN O6pasoM, YTOOU OOzeruiTE rapMONINECKyIO HrITep- nonaumo. (Hanpunep, ucnoasayenoe 8 mpunepe 12.9 syaventte 445,0,915 MOKeT Ours Tloayseo ua taGa, E nytem rapmonuyeckolt mnrepnostsuitH.) Tipuwep 1.1. flonycrim, sro peGyeres _wuuicauth sepxwie 5%-nbie ToWKH F-pacnpezeaenus npx 1) 10 4 50 crenensx cBo6onn H 2) npu 18 # 50 crenenax cBo6onE. Ms ra62. JK npusoxenns waxognn suavenia Fro; wy: 0,05) NPHBE- Rene B TaGa. 1.2. Secs B nepaow cronue anil’ sHaventit,16 ef Tabauya 1.2 Hurepnosauna » ra6anue F-pacnpexeacnin y= 120/¥5 y=120/%,, 2 B eTBeptom cToaGue npHBeReHB! pasHOCTH nocTeO- BaTeABHBX save Fo; v, o,0s. TIOCTOsHCTBO sHceM B MocTEAHEN cToaGue ykasuibaeT Ha 70, STO Fe; y; eo» O¥€H XOpowo npegeras- sete dintiehwoh dynxuieli epemenvoro y w uirTepBate paccMarpH- BaeMuix skasennfi. Hampamep, MoKHO santicate Frvcvg on 21,83 + 0,084 12, Tipu v,=50 nMeem y= 120/50 2.4, 1 ¢ nomombio stof dopmy.tet nionywaen Fro; = 1,83 -+-0,084°2,4— 2,02. O6uaxo nenoapsy- JoTcH TOABKO BA COCeRHHX SHaNeHA; NH STOM TOnyHaEN 1,99 +.0,4-0,09 = 2,03. Bro peuiene ana nepsoro caysaa. [a Broporo cayyas Hembsa Nenorbs0Barb 3TOT MeTOR, TAK KaK Ta6s. JK we ConepwHT siHaveHtt nas v,= 18. Spec TpeGyeTea HATepHOAMPOBaTb KaK MO v4, TAK H TO vy T.e, HeOOXORHMA deysepHan unmepnoanyus. BuIBeAeRO MHO- 2xecTBO (PopMys AAR ABYMepHO mATepnoARUN. OnK Ralor HATep- TOMMOBAHKOe sHaveHHe KAK GYHKUHIO (OGIO sMHeRAYIO, aaKe cca HHTepnonmU He ABIACTCR AMHeMHOR) TAGAHEHEX sHaNenHt coceawiX lap sHa¥enufi aprywenta. B aantoMt cayyae croassyeTcR Gonee npoctoft nostanniii noaXox. Cnayana HaxogaTen anaemia Fy oo; os HYTEM HitTepMOARUHH, KaK HB MepBoM caysae. SaTeM ¢ HoMomisio MocaesopareabHocTH sHaNeHH F.,: oo; o.oo MYTEM MATED- Toaauun waxowiten Fre: a»: oss. Tlopaxok sutucaeiid npenctassen B Ta6x. 1.3, KoTopan He TpeOyer OOpAcHENM. Tloaysentt caeayiomme nurepnoanposanune snaventia Fy, 5. v=60/m % Fog so: oes Paswocrs 5 2 2,08 4 15 1% 0,08 3 2 188 0,08 2 » 1,78 0,10 Tebauya 1.3 Tayneprioe nirepnoanposaune mete 2 on f] 22.8 zag 8 238 #12 p| e (ee) 8 < isp fl] 2 2-8 i} 228 J se] oo - 192 7 | 8 & 8 B)e ee -18 Facet Ecau v= 18, 10 y' =—=35. Tlytew murepnoamuny xannscx » no- caeanen Tame HAXOMIM Fy: 56; 90s = 1,91 Ecau nul ysepent, 470 JuHefinan HieTepnoaimuna AaeT yqOB.AeTBO- pureabuwie pesyaibTaTHi, TO AOCTaTONHO HCTOAbI0BATH TOMBKO NeTHIpE LewTpaaeMBx TAOAHYHEX sHavenHn, ovepyeHHEe B TaGa. 1.3 npsMO- YrobHHKOM, Pasyweetes, morta MOryT