11 —19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Beeson11 — 19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Reed ct ess ects ST Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, lan Bettison, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Ceres er ore Sra Besa P PearsonContents @ contents Overarching themes Extra online content La 12 13 1s 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 2.6 3a 32 33 34 35 3.6 37 4a 42 43 44 45 Algebraic expressions Index laws Expanding brackets Factorising Negative and fractional indices ‘Surds Rationalising denominators Mixed exercise 1 Quadratics Solving quadratic equations Completing the square Functions Quadratic graphs The discriminant Modelling with quadratics Mixed exercise 2 Equations and inequalities Linear simultaneous equations Quadratic simultaneous equations ‘Simultaneous equations on graphs Linear inequalities Quadratic inequalities Inequalities on graphs Regions Mixed exercise 3 Graphs and transformations Cubic graphs Quartic graphs Reciprocal graphs Points of intersection Translating graphs vi 12 2B 15 18 19 22 25 27 30 32 35 38 39 41 42 46 48 51 53 56 59 60 64 66 68 1 46 Stretching graphs 4.7 Transforming functions Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 5 Straight line graphs SA y=mx+e 5.2. Equations of straight lines 5.3 Parallel and perpendicular lines 5.4 Length and area 5.5 Modelling with straight lines Mixed exercise 5 6 Circles 6.1 Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors 62 Equation of a circle 63 _ Intersections of straight lines and circles 6.4 Use tangent and chord properties 6.5 Circles and triangles Mixed exercise 6 7 Algebraic methods 7. Algebraic fractions 7.2 Dividing polynomials 73 The factor theorem 7.4 Mathematical proof 7.5 Methods of proof Mixed exercise 7 8 The binomial expansion 8.1 Pascal’ triangle 8.2 Factorial notation 83 The binomial expansion 8.4 Solving binomial problems 75 79 82 85 89 90 93 or 100 103 108 113 14 uz 121 123 128 132 137 138 139 143 146 150 154 158 159 161 163 16585 Binomial estimation Mixed exercise 8 9 Trigonometric ratios 9.1 The cosine rule 9.2 The sine rule 93 Areas of triangles 9.4 Solving triangle problems 9.5 Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent 9.6 Transforming trigonometric graphs Mixed exercise 9 10 10.1 Angles in all four quadrants 167 169 173 174 179 185 187 192 194 198 202 203 10.2 Exact values of trigonometrical ratios 208 10.3 Trigonometric identities 10.4. Simple trigonometric equations 10.5. Harder trigonometric equations 10.6 Equations and identities Mixed exercise 10 Review exercise 2 11 Vectors 11.1 Vectors 11.2. Representing vectors 11.3 Magnitude and direction 11.4 Position vectors 11.5. Solving geometric problems 11.6 Modelling with vectors Mixed exercise 11 12 ion 12.1 Gradients of curves 12.2. Finding the derivative 123. Differentiating x* 12.4. Differentiating quadratics 209 213 27 219 222 226 230 231 235 239 202 266 248 251 255 256 259 262 264 Contents 125 Differentiating functions with two or more terms 12.6 Gradients, tangents and normal 12.7 Increasing and decreasing functions 12.8 Second order derivatives 12.9 Stationary points 12.10 Sketching gradient functions 12.11 Modelling with differentiation Mixed exercise 12 13 Integration 13.1. Integrating x" 13.2 Indefinite integrals 13.3. Finding functions 13.4. Definite integrals 13.5. Areas under curves 13.6 Areas under the x-axis 13.7. Areas between curves and lines Mixed exercise 13, 14 — Exponentials and logarithms 14.1 Exponential functions 142 y=e 14.3 Exponential modelling 14.4 Logarithms 14.5 Laws of logarithms 14.6 Solving equations using logarithms 14.7 Working with natural logarithms 14.8 Logarithms and non-linear data Mixed exercise 14 Review exercise 3 Practice exam paper Answers Index 266 268 270 an 273 27 279 282 287 288 290 293 295 297 300 302 306 31 312 314 317 319 321 324 326 328 334 338 342 345 399Overarching themes e@ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathem: ‘ical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specly