Graphene-based quad-port MIMO recon gurable

antennas for SATCOM and 5G applications

Narges Kiani
Semnan University
Farzad Tavakkol Hamedani (  ftavakkol@semnan.ac.ir )
Semnan University
Pejman Rezaei
Semnan University

Research Article

Keywords: Antenna, Graphene, MIMO, Chemical potential, Recon gurable, Pattern, SATCOM, 5G

Posted Date: July 26th, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3197859/v1

License:   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Additional Declarations: No competing interests reported.

Graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas for
SATCOM and 5G applications
Narges Kiani 1. Farzad Tavakkol Hamedani *2 . Pejman Rezaei 3
Abstract
In this research, two graphene-based THz patch antenna structures for satellite communication and 5G applications is reported. In the unit cell
analysis, it can be pointed out that the patch is made of graphene and the substrate is made of silicon dioxide. While its dielectric permittivity
is 3.7. The operating frequency of the MIMO antenna is designed at 0.6 THz. In the plan of MIMO reconfigurable antenna, cells are arranged
vertically. Reconfigurable conditions can be achieved by changing the chemical potential or in other words the bias voltage of graphene
patches. The amount of chemical potential in the original project of both quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas is considered to be 0.6 eV.
In the results of the first antenna, S11 is less than -10 dB in the range of 0.58786 THz through 0.63112 THz. In the results of the second antenna,
S11 is less than -10 dB in the range of 0.57814 THz through 0.63391 THz. In the results of the first antenna, maximum efficiency is reported
about 65%. In the results of the second antenna, maximum efficiency is reported about 72%. Finally, peak realized gains, radiation efficiencies,
far-field 2D radiation patterns, VSWRs, current distributions, envelope correlation coefficients (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4), and
diversity gains (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4) have all been reported over the operating frequency band for two antennas.

Keywords Antenna .Graphene. MIMO. Chemical potential. Reconfigurable. Pattern. SATCOM. 5G

Introduction SATCOM system [30–35]. 2. Increasing satellite coverage: By

Graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna is
an advanced antenna that is made on the basis of graphene and has
the ability to change shape and adjust. The applications of this
antenna are mainly in telecommunication systems and wireless
networks such as satellite communications (SATCOMs) and 5G,
and it increases the speed and coverage of the network [1–5]. The
effect of graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna
in 5G wireless networks is due to the following reasons: 1.
Increasing the speed of communication: With the ability to change
the shape and adjust, this antenna can optimize radio waves and
increase the speed of communication in 5G networks. This
significantly improves user experience and data transfer [6–11]. 2.
Increasing network coverage: Using this antenna, 5G network
coverage can be improved. The ability to change the shape and
adjust this antenna allows operators to transmit signals more
accurately and intelligently and expand the network coverage [12–
17]. 3. Increasing network capacity: By using this antenna, 5G
wireless networks will be able to have the highest capacity in data
transmission and communication. The multiple and multi-port
capability of this antenna allows networks to simultaneously
transmit information through multiple transmitters and receivers,
which leads to an increase in network capacity [18–23]. In general,
the use of graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable
antenna in 5G wireless networks can significantly improve the
speed, coverage and capacity of networks and improve the user
experience [24–29]. The effect of graphene-based quad-port
MIMO reconfigurable antenna in SATCOM (satellite
communications) is due to the following reasons: 1. Increasing the
speed of communication: With the ability to change the shape and
adjust, this antenna can optimize radio waves and increase the
speed of communication in SATCOM systems. This speed
improvement in data transmission and communication can
significantly improve the performance and efficiency of the
using this antenna, satellite coverage in the SATCOM system can
be improved. The ability to change the shape and adjust this
antenna allows operators to transmit signals more accurately and
intelligently and expand satellite coverage [36–41]. 3. Increasing
the capacity of the system: by using this antenna, the SATCOM
system will be able to have the highest capacity in data
transmission and communication. The multiple and multi-port
capability of this antenna allows the SATCOM system to
simultaneously transmit information through several transmitters
and receivers, which leads to an increase in system capacity [42–
47]. In general, the use of graphene-based quad-port MIMO
reconfigurable antenna in SATCOM systems can significantly
improve the speed, coverage, and capacity of the systems and
improve their performance [48, 49].
In [4], the unit cell was composed of an octagonal patch while
the main function of the MIMO antenna was defined for the field
and applications of wireless indoor communications. A compact
UWB-MIMO antenna for diversity applications was studied in
[5]. In this research, two graphene-based THz patch antenna
structures for satellite communication and 5G applications is
reported. In the unit cell analysis, it can be pointed out that the
patch is made of graphene and the substrate is made of silicon
dioxide. While its dielectric permittivity is 3.7. The operating
frequency of the MIMO antenna is designed at 0.6 THz. In the
plan of MIMO reconfigurable antenna, cells are arranged
vertically. Reconfigurable conditions can be achieved by changing
the chemical potential or in other words the bias voltage of
graphene patches. The amount of chemical potential in the original
plan of both quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas is
considered to be 0.6 eV. In the results of the first antenna, S11 is
less than -10 dB in the range of 0.58786 THz through 0.63112
THz. In the results of the second antenna, S11 is less than -10 dB
in the range of 0.57814 THz through 0.63391 THz. In the results

