1, Aldol condensation ‘Iwo molecules of aldehydes or ketones having a-hydrogen condense together in presence of base (dil. NiOH, NaCOy, Ba(OH),| to form f-hydroxyaldehyde or B-hydroxyketone respectively which are collectively known as aldol 0 I a i N01 cH, —C—H+ HCH —cHo ESO ‘Acialdehye oH I cH,—CH—cH,—cHo dosybtanal (@-Hyeoxybutanal oral!) 2. Birch Reduction In case of disubstituted alkynes reduction with sodium in lig, ammonia gives frans-alkene predominantly, This type of reduction is known as Birch-reduction, rome Bot 2ene cH, 3. Beckmann Rearrangement Oximes on treatment with eatalyst such as conc. H.S0, SOC, PCL, et. undergo rearrangement to form substituted amides. Reaction is known a8 ‘Beckmann rearrangement! ca st KP cams yy Mey fi np ICs Sou syn ssa 4, Balz-Schiemann’sreaction ‘his is the method to prepare fluorobenzene from benzene diaronium salt by first converting it to benzene diazonium, tetrafluoroborate 5. Clemmensen Reduction In this method, aldehydes and ketones are reduced with Zn - Hg amalgam and cone. HCI. cH,cHo +a 222A oy cH 10 CH,COCH, + 4H 2OHEES, Cy, CH, -CH, + H,0 6 Corey-House synthesis Inthis reaction, anal halde(1", 2" ori rst converted int Ithium dally copper and then reacted with another ally halle (prgeraiy 1) eg corresponding shane 2R-X Ey 2R-1i So RCuLi + Lil Albee Lithium dialieyt stat RyCu + RX —P RE RGU LAX 7. Cope elimination Terdaryamines ae notaxdsed by KMnO, Their ondation is cared out with Cand acid or nose or hydrogen Petoride to form amine oxide. HOO, ta SIN ~riso, ”, RiNO s amine P85 nice Node ‘Tertiary amine oxide containing a B-hydrogen atom forms an alkene. This reaction is called Cope reaction or Cope elimination. 8. Carbylamine Reaction: Primacy amines bd alipacand atomic on eaing with Chlorrnand azote salon of postu hye {erm ocyundesor nym, whcihare an coucmay ‘unpleasant odour. . EN, CHC, + 3KOHT le) Chine! Gime OY CHNZEC + 3KCL4 34,0 wae9. Claisen—Schmidt reactions Iisa base catalyzed crossed aldol condensation in which fan aromatic aldehyde condenses with aliphatic aldehyde or ketone, 11 also known as simply Glatsen rection, a. NOH cattery, oo a bien ; I Hy CH= CH—C—CH, + H,0 Benzylidene acetone Clb CH= CH—C—CH=CH— CH, Dibensl acetone 10, Cannizzaro Reaction It is a self oxidation-reduction reaction in which aldehydes that do not have any a-hydrogen atom undergo disproportionation reaction (de, self-redox reaction) in the presence of 50% aqueous or ethanolic solution of alkali in ‘which one of the molecule being reduced to alcohol and other being oxidised to the salt of corresponding acid 2HCHO + NaQH—> CH,OH + HCOONa Formaldehyde 50% Methanol Sodium forme mtn Ft 11. Claisen condensation Esters containing -hydrogen atoms undergo self -condensation in presence of strong base like sodium those to give Prkto eters Ie 7 HON CH= C-fOC\H, + HY CH,COOGH, EtyLacetate ° | CH) C= CH,COOGH, + CHLOH Gs Keteen 12, Curtius rearrangement: In this method an acy azide (btaned from reaction of carboxylic ack chloride and sodium aid), on heating tn acide or ellaline medium yields primary amine, The resction Involves an Intermediate soeyanate which i Hyosed ge pry amines coon 24s rcoci > RcON, Cubosylic acid ‘Acid elonide Ac aude os HOI RCON, > R—N=c=0 BOM, R_NH, + CO} Tocyante Amine 13, Diels-Alder Reaction ‘This reaction involves the addition of a conjugated diene (4a-electron system) to an unsaturated compound called dienophile (2n-electron system) to yield a cyelic system, Zot, cron Se k oH its oon Se Sermons 2 2) owmie ‘Ozone on passing through a solution of alkenes in an inert solvent like CCl, or CHI at low temperature oxidises the alkene toa cyclic product called ozanide which is unstable and on reduction with reducing agents like zine and water ‘or hydrogen in presence of palladium gives aldehydes and/ ‘or ketone