the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret ests + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence cote imrmaton + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t eanra J 3. Mathematical modelling iepresen termes + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book anne digital edition using the code at the 3 Equations and front of the book inequalities Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter ‘The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and gradually bring you up ° toexam standard = Challenge boxes 7 = give youa chance to _—* smu aus tackle some more remonen diffcutt questions Zs Each section begins with explanation and key learning points Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions you'll need to tackle Exam-style questions are flagged with © Problem-solving Each chapter ends Exercises are packed with a Mixed exercise questions are flagged any. Summary of _With exam-style questions problem-solving boxes provide with © ey points to-ensure you are ready hints, tips and strategies, and for the exams Watch out boxes highlight areas where students often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare for the real thingExtra online content e@ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. ED hetveriedssutensoe SEE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions ——————+ asa PDF or quickly find the solution you need online viExtra online content GeoGebra interactives Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding aa | with GeoGebra-powered _ interactives. \ Interact withthe maths you are learning using EEL csviore tne gradient of the GeoGebras easy-to-use chord AP using GeoGebra, tools Casio. orion i tox te incon res @) © Casio calculator support Our helpful tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams, They cover both Casio's scientific and colour graphic calculators cmp See exactly which Work out each coefficient buttons tb press and quickly using the "C, and power what should appear on functions on your calculator. your calculators screen Access all the extra online content for FREE at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/p1maths an also access the extra online content by scanning this QR C viiPublished by Person Education Limited 80 tran, London WC2R ORL wwnepearsonschoolsandfecllegescouk Copies of oficial specications fo al Peerson qualifications may be found onthe website: ‘qualifications pearzoncom Text © Pearson Education Limited 2017 ited by Tech Set ta, Gateshead “Typeset by Techet Ld, Gateshead (Original ilustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2037 Cover iusration Marusewe-orsts, ‘The rights of Greg Attwood Jack Barraclough lan Bettson Alistair Macpherson Bronwen "Moran Su Nicholion, Dane Ove je Petra, Keith Pledge, Harry Smith, Geof Staley. Robert Ward-Penny and Dave Wiki tobe dented as authors ofthis work have been asserted by them in accordance wth the Copyight Designs and Patents Act 1963, First published 2017 2owiew 10987654321 Brtsh Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘eaalogue ecard fortis ook is avalable From the Bish Libary Ise 97 1292 183398 Copyright notice [Allright reserved, No part ofthis publation may be reproduced in any form orb any means (including photocopying or storing tn ay medium by elecuoni means and whether or net. tuansenty or incidental to some other use ofthis publication) without the wit permission ‘fhe copyright owner except in accocdance withthe provsion ofthe Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1969 or under the terms of leene sued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard In 86 Fetter Lane. London ECU 1EN (wl cou Applications forthe copyright ‘mer’ written permission should be adresse to the publishee Printed in Slovakia by Neogaa Acknowledgements ‘The authors and publisher would tke to thank the following individuals and organization for permission to reproduce photographs (ey: bottom: centre efit tp) 123RFcom: David Acosta Alley 287, 338cr Alay Images: tah Images 113, 261 Xinhua 38 85¢r ZUMA Press, ne 311, 3381; Fotoliacom:Kajano 137, 226 sberisov 173, 2267 Thaut images 202. 