MpHMensTsCA ApyrHe ¢yHKUHH nepe- Menuoro x. B’ yacrnoctt, ecaw g(x)=dy--ax"1/8+ aX"! To MOKHO BAT TakHe sHaveHHa x, KaK'9, 16, 36, 144, ... (tax uno 12/Vx=4, 3, 2, 1). Ecan Townocts JuHelinoh uATepnonsuHH HemocTatoNa, TO MoryT NenoabsoBarsca MHOTOWLeNBI Govtee BACOKOTO MOpaNKa, B npHKAaRWOR CTaTHCTHKE 4aCTO HeT HEOOXOMINOCTH HCHOABIOBATS MHOTONAeHEL ‘uuule Tpetbero nopaaKa. Buctpuil cnocos mrrepnonsiut ¢ noMoMbio KyOUYECKHX MHOTONeHOB oCcHOBAH Ha MeHlONsOBANHN dopMyaL Suepetra Jia ueHtTpaabREIX pasHocTel Ao BTopHIX passiocTell BKAIO- unreabno, Burson opMyait, oOtacHenHe ee Mpumenenis, a Taxkae TaGAMbL, OGMeraIOUIie UerOABsOBAKHe Rano ¢opMy.tit, MpHBO- Rates 8 knure Touncona [5]. Huoraa Gwisaet Heo6xorHMo nyTeM mnTepmoanuHH MaxomHTD. sHauenHe apeynenma, pH KOTOPOM GyHKYuX npHNHMaeT HeKOTOpOe Koukpetioe suavenue, T. e. TpeGyeTen HaitTH Takoe aHaueHHe xp, ¥TO 8 (%o) = Bo» (1.2) re g—sananitoe sHavenne dynkunt, Takas sazava nasunaercs Bpamnod unmepnoanyuet. Vicnomaya snavenus g(x), g(%)s g(x), «++, CooTBeTCTAYIOMIHE sHaveHHAM ApryMeHTa xy, Lys Xpy os ‘TpeGyereR ¢ MoMoMtbIO NOcAeTOBATeBHOCTH sHaveHHA x nyTEM HHTeD- noasunn walt xy, yAoBneTBopaioulee ypannennio (1.2). MoxHo Nokasats, ¥T0 9TOT Mpolece MoxHO paccMatpHBaTs Kak npaMyio WuTepnoamuito, ecaK ToMeHATh powAMH apryMeHT M cyHKUo. OGusHo sHavestna aTHX HOBLIX apryMeHToB OTCTORT Apyr oT ApyTA a Hepasuble mnTepBa.t. Tipunep 1.2. Jlonyctum, wt Tpe6yeres wafira raxoe sHavenne 0, ro sHavenne caysainok seanutnes X, pacnpeseaextioh no saxony Tlyaccona ¢ mavematuyeckun oxHaaHite 8, c BepostHocta¥o 0,975 Gyzet we Menbure 4. 13 Ta6a. B npusoxenua naxogin a =Pr[XS4] Paaioers 86 o,9719 87 0,9738 0,0019 88 0.9756 0.0018 8,9 0,9772 0,016 Bocdenue 19 Beposruocru P caeayer pacenarpusars KaK sHaveHist apry mesa, a matenaTHHecKie Oxia O—KaX sHaNeHR GyHKuM EcaH Ost Repostuocr# P anieiiwo saBHceax oT MaTewaTHyecKoro OxMAaH 8, To MaTeNaTHveckoe WANE 8 TORE GeiI0 Gu AHNERHOR dyHK- uiteit Pw Moro Ob470 Got HenOMSs0BaT METOR OOpamHod AuNetNod unmepnorayut. B jaHnow cay¥ae NloayNaeN npoNeXYTOSHO® sHade- ane 0 8,7+0,1-12 =8,77. [pu ucnoassosanny mioroxzeHos Go.tee BHICOKOTO MOpAAKa MoxHO NoxOGpars KyOuVeCKH MHOrOWIEH, Geps Nersipe Maps! sajaHnuIx suavenMl. B owen caysae, xorna sanaKo k Pasanunsix sHayennh g(x) (i= 1, 2 ..., 4) dyawunm g(x), Mnoro~ ‘zen (k—1)-ro nopainka, BocnpOHSBOAAULNA STH SHaTeHNR, HMeET BH Baad (x). 