depending upon structure of alkene, ie. >C: Part of the alene gets comerted t9 >C Sezeg 1,4 e=0+cH—bH-om, Kawee npg abd 33. Oxo process In this process, an alkene on heating with water gas (CO + Fi) under pressure in the presence of catalyst cobalt carbonyl hydride [CoH(CO)4 yes aldehyde _Icaltcoul PORCK +00 + Ha 97 rs 34, Perkin condensation Itisa condensation reaction in which an aromatic aldehyde condenses with aliphatic acid anhydride in presence of sodium salt of same acid to give a condensate which upon =C—C—cHo ry all STRCH—CX | cngcoon CHC forts, ee wean l au cmen cae § CHJCOOH + GyH—CH=CH—COOH ‘Acetic acid Ginmamic acid HO Firohais 35. Reimer-Tiemann reaction Concentrated solution of CHCI, reacts with phenol in presence ofa: KOH to yield sliced. OH oH (ae) Ho + CHC aaa * 36. Reformatsky reaction saigiehyde It involves the reaction of zine and c-halogenated ester, which add to carbonyl compound to yield f-hydroxy ester. cant cay ecu, coocy, Fansbexerocn 2) yznie —CH,COOC;H; cH, Et 3 hydroxy 3pethylbutanoate 37. Rosenmund’s reduction ‘Acid chlorides are reduced to aldehydes by palladised barium sulphate partially poisoned with sulphur or quinoline. (“001s reduced to —CHO) R-C—Cl+ Hy 2 Sorquinaline PAiBas04 fl RCH + HEI 38, Sandmeyer's reaction In this reaction Diazonium salttract with CuX/HX and respective halide is formed. a cxcmct ) a lew O +n, 39. Schotten-Baumann reactionon Benzoylation of alcohols or phenols in presence of NOH is called Schotten-Baumann reaction. 40. Stephen's reduction In thisreaction cyanides are reduced to aldehyde in pressure OF Sac owe by ds. ‘Sn, + HCL 1 mcan SS coin ~*~ ate cH + NHYCL age 41. Schmid’ reaction Carboxylic acids on heating with hydrazoic acid (HIN) at 50-55°C in presence of conc. H,SO, produce primary amines ‘with one carbon atom less than original carboxylic acid. RCOOH + HN > RH, + Ny + CO, Carboglie Hyrarie wad acid 42. Sabatier - Senderen’s reaction ‘The method involves the reduction of unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) with nickel catalyst. Raney nickel is more reactive than supported nickel catalyst, RCH= CH, + H, SP RCHCH, ‘alkene ‘Alkane 43. Tischenko reaction All aldehydes (with or without a-hydrogen atom) in presence of aluminium ethexide, [AKOC,H,);| undergo simultaneous oxidation (to carboxylic acid) and reduction (to alcohol) to form an ester. arcHo MS, FacH oH + RCOOH ‘Aieye ‘col Cabra RCOOCH,R ser Amine 44, Ullmann Reaction Aryl halides especialy iodides on reaction with copper ‘metal yield biphenyls 45. Williamson's synthesis Metal alkoxides on treatment with alkyl halides yield ethers, ‘The reaction is known as Willlamsons syathesis, ROL Natt XR Am R-O- RENAN ber 46. Wacker process Alkenes are directly oxidised by the catalyst palladium chloride-cupric chloride (PaCl,-CuCl,) in the presence of ar or oxygen. ch cH;—cHO 47. Wolff Kishner Reduction In this method, aldehydes and ketones are reduced with hydrazine (NH,-NH,) and KOH, ° UI Ni=nt aoc-cH, SE, 48, Wurtz Reaction In this reaction, ether solution of alkyl halide is treated ‘with sodium to form alkane. R-X42Na4 X-R POM, RR 4 2X 49. Wittig Reaction tis an important reaction to change a carbonyl compound, Into alkene by treating carbonyl compound with a ylide. Ylides are the species which in their ground state have negative carbon adjacent to a positive heteroatom like P, fs, Se or ample gos le, Ph b-Cur. wctieo+ Pp CR ee CH= CHR PPO | 50. Wohlers reaction ‘Acetylene is prepared by ation of water on caleium carbide, ‘This method is used for laboratory as well as industrial preparation. CaC, + 21,0 —e CH=CH + CON), 51. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction When a mixture of aryl halide and alkyl halide reacts ‘with sodium metal in dry ether, substituted arenes are obtained, Or armsa-c™G)-cayana