2264, Getty images: Graik 255,338 Heaglein and Stets 18 85¢ Je Schult 230,338 Inviamonte 1,85, Steve Ounwel 158, 26; Sdence Photo Library Lc: CMS EXPERIMENT, CERN 59,85; shutestockcom: vladimir salman 89,226 Allther images © Pearson Education Pearson has robust editorial processes, including answer and fact checks, to ensure the accuracy of the content inthis publication and evry effort is made to ensure this publication is ree of rors We are, however only human, and occasionally ero do occu Peason isnot lable fr ny misunderstandings that aise aa result of errors inthis publication, but Its ou prot to ensure thatthe content i accurate Ifyou spot an eroc please do contact us at Fesourcexcorrections@pearsoncom so we cn make sure itis corrected, ‘Anote from the publisher Inordes to ensue that his resource offers high-qualy suppor forthe assacated Pearson ‘qualfeation, it hasbeen through areview process by the awarding body This process confirms that thisresource fully covers the teaching and learning content of the specfiation or pat ofa ‘Speciation at which tis aimed, ealso canfrms that demonstrates an appropiate balance ‘between the development of subject hls, krowledge and understanding, in ation fo preparation fer assessment. Endorsement does nt cover any guidance on assessment activites or processes (eg practce ‘questions or advice on bow to answer assessment questions Included the resource nor does it prescribe any particular approach tothe teaching oF delivery of related course Wile the publishers have made ever attempt io ensure that advice onthe qualification and its assessment s accurate the ofc specication and associated assessment guidance materials are "the only authontative source of information and sould always be relered tor definitive guidance Pearson examines have not contributed to any sections inthis resource evant to examination ‘papers for which they have responsiblity. ‘Examiners wl not we endorsed resources asa source of materia for any asesement st by Pearson. Endorsement of a esoure does aot mean that the resources required to achieve this Pearson ‘qualification, nos does it mean that ls the only Suitable matelal avaiable to suppor the ‘qualification, and any resoure lists produce bythe awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources. viiiAfter completing this chapter you should be able to © Multiply and divide integer powers “+ pages 2-3 ‘© Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms > pages 3-4 ‘© Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 © Know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 ‘© Simplify and use the rules of surds “+ pages 12-13 © Rationalise denominators > pages 13-16 Simplify a Ginn + Sen? ~ 2m + mn? = 3mn b 3x?-5x +2+3x?- 7x12 + GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: a2 — b 26222 ¢ a + GCSE Mathematics Expand: a 3x44) b 5(2-3x) © 6(@x-5y) © GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of: a 24and 16 b 6xand 8x? Computer scientists use indices to describe © 4xy? and 3xy © GCSE Mathematics very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 2° values simultaneously. This is greater than a 10x ¢ 40x the number of particles in the observable 5 24 universe, + GCSE Mathematics Simplify_ @Q Index laws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. + at atzanen 5 Tsisthebme, This is the index, power or ‘exponent. Simplify these expressions: a xrxx brx3P 6 e (al x 2a f Gx ext | b 2r2x Br = 2x Bx rex) —___|_ =Gxr2*3 a6 e (a3? x 2a xp! x +: BSP gs, 2 Hn Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: CED oven an Ke a -3x(7x-4) b 3-2) every term inside the brackets. © Axx-2x2+ 5x3) d n(x + 3)-SQ2x +3)Algebraic expressions a -3x(7x- 4) = 21x? + 12x b y*(3 ~ 29°) = 3y? - 299 © 4x(3x- 2x? + 53°) = 12x? - 8x8 + 20x4 d 2x(5x+ 3) - 5(2x+3) }Ox? + 6x=10x— 15 | 1Ox? - 4x-15 Example @) Simplify these expressions: Sext y axta 6x8 