3x6 uspectnan Gopuyaa JTaepanxa. B paccwarpusaenom caysae ¢ MoMoUbIO ZaHHOl Gopmy.a MOAyNaeM KyGHYecKoe ypapieHHe 8.6 (40,9738 (50,975 (20.977) V,00T9) (0,057) (0, 0055) 87408719 (20,9756 («0877 + G19: (—0, 0018) (0.005%) 8.8 (20,9715) (¢ 0.9738) (r—~0.9772) +0088: 0,0078-(—0,0016 Tloxerapaass ciona x 86:12-(-6)(—29) 4 87.31(-6)-(—22) 8 Caaresy tray ),9750, HaxoguM murepnoaNposanuioe anaNentte = ~8;6-0,04251 +-8,7-0,35191 +-8,8-0,76802 — —8,9-0,07741=8,77 (kax H npu sMHeliHo unrepnoamuAn). BaMerum, ¥t0 970 HHTepmoaHpopaniioe staenne aBaReTeH sMHEA- HOR hynxunek ta6anuMsx sHauenni 86; 8,7; 8,8 8,9 m wTo (C ToWHOCTSIO No OOK OKpyr-teHHs!) CYNMa STHX YeTBIpeX KOx)- UNeHTOB papa emHHNNe. Buwnerenns, anatornunbie onvicaHaBiM B 3TOM pHNepe, HMcrOmB- sylores npH nocrpoeHHn MpHGalKeHHKX ZoREPHTeASHEX HHTepBATOS Has ateNaTH¥eckoro oxnAaHna cay¥alinol BeaKaMEL, pacnpere- Heuiolt no saxony Myaccona (cm. npiwep 8.13).0 Tacea 1 1.4. CHOCOBbI NEPEYHCAEHMA Tipu puicaeunn nepostiocreli nosamenua Tex HAH Hix cOOw- Tui WeoGXOAUNO Neperticants BCe MHOKeCTEO BOOPOXHEX TOHeK, B KOTOPHX MpoHcxotHT coOsTHe. ‘OcobesiHo WHPOKO HcnombayIoTeR ABA cnocoGa mepeuncenia: nepecmanoscu x covemanus, Tlepectatioska—sto ynopaaoyentian ocaeqozaTesbuocT® saewentos. Ilyctb, Hanpunep, Tpeyerca onpe- Keb, CKOABKHNH CHOCOBAM MOXKHO' YCTAHOBHTE NOPRXOK ca1eRO- BaHlia AYP 9a APYTOM Werbipex pasaUUHIX ateMeHTOB: 43-2124 Cymectayior wertipe cnoco6a sanoanuT» nepsy!o nosmumo H TPH ciloco6a ‘sanomiiTl BTOpyiO MosHIUHO, TaK KaK OANH siteNeNT yrKe HenombaosaH, Cymecrayiot 48a criocoGa 3anomHHTD TpeTbIO HostiLHO i Ogu cnoco6 sasepulit® mocaesopateasHocTs. Yucto nepectano- BOK YeTMpex saemeHtTos sanuchiBaeTcA Kak ,P,=4!. B o6uem caysae aP,=n! (13) C apyrofi croporus, ecan peiGuparh BcAKHf pas TOABKO r Hi3 1 gueneHTOB, TO noAyHHM HCO pasMeMeHUA 3 Nn S:teMeHTOB M0 Fr. Ono onpeensercs Kax »P,=n(n—1)(n—2)...(n—r +1) ea (ay Yneao coweranwa 3 n saeMentos mo r no cyuwecTBy npeacTas- ser co6of wHeT0 cnocoos BHIGOpa F S7eNeHTOB M3 Nn KegaeUCUMO om moeo, @ Kaxom nopsdke exOupawomcn saemenmét, ZaMeTin, 470 PaswenlenWe n sileNeHTOB OT MOXHO BUNOANUT nyteM BHOOpA r SHemenTOB u3_n (,C,) M nepectanoBkit sTHX sLIGpaHHLIX r 9eMeH- ton (,P,). Caexoaarensio, ,P,=(qC))(,P_) HAN yCr= yPrlpPr- Tlonerasitss ciona ,P,=nl/(n—r)!, nomysaen nC, eo | (1.5) Boaee winpoKo ucnomssyemoh spasetca sanuce ,C, B Bune (1): Tlosrouy (= 6) JIUTEPATYPA I. Fox L., Tables of Everelt Interpolation Coefficients, Mathematical Tables, Vol. 5," Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, 1956. 