1
N.kiani@semnan.ac.ir
2
ftavakkol@semnan.ac.ir (corresponding author)*
3
prezaei@semnan.ac.ir
(Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran)
of the first antenna, maximum efficiency is reported about 65%.
In the results of the second antenna, maximum efficiency is
reported about 72%. Finally, peak realized gains, radiation
efficiencies, far-field 2D radiation patterns, VSWRs, current
distributions, envelope correlation coefficients (port1-port2,
port1-port3, port1-port4), and diversity gains (port1-port2, port1-
port3, port1-port4) have all been reported over the operating
frequency band for two antennas. The simulation of designs are
realized by using CST Microwave Studio [50].

Graphene Conductivity
In fact, complex conductivity is one of the most important
factors in introducing graphene. This valuable parameter is
derived from Kubo's famous formula [51–52]: (a)

𝜎𝐺 = 𝜎𝐺−𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 + 𝑗𝜎𝐺−𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔
−𝑗 𝑒 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝜇𝑐
𝜎𝐺 (𝜔, 𝜇𝑐 , 𝜏, 𝑇) = ( + 2 ln(𝑒 −𝜇𝑐⁄𝐾𝐵 𝑇 + 1)) +
𝜔 − 𝑗𝜏 −1 𝜋ℏ2 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 (1)
−𝑗(𝜔 − j𝜏 −1 )𝑒 2 ∞ 𝑓(−𝜀) − 𝑓(+𝜀)
∫ 𝑑𝜀
0 (𝜔 − 𝑗𝜏 ) − 4(𝜀 ⁄ℏ)
𝜋ℏ2 −1 2 2
{

While 𝜔 parameter is angular frequency. The role of electron

charge is showed with 𝑒. ℏ parameter acts the role of Plank
constant. k 𝐵 parameter exhibits Boltzmann constant. 𝑇 parameter
shows temperature. 𝜏 parameter symbolizes the electron
relaxation time. Γ parameter is phenomenological scattering rate.
And this is how it is described, 𝜏 −1 = 2Γ. Fermi-Dirac function is
(b)
defined as follows [53–57]: Graphene
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
1
𝑓(𝜀) = (2) Fig. 1 The designed graphene-based MIMO reconfigurable antenna
{1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝((𝜀 − 𝜇𝑐 )⁄( 𝐾𝐵 𝑇)} configuration: (a) first structure and (b): second structure

Chemical potential (𝜇𝑐 ) is set by [58]: Table 1 Dimension values of the different parts of the planned
graphene-based reconfigurable antenna
𝜇𝑐 = −𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑛)ℏ𝜈𝐹 (𝜋|𝑛|)1⁄2 (3)
Antenna dimension (µm)
νF parameter offers Fermi velocity. n parameter characterizes Lx=Ly L1=L2 S1=S2 Wf h (sub thick) Lf
carrier density[59].
345 47 66.5 10 36 35
Antenna Configurations
In the present article, two graphene-based quad-port MIMO
reconfigurable antennas are reported. Single-layer graphene has Fermi Energy (Chemical Potential) Level
been used in creating all the radiation parts of two antennas. The In order to achieve and control the level and size of the Fermi
radiating parts of the antenna are located on a substrate of SiO2. energy of the layers of the radiation patches, which is made of
While εr of the substrate is about 3.7. SiO2 substrate is completely graphene, and basically to adjust and control the chemical
located on the conductive ground plane. Figure 1 displays the form potential of the layers, a very thin layer of AL2O3 with a thickness
of the two graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable of 80 nm is located under the graphene patches, of course,
antennas. In fact, by observing the structure and configuration of polysilicon can also be used. And the ultimate goal is to adjust the
the antennas, it is evident that the configuration and form of the DC bias level to control the chemical potential of the layers. There
second antenna patches is obtained by rotating the first antenna is an almost linear relationship that describes the relationship of μc
patches by 90 degrees. And this is the main idea of designing changes based on the external DC bias voltage (V). And it is
graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas. In described as follows [60]:
Table 1, the dimensions of different parts of graphene-based quad- 𝑡 𝑒 𝜇𝑐2
port MIMO reconfigurable antennas are presented. 𝑉 = 𝑉0 + (4)
𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝜋ℏ2 𝑣𝐹2