20x74 15x * 2e coe 20x” + 15x* | 20x Sx? "5: 24 3x7? = dx + 3x oO ema 1 Simplify these expressions: axxt b 2x) x 3x oR 4p* 3x3 aS rs £ G2) g 10x52 h (py pt i QaP +20 21a*b? i Spt = 4p’ k 2a! x 3a8 Ve m 9x? x (x75 3x3 x 2x? x 4xo 0 Jat x Bat? D (yp + 2y° q 2a° + 3a? x 60° r Bat Qasx aChapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a x2) b x(x +9) © -3(4-3y) d x(y +5) e -x(Bx +5) f -Sx(4x +1) g x 45x hh -3y(5 - 2)2) i -2x(Sx-4) j Gx-5)x? k 3v+2)4(x-7) 1 5x-6-Gx-2) m 4(c+ 3d?) -3Qc+d2) om (FP +32 +9)- QP +3P-4) © x(3x? = 24 5) p 72 - 5p +392) 4 -2y°S - Ty + 3y2) 1 Tx = 2) + 3x + 4) = 6x = 2) 8 Sx-3(4-2x) +6 t 3 -aG-4x)+7 uw Axe 3)-2xGx-7) vv 32x +1) - 5S°Gx-4) 3. Simplify these fractions: 6x! 10x* b ¢ dina? Be ax 8x14 Se 9x5 — 5x8 anos ox @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you muttiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression. Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 =6 terms. xx a (Xt 5) (x — 2y + 3) = x(x — 2y +3) + 5(4x—2y43) NAA nxt any + 3x + 20-109 + 15, 5x = 4x? — xy + 23x-10y + 15. ‘Simplify your answer by collecting like terms. Gx) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x4 S)(x+2) b (x= 2y)a2 +1) © (x-9P d (e+ ))Bx- 2-4) B (x= Ay? +1) ———Algebraic expressions at ay say ty? 2 2xye ye d(x + ySx - 2y - 4) (Bx - 2y— 4) + (Bx - 2y- 4) 2xy ~ 4x + Sxy - 2 = Bx? + xy - 4x - 2y? — Ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x(2v+3)x-7) b x(5x-3))2x-y +4) © (x= 4x+ e+ D a x(x + 3)ie- 7) (2x2 + 3x) b x(Sx - 3y(2x (Sx? = 3xy2x x(2x~y + 4) ~ Bxyl2x-y +4) JOx? ~ Sxéy + 20x? — Grey + 3: = texy = 10x3 = thx?y + 20x © (r= Alor + Byer +1) x? — x= 12) +1) xt = xe + 1) 1200+ 1) 3+ 12 0 =x 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4x47) b (x= 3)(x+2) © (x-2y d (x-y)2x+3) © (x+3y)(4x-3) f Qx—4))3x49) g (2x-3)(x-4) h (Gx42yP i (2x +8y)2x+3) J (e+ 5)Qx+3y-5) Kk (x-NGx-4y-5) (v= 4y)Qe ++ 5) m (x +2y= r+ 3) n (Qx+2y 43x46) 0 (4-y)4y-x43) p (4y+5)Gx-y+2) 4 (Sy-2x+3x-4) or (4y—x-2)5-y)Chapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a Sixt w= 4) b 1x-2)2x+5) © 3(v-3)r-3) a x(x— yx +) ee x(2x + y)(3x +4) f y(x- 5x41) @ Gx —2y)(4x +2) h (7 -x)Qx-5) i xQx+y9Sx-2) j abe + r+ 3y-4) k yQx+y-1e45) 1 yGx+2y—3)2e+1) m x2x + 3x4 y= 5) m 2x(3x—14x—y-3) 0 3x(x-2y)Qv43y4 5) P (xt 3x + rH 1) g (OF 2x=4)Or43) or (V+ 3)(X- D(v-5) $ (x= 5) 4)or=— 3) t Qe Ie=2Hort]) uw Qx+3)Gx- Dw +2) Vv QBx-2)2x+ DGx-2) w(x+yXx-yE-1) x Ax-39)? © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. EES eres The rectangle has length 3x — y+ 4 and width x +7. Use the same strategy as you would use ‘The square has length x— 2. Find an expanded and simplified expression (nails care NESTE for the shaded area. 6em_ xeT Toe Braye © 4 Acuboid has dimensions x + 2cm, 2x ~ lem and 2x + 3em. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x* + 1232 + 5x-6em’, ©) 5 Given that (2x + 5y)3x- y2x +») = ax? + bxy + exy? + dy, where a, b, cand dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) GED Se Expand and simplify (x +9) ‘expressions lke (x + 3) quickly. ~ Section 8.3 @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. aD = Factorising is the opposite of expanding, hier ash ase brackets. (xt 5 = x8 + 1522 + 75x + 125 (x + 2y)(x= 53) = 2 = Bay 10)? << Fates)Algebraic expressions Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x49 bxt-Sx © 8x7 + 20x d 9x%y + 1Sxy?@ 3x2 Oxy a Bx +9 = 3(x +3) b x? - Sy = xtr- 5) | © 8x? + 20x= 4x(2x + 5) | d Ox2y + 15xy? BxyBx + 5y) e@ 3x? - Oxy = 3x(x - 3y) ® Aquadratic expression has the form CESEDD eat numbers poskve ax? + bx + cwhere a, b and care real SN Rae ee a numbers and a0. ‘and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: * Find two factors of ac that add up to b —— For the expression 2x! +5x-3,ae=-6=-1 x6 + Rewrite the b term asa sum ofthese two . vv s 6x3 factors + Factorise each pair of terms = x@x-1)+3@r=1) + Take out the common factor =(+3)@x-) wt ye (x4 yle-y) An expression in the form x? yi Called the difference of two squares. © 6x?=1lx-10 0d x?