2. Fret HL Fnite Differences for Actuarial Students, Cibridge University 3. Milne-Thomson_ L. M,, The Calculus of Finite Differences, Macmillan, London, 1944, Ch. 1, 3, Becdenue 2 5. Thompson A. J., Tables of Coefficients of Everett's Central Difference Inter- polation Forinula, Cambridge University Press, I nee Inter 7, Wallis W. 's., Roberts H., Statisties, A New Approach, Free Press of Glen- YIIPAXKHEHUS 1. C rowoms a6, H musnemTe 34, q MPH @=0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 0,90. 2 Mipeonaraeren, s10 nosxonamek Gykunel aaa wuepnoanuiw HEAR ster gaa V2, rae swaveunx ug Gepyren us taba, T. Tposepste, 5. Cronombo raGa, 2K murinemre Fy, y: 0,999 MPM A) ve—4, veee50; 6 = 50, v2 * 4 C hoxbae ratn, H auuesnre Qe: ans pH a) B vel, 5. C nowoiusio Ta6a. B ouennte snavenue 8, npu Koropow spe oy [uv dU] fa 6, Henomayn omomenne (38, 422, 4)/iqr € Nowowso ra6s. 2 onennre ni) 3; osera: 8) Ha: one 7, B GefcCoasiok wowaie ‘an08 anti 13 wrpoxos. ToabKo tpoe us xix ‘auaaeiot noaavelt u TombKO ab0e (we Ha sHeaa nepesix rpex) —saxbaTOM. CkOZbKO aamNen papkanros KoNAKAW Ho ‘ZeBRTH urpoKOD MoMeT CocTaunts Tpetep, Sarngngy ogame exe naan, 8, Hs 12 nucouwxen xauaiaaTOs Heo6rowNo cocranKTb KoMNTeT Ha NATH Ae ‘Cxoawint cnoco6aot 0 NOMO. cxenaTs? 0, Ta tars aomquocted—npescenavens, saMecTureas npeacesaTean, cexpe- ‘tape, ‘xasuased n aasunerparop—noeores 12 nperewsenros, (Om wen0Bex ie ower senNaro Coree oO RomaKOcTH.) CkoMeRIMNN chocobani MOXHO pO: egy suave? , . B CHTYAUINN, OnMcaRWOR 9 ynpaAuextK 8, cpexH npereHsenToD wecTE xem were Sorin. Heodroann, roost 8 Nownter sot Ae Menu A poe Myx GO TDM Ae “ABO dy Kei. COANE cMOCDGaNN MoMO cocrentr STO NoMnTer? 11, Ecam 5. ynpaxciennn 9 sofkte ane AnAKHOCTH somxKis OTS seit enuuiKant, 2 TPH MYACUNKAWM, NGO HaOGOPOT, WM AMeETER weet MATH ‘ers eis, 70 eKoNBRODNH cnocobaste NOG sanOmtHT Si DaxartenH? 12. Bunonnete yapanyenne pr chexyomn Zonoaniresbhix YoENRX: guumnicrparopon soana Gute xu, & npeaceaatea M BUNe-IpERcenaTeAe SER eS pesca e-npenceaarea justeanTean© Tixo Snrty cootunan, To OKO yaySuNTH cnocobt amoazenis yapansenni 2 1 6, wenombsya suavenne pw wnrepnoxaun no v nak a. Ox peuaer nposepurs sto wa coorererayioux Yapemtctasx sanson rma. Onnaoe H nposesahe hscsesnny KoTOpue toe Kew suinonnuts Jhxo, K MpOKOMMeHTHDyiTe MOAyYeHRWe