t parameter denotes the dielectric thickness. εr parameter

refers to the dielectric relative permittivity. For these designed
antennas according to the mentioned formula, the maximum
external DC bias of graphene layers is considered to be less than Fig. 2 S-parameter diagram of (a): first structure, (b): second structure.
75 volts. Also, here V0 is equal to zero in the design criterion.
Far-field 2D radiation patterns (E- and H-plane radiation
Results of the Quad-port MIMO patterns) of the graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable
antennas are shown in Fig.s 3 and 4, respectively, for all 4 ports at
Reconfigurable Antennas
a frequency of 0.6 THz. Far-field 3D radiation patterns of the
There are several important and reliable advantages and
graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas are
capabilities for quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas, if we
shown in Fig.s 5 and 6, respectively, for all 4 ports at a frequency
want to mention them briefly, firstly, it can improve the range and
of 0.6 THz.
reliability of the structure without using additional frequency
range, and secondly, it can improve the capacity and range of the
channel in the THz frequency domain. The S-parameters for the
structure of both quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas is
reported in Fig. 2. Both quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas
are achieved by stimulating all ports and using 𝜏 = 1 and𝑇 =
300 𝐾. The minimum reflection-coefficient (S11) of -30 dB is for
the first structure. The minimum reflection-coefficient (S11) of -13
dB is for the second structure. It is clear that return loss more than
10 dB is confirmation of ideal impedance matching of quad-port
MIMO reconfigurable antennas. The mentioned case was realized
for both structures in the frequency range of 0.58 THz through
0.63 THz. In the design of MIMO reconfigurable antenna (a)
structures, the chemical potential is considered equal to 0.6 eV.

(b)

(a)

(c)

(b)
 (d)
Fig. 3 Far-field 2D radiation pattern of the first structure for 0.6 THz, (a)
port1, (b) port2, (c) port3, (d) port4.

(a)
(a)

(b)
(b)

(c)

(c)

(d)
Fig. 4 Far-field 2D radiation pattern of the second structure for 0.6 THz,
(a) port1, (b) port2, (c) port3, (d) port4.

(d)
Fig. 5 Far-field 3D radiation pattern of the first structure for 0.6 THz, (a)
port1, (b) port2, (c) port3, (d) port4.
 Diversity gain (DG) and envelope correlation coefficient
(ECC) have been used to study and research about the output of
antennas in the field of diversity. In fact, if a comprehensive and
accurate definition of ECC is to be provided, it can be said that
ECC represents the difference in the radiation pattern of all
antenna elements present and existing in the MIMO antenna
structure. In other words, it provides correlation between antenna
parts and antenna elements. Ideally, the final ECC value should be
less than 1. ECC measurement criteria are actually considered S-
parameters [4, 5, 21, 24]. The ECC values of both graphene-based
quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna structures are reported in
Figs (7.a) and (8.a), respectively. From the results of the figures,
it is clear that all elements of the antennas are not correlated. While
(a) their values are closer to zero. DG can also be evaluated [4, 5, 21,
24]. In fact, the function of DG is that it caculates and estimates
the reduction of transmission capacity. At the same time, its
performance is not reduced. In the discussion about DG values, it
should be noted that the maximum DG value can be around 10.
This is evident in Figs (7.b) and (8.b), respectively. And exactly
at the points where ECC is minimum, DG is maximum.