-25 ee 4x27 9)? = a(x +) = lx +1) x+ ix - 6)Chapter 1 bx textd Sxe+2et 4x48 x(x + 2) + 4(x + 2) (x + 2) +4) ! © Gx? ~ Ite -10 = Gx? = 15x 44x = 10 = 3x(2x - 5) + 2(2x—- 5) = (2x 5)3x + 2) | 25 5 = (x4 Silx- 5) : @ 4x? — Sy? 28x? — 32 = (2x + 3y)(2x - 39) Factorise completely: a2 b t= 25y © a+ 3-10 a 8- 2x2 = 4 -2) | t 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a 4x48 b 6x-24 © 2x+15 ded © 4x°+20 f 6x? 18x g = 7K how +4y i 3v-x j 6x?-2x k loy?-sy 1 35x? - 28x mxe+ 2x n 3y°+2y 0 4x2 + 12x P 5y?-20y 4g 9xy7 + 12x4p ¥ bab ~ 2ab? s Sx2=25xy t Ide + 8x? uw 15y— 20y2? v 12x? 30 waxy ty x 12°=4pxAlgebraic expressions 2 Factorise: a etdy b © 4b +24 d e842 e f 8412 gets +6 h i x?-ar-10 j e+x-20 k 1 3x°+10r-8 im Sx 16x43 n cr mie PETNSy CD frente zonsaome re-49 t 9x2 = 25)? wu 36x°=4 Ww 6x2 = 10x +4 x 15x'+ 420-9 3. Factorise completely: a S42x bd © Sx d 8-9 e f 84 11x? + 30x g 8-78 + 6x h i 2 -5x2-3x jo 2x? + 13x24 15 k 1 3x3 +2732 + 60x ©) 4 Factorise completely x4 ~ 4. (Q marks) ‘Watch out for terms that can be written as a function ofa function: x= (x2 © 5 Factorise completely 6x + 7x? - Sx. (2 marks) Write 4x4 — 13x2 +9 as the product of four linear factors. @® Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. Rational hexte xt ‘numbers are those that — can be written as 4 where similarly xxx... azand bare integets nterms ™ You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. ain Vatsthe positive square root of a. For example 9! = /9 =3 but giz 3._ 1 2 ‘ 2 baxvxx ee) d QxiSsay0 ee YT25x" t ws x Evaluate: EDD bse your calculator to enter negative and fractional powers. 10Algebraic expressions Given that = 7x express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ay} b 4p"! ree Lge CNL ‘Check that your answers are in the correct form. If kand mare constants they could be positive or. negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. o i Simpl bse e xixxt ey £ 3x05 x ayes h sxtext i 3xtx 2s k (WxP x (5) 1 ey Ve 2 Evaluate: a 25 basi 2m aa e974 £3)? g (7 h 1296! (sy i k (St 1 Ga) 3 Simplify: ‘ 3x? 1 a (64x07 b seas © (12x27) etx? 4.4)! 9x? = 15x Sx 3x? ea £ (Sx) Boe 15x) © 4 a Find the value of 815, (1 mark) b Simplify x(2x-1y*, (2 marks) © 5 Given that y = 4x" express each of the following in the form kx", where k and 7 are constants. ayt (2 marks) bby (2 marks) nChapter 1 (1.5 } Surds IF is an integer that is not a square number, then Examples of surds are V2, y19 and 5y2. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending and never repeats, for example v2 = 1414213562. any multiple of V7 is called a surd. {rrational numbers cannot be written in the form 5 where a and bare integers. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. = You can manipulate surds using these rules: + Vab=Vaxvb WG — 2VGV4 + VE x V49 (6(S - 2V4 + (48) G6 - 2x 2+7) —_______ (Ge) 12 © 5v6 ~ 2/24 +294Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a VX(5-V3) b (2-V3\(5+\3) (5 + V3) - V3(5 + V3) =10 + 2/3 - 5/3 - V9 Oo 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: a \28 b v7 ¢ ¥50 aR © 190 12 v27 ax 25° h 20 +80, i V200 +18 - 72, J VI7S + 63 + 2/28 k (28 -2V63 +V7 1 V80 - 2/20 + 3/45 mN80-2/20+5/45 nH 0 12+ N48 +V75 vir 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a V3(2+V3) b /5(3-v3) ¢ v2(4-V5) d (2-V2)34V5) e (2-v3)3-¥7) f (44V5)(24V3) g@ (5-3-3) h (44V3)(2-3) i (7-VIN2+VT1) © 3 Simplify 75 - 12 giving your answer in the form a/3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @® Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, itis sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. ™ The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form -+., multiply the numerator and denominator by a. va’ + For fractions in the form ae multiply the numerator and denominator by a - \ ae + For fractions in the form —* sr multiply the numerator and denominator by a+ 0. v b. Bb 13Chapter 1 Goo Rationalise the denominator of: at r— d 3 34v2 (= V3P 1 1x @-V2) 3402 B+V2\8-V2) 3-2 9-32 43/2 -2 2 | . a YE +V2 _ WS + V2" + V2) V5-V2 WS -V2W5 + V2) D+ V5V2 + VBS +2 : 5-2 | 27+ 2vi0 w 1 1-V3- 3409 “4-28 _ 1x4 42/3) © (4 = 2134 + 2V3) 14Algebraic expressions oO ema 1 Simplify: 1 a . °2B 4s ‘ ia we 8 Vis6 1G 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: a ro ex a ex led 245 3-7 3-8 3-8 ¢ 3a 5 b 22 ; tt i ¥3-V7 4-05 8a BF 34/0 Vaa7 viv -vit + 3 ee 7 ae vi7+Vi vat - ¥29 ¥3-v2 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 4 = b os *G-aP arise ° one L 2 e ‘———_ (S+V2)(3-V2) (5 -v3)(2+v3) “ giving your answer inthe form p + qV5, where p and q are rational Nouican chek inet your opel i te cutter nomtecs nae (marks) ffm by writing down the values of p and q and checking that they ae rational numbers. oO 1 Simplify: a yxy b 3x2x 2x5 ¢ (4x23 + 2x5 d 4B x 33 x bt 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (v+3)@-9) b Qx-7Gx41) © (2x+5)3x-y+2) 3 Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x +4)(r= 1) b&+2e-I+7) — € Qv+3)|v-2GN-1) 4 Expand the brackets: a Sy +4) b Sx°B—Sx+ 2x) © SxQv+3)—2v1- 3x) d_ 30 + 3x) 20-2) 15Chapter 1 10 uw 12 13 14 Factorise these expressions completely: a Sat 44x b 4y? + Loy e Stayt xy? @ 8x9? + 10x7y Factorise: a xt43r42 b 3x2 + 6x © x2 2x35 d 22-33 e Sxt-13v-6 ff 6-Sx-x? Factorise: a 2x34 6x b x 36x © 2x3 + 7x2 = 15x Simplify: a 9x3 2 3x3 b (4) © 3x2 x Qxt d 3x5 26x) Evaluate: 7 * (5) » (335) Simplify: a3 ve a Find the value of 35x? + 2x - 48 when x = 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors, b 20 + 245 - 80 Expand and simplify if possible: a (2(3+V5) b (2-V5\5+V3) © (6-V2\4-V7) Rationalise the denominator and simplify: at r—t «3 4 V3 -V37 é 1 f 1 3 2-1 v3-2 V2 4V37 (24437 (-v7P a Given that x3 — x? — 17 — 15 = (x + 3)(x? + bx + 0), where b and c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x ~ x? - 17x ~ 15. Given that y = ggx' express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, ay (1 mark) b 4y (1 mark) Show that =="; can be written in the form V+, where a and hare integers. (S marks) Expand and simplify (11 — 55-11). (2 marks) Factorise completely x ~ 64x, (3 marks) Express 272+ in the form 3, stating y in terms of x. (2 marks)Algebraic expressions Solve the equation 8 + xV/T2 = 7 Give your answer in the form av where a and b are integers. (4 marks) ©® 21 A rectangle has a length of (1 +V/3)em and area of /T2.em*. Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a + 5/3, where a and b are integers to be found. Q-vxF © 22 Show that can be written as 4x-$=4 + x', (2 marks) G®) 23 Given that 2433 = 3+, find the value of a. (3 marks) Saxt © 24 Given that “= can be written in the form 4x* +x", write down the value of @ i and the value of b. (2 marks) ‘a Simplify (Va + Vb) (Va - vb). 1 1 1 1 Wie ead Baie Veanves Aeon 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. © atxareanen easa=ann © sam © (aby'= abn b Hence show that 2. Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3. A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + c where a,b and c are real numbers and a #0. & 2-y= (x4 y)e-y) 5 You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. eak=Var e@a=1 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: © ab = fax ib 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: va b Vb © Fractions in the form -L., multiply the numerator and denominator by Va. va © Fractions in the form — Multiply the numerator and denominator by a—VB. a+ @ Fractions in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by a + Vb. WyAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square ~> pages 19 ~ 24 © Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions > pages 25-27 © Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function > pages 27 -30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression ~ pages 30-32 © Use and apply models that involve quadratic functions ~ pages 32-35 Solve the following equations: a 3x+6=x-4 b 5(x+3) =6(2x—1) € 4x?