PeayAbTATH. . v=M0; 6) ke Ba[nasa 2 SMNMPUYECKME PACNPEDENEHNA WU YMACNOBBIE XAPAKTEPUCTUKN 2.1. BBEAEHHE OcwnpHoR o6nacrs¥0 MaTeNaTHyeckoMl crarucTHKH, HMeIOUIe Han. Gonbuiee npaktiveckoe npuneveHue, sBaseTc# Teopis craTucTiNe- ckoro suBoga. B 9Tol o6acTH HCTONHHKOM URGOpMaNHH aBaaeTeR BHOOPKa; ¢ MOMOWISIO OAyHeHHAX RAHHBIX OULHBAIOTCA napaneTpHl, TOSROAMOULHE ONHCAT COBOKYNHOCTS, H3 KOTOPO! BATA BAIGOPKa: YeraHapauBaeres HHTepBaLt, B KOTOPOM NPeRTOAOKHTETEHO KAXORNTER HeTHHHOe sHaveHMe MapaNeTpa, a saTeM npoBepmIOTeA rHMoTeSH I HenawoTea BEIBORY. TO HeoTHeNeMaR H Baxtiaa NacTh paCorEl, BINOAHAeNOH cneMMAAHICTOM B OGAACTA MaTeNaTiNecKOlL cTaTHCTHKH. Marematiweckas CraTicTika MpHMenseTea Kak sHtcrpyMentT, cH10Co6- craylouuit npopexenmo HayuNBX HeCTeTOBAHAM 4 HaKOMAEHMO aN BBX B OOnaCTH TeXHiKH HW ecTecTBeHHSIX HayX. UTOGH MOrKHO Obiz10 HenomMdoBaTS anmapar MaTeMaTHNecKOM CTATHCTHKH, HeeAeNOBATeAD AOMKEH Mpeake BCeTO YTS HAXONHTS HeKOTOPHE YHCTOBHIE XApaK- ‘TepHCTHKH H CTPOHT SMMUPHYECKHE pacnpenterenita, c MOMOLLBIO KoTOpHIX B Rabreliulen MOAHO GyAeT CResaTs HEOGXOMIMELe BRBOTH, Tasiee wet nokaxkem, TO MpH CTaTHCTHMECKOM BuIBORe HeOGXONHMO MpHHMaTS onpereaenane Jonymentia. Hexotope 13 9THX AOny- esith Kacaiores pacnpenercHna copoKynHocTH, 113 KoTOpoit Basta puGopka. Huorga BaxHO uMeT ayaitlee npeacrassesie o npwttt- Maewom pacnpezesenmu, Jlaa 3Tof we7k ucnombayeTen sunupHNe- ckoe pacnpeneneniie. Moxer norpeSosatses Goaibilan BuIGopKa, 10 BOIMOAHOCTH THaTeNbHO cocTaBAeHHas. Boabilian BeGopKa MOKeT Gets HenoaBsopana 1.18 o6ocHOBARKOTO BHGOpa ONpeeTeHHOrO TeO- petiveckoro pacnperenenus. C nomombi0 sToro pacnpenenenns MoRHO OniteaTs HeKOTOpHe TipHOAKEHEBE pesymBTaTH, Tlostomy skewtaresibno sapanee noay4ars anupmeckHe pacnpe- ReTeHH H MMeTS B CBOEM PACHOPHKEHIN HECKOMBKO MPOCTHX WHC SOBHX xapaKrepuctiix, TIpH BBGope WHCTOBLIX xapaKTepHCTHK He CreayeT saGsBaTs, KaKOBO OCHOBHOE KasHaveHHe STOR wmbopMaunt. B c6wen cayiae wat doascke ¢ noxowero exopru cOeramb 61600 ‘mom, Kakoe umeHHo pacnpederexue wxeem coeaKynHocms, ud KOmO- pod esama sebopxa. Taxol BsIBOR OOKIHHO ABARETeR KeOnpeseNeR- MBM, uavitTenbHaa acTs MaTewaTHueCKOM craTHCTAKH cBASaHIa C HaMepeniiem H MunuMHSanHeA 9TOR HeoMpenesennoctH, onHaKO ‘ocHoBHof npeanocsiaKolt rpamoTHBX craTHcTHYecKHX HcetexOBAHh ABARETER MPHMeHeNHE OOOCHOBAHHEX BLIGOPOHEEX NETOROB. Suunupuveccue paenpedesenus u aucaniee xapaxmepuemusu 2 2.2. IMMMPHYECKHE PACHPEQEEHU A B stom pasnene paccmarpusaerea mpescrapaene Heopa6oran- MIX AAHHBIX B TAGAHYHOM Bie. CiOa OTHOCATeH npHHTHE pelle ali 0 WHDHHe HTepBaIOB, HeKOTOpHe HeOGXOAMMBIE OmpenereMmA, a Tak’Ke PHA SMMAPHYECKHX AOTHYECKHX npaBHia. 