(b)

(a)

(c)

(b)
Fig. 7 First structure (a) ECC (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4) (b)
DG (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4)

(d)
Fig. 6 Far-field 3D radiation pattern of the second structure for 0.6 THz,
(a) port1, (b) port2, (c) port3, (d) port4.
 (a) (a)

(b) (b)
Fig. 8 Second structure (a) ECC (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4) Fig. 9 VSWR diagram in (a): first structure, (b): second structure.
(b) DG (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4)

In Fig.9, the VSWR diagram of both graphene-based quad-

port MIMO reconfigurable antenna structures is studied.
According to the results of Fig.9, the VSWR diagram of both
graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna
structures at the operating frequency is reported to be less than 2
dB. This amount shows that the designed antennas have the
capacity to receive and transmit optimal amounts of power. In Fig.
10, the radiation efficiency output results of both graphene-based
quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna structures due to
stimulation of all 4 ports in the operational frequency band have
been reported. In the results of the first antenna, maximum
(a)
efficiency is reported about 65%. In the results of the second
antenna, maximum efficiency is reported about 72%. The peak
realized gain results for both graphene-based quad-port MIMO
reconfigurable antenna structures are shown in Fig. 11. While
according to the results, the maximum gain for both structures in
the operating frequency band is about 5 dBi. Current distribution
at 0.6 THz for both MIMO reconfigurable antenna structures for
all ports are presented in Fig.s 12 and 13, respectively. It is quite
obvious that the maximum current density occurs in the stimulated
radiation section, while the minimum current density occurs in the
non-stimulated radiation sections. And it is obvious that the
current distribution of each radiator in the MIMO reconfigurable
antenna structure is maximized when the corresponding port is (b)
stimulated. Finally, S-parameter reconfigurability diagram Fig. 10 The radiation efficiency of the designed antenna (a): first
belonging to both MIMO reconfigurable antenna structures structure, (b): second structure.
according to chemical potential changes (0.5 eV, 0.6 eV, and 0.7
eV) is realized in Fig. 14.
 (a)

(c)

(b)
Fig. 11 The peak realized gain of the designed antenna (a): first
structure, (b): second structure.

(d)
Fig. 12 Current distribution of first structure at 0.6 THz

(a)

(a)

(b)
 (b)

(c)

(b)
Fig. 14 S-parameter diagram reconfigurability (a) First structure, (b)
Second structure

(d)
Fig. 13 Current distribution of second structure at 0.6 THz
Conclusion
In this research, two graphene-based THz patch antenna
structures for satellite communication and 5G applications was
reported. In the unit cell analysis, it could be pointed out that the
patch was made of graphene and the substrate was made of silicon
dioxide. While its dielectric permittivity was 3.7. The operating
frequency of the MIMO antenna was designed at 0.6 THz. In the
plan of graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antenna,
cells were arranged vertically. Reconfigurable conditions could be
achieved by changing the chemical potential or in other words the
bias voltage of graphene patches. The amount of chemical
potential in the original project of both quad-port MIMO
reconfigurable antennas was considered to be 0.6 eV. In the results
of the first antenna, S11 was less than -10 dB in the range of
0.58786 THz through 0.63112 THz. In the results of the second
antenna, S11 was less than -10 dB in the range of 0.57814 THz
through 0.63391 THz. In the results of the first antenna, maximum
efficiency was reported about 65%. In the results of the second
antenna, maximum efficiency was reported about 72%. Finally,
peak realized gains, radiation efficiencies, far-field 2D radiation
patterns, VSWRs, current distributions, envelope correlation
coefficients (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4), and diversity
gains (port1-port2, port1-port3, port1-port4) had all been reported
over the operating frequency band for two antennas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by Semnan University. The authors
would like to thank the journal editor and reviewers for their
valuable comments.
(a)
FUNDING
No funding was received for this research.
DATA AVAILABILITY
 My submission has no associated data. All data generated or
analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS
Narges Kiani: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software,
Validation, Writing – original draft, review & editing. Farzad
Tavakkol Hamedani: Supervision, Project administration. Pejman
Rezaei: Supervision, Project administration.
DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that
there is no conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have
no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this
paper.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
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ETHICAL APPROVAL
We the undersigned declare that the manuscript entitled
“Graphene-based quad-port MIMO reconfigurable antennas for
SATCOM and 5G applications” is original, has not been fully or
partly published before, and is not currently being considered for
publication elsewhere. Also, results are presented clearly,
honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate
data manipulation. We confirm that the manuscript has been read
and approved by all named authors and that there are no other
persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed.
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manuscript has been approved by all of us.
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