2.2.1. Hoxrotosxa x TaGamuHomy npeacrasxenMio AaHHBX ZTlonyctan, ro noaysenst janue, noxoGuse mpercrapsenunt p ra6a, 2.1, Taxue wncaosse Xapakrepucruxi, Kax cpeanee ana ene iam cpemHee a6comorHoe OTKAOHeHHE OT’ HeKOTOpOTO sazar- oro sHavewia, MOryT Gut» Buruneens HenocpencTBeHHO. OxniaKo HepeaKO HeoOXOMINO NleTr Coee Nosy wpopMaUiO Gea coxpa- eM TOU jeTaAe nepmonasambuBix wa6sOReHN, YAoGHHM coco6om, oGecresipaiouwin phinomNente THX TpeGopannli, sB.1- eres epynnupooka nanusix. B npouecce rpynnupooxn 2aKHux nep- Bonava.ibHo naGaoMdewbe sKaNeHHR TepsioTes, no ecan rpynnse BuOpaust npaBitsHo, TO cOXpaxseTeH yzOBAeTBOpHTeADHIOe OGuIee pegerapacuwe 0 nloayxennx daxruveckHx aHBix Tlepaum sano npH cocrasaewitn Ta6zHK crpynnuposanimx ‘anusIX sBAseTCA MpHusTHE pewentIA O6 OGueme rpynmt (HH mIKpuHe mnTepsaioD rpynnitposkn). MoxHo BHGpats Taxyio Mazyio rpynny, sro aoe weSombuine caysaiinte KoneSann 6yAYT cnocobuN Hex aurs o6myio Kaprany. C apyrol cropousi, pH cAMMKOM wa:I0M ‘aHese Tpynn nesks" noaysiTs AocraroNO AeTaRBHOM Kaprun, Oouteeio Geperes 10—20 wsrepsaaoa rpynnuposks. Bu6op Tousioro Sucza wutepsazos sapuen or: 1) pasMaxa wMeioutuxe nauHeix, fe. pasHOcTH MeKAY WaHGomBUNM H HaNMeRBUIAM DNGopOuHNt snasenumun, 2) ya0Guoro oGuewa rpynmt 4 3) o6uero aHeaa na6mosennit, Hanpumep, ecam wavepaerca anyzpeunni anaerp TpyGst MH BHIGopoNIe suaeRNA aeKaT B WHTepsase oF 0,352 x0 0,431 ew, To paswax coctasaner 0,079 ew. TIpu wepHue ureppana 0,010 ex noaysaen 8-9 wntepsazon, a np mmpaHe wiTeppana 0,005 cw noaysaen 17 unteppanos. Ec o6uni o6ven BisGopKH soctasztet 300—400 na6.aozennit, To pasyano BuOpaTe unteppar mapusiok 0,006—0,007 ex, tora noayanw 12 murepsanos. Eean myeetes BsiGopKa Guin oOveMom B 100 HaGmozenn, To 12 uitep- BEHOB MOKET OKASATHEA CAMIUKOM MOTO. Tam Tenepb vieckoapxo onperenenuit, comsaunux c Hauel TaGaunell. Han HyAHO HMeTs AAnHMe, pacnpereeNBe no rpynnaM (am unmepoarau), Kaxkiak M3 KOTOPKIX OXBaTHBaeT HeKOTOpHlit Brreppa siiavenuit (06s19H0) nocromnHoh mNpHHE, Te, uamepaaa @pynnupooxu. Usrepsan rpynnipoakn npeacranaset coGof rpynay Seavenui, monazaioMx D gaunt mnTepoas, Buavase BsGupaen UNpmAy iTeppasa rpynnupoBKA 1 HaXOANM TpaxMusL MHTepBAZOB,