= 100 d (x-8) = 64 ‘© GCSE Mathematics 2 Factorise the following expressions a 248x415 b x24+3x-10 © 3x¢- 14-5 d x*-400 «Section 1.3 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: a y=3x-6 © x+2y=18 © GCSE Mathematics Quadratic functions are used to model f projectile motion. Whenever an object axe8<1l beax-5 is thrown or launched, its path will - © 4x-7=2(x-1) d4-x< & approximately follow the shape of a © GCSEMathematics “~ parabola. ~ Mixed exercise Q11 Pe [ES Solve the following inequalities:@) solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + by + Quadratics = 0, where a, b and c are real constants, and a # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +.c= + Factorise the left-hand side CEEEED the solutions toan ‘equation are sometimes called the roots of the equation. * Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of ex) Solve the following equations: a e- 2-15 b t= 9x © 6e413y-5=0 d xe-Sx+18=243 a x?-2x-15=0 (w+ 3) - 5) =0~ Then either x +3=O0-x=-3 or x-5s05x=5 So x=-3 and x of the equation. b x x= 9x= xix - 9) Then either x =O or x-9=05x=9 The solutions are x = O and x = 9. © Gx?#138x-5=0 Gx - (2x +5)=0 Then either 3x-1=O- x or 2x4+5=0—x= The solutions are x and x 4 5x4 x - Bx 416 (x= Ayr 4 Then either x ~ 4 or x4 5 are the two solutions [— Factorise the quadratic. Section 1.3 IF the product of the factors is zero, one of the factors must be zero. CEEED the symbol > means implies that’ This statement says If.x +3 =0, then x =—3 "__ Aquadratic equation with two distinct factors has two distinct solutions, The signs ofthe solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor. Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x. {may have the value 0. Instead, rearrange into the form ax? + bx +.¢=0. Factorise. LL Factorise. Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. The quaratc equation (x +g) +) = Owi have solutions x=—4 and x =—% 4 L_ Rearrange into the form ax?+ bx +.¢=0. ‘— factorise. CEEEED wren a quadratic equation has exactly one root itis called a repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots. 19Chapter 2 Jn some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, G=IX:) a Qx-3P=25 b (x-3P=7 statements in one line of working, You say ‘plus or minus. a (2x - 3F = 25 2x 3 = 5 ~————_Take the square root of both sides. ax=325~ Remember 5? = (-5)*=25. Then either 243 +594 | at eese— 34 & ‘Add 3 to both sides. The solutions are x = 4 and » 7. Take square roots of both sides. a7 x=3aV7 The solutions arexx=3 + V7 and x=3-7 ‘You can leave your answer in surd form. 0 a= 1 Solve the follo ax +3x4+2=0 bv 4Sy44=0 © +704 10=0 et-8xt15=0 ff xt-9x4+20=0 gg x?-Sx-6=0 1g equations using factorisation: 2. Solve the following equations using factorisation: b xe =25x f 6° -7x-3=0 equations: b (2x-3P=9 © (x-7P = 36 d 2x=8 e 3x5 g Gx-1P=1 h 5x2 Tex4x? j 4x2 + 17x = 6x- 29? © 4 This shape has an area of 44 m?. <—xm- { Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of x t ce+3)m __t. © 5 Solve the equation Sx +3 = 3x47. 20Quadratics ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. ® The solutions of the equation CHEE 00 need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 are given by the formula: into the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 before reading off +/B eae the coefficients. 2a by using the formula, 5 yang ii ca Put brackets around any negative values. xa Tere Wh 3 x (-1) = 412 7464 - vei Then x= 246! gp = 7 é Or.x = 2.47 (3 sf) or x = ~0135 (3 sf) eae 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. a e4+3r41=0 b xt-3x © 46x46=0 dd e-Sx-2=0 e38+10x-2=0 0 f 4x°-4v-1=0 0g 4x°-7x=2 h llx?+2x-7=0 2. Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers to three significant figures. axvttdee2=0 9b -8r4l f 2x? 3y et+llx-9=0 0 d xt-7x-17 248= 16x b 24 Iv = © 5x4 9x 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures. ae+8rt12=0 b at+9y-11=0 © ¥-9x-1=0 d 2x? + 5x42=0 GED 101 can use any method ae peeaiaio i you are confident with to solve f these equations. g 2x¢- I= 7x h x= 8-15 6x? + a1Chapter 2 4 This trapezium has an area of 50 _ Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(v5 — 1) m. rs Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —C+1)m— Cos CED Wiite the equation in the form even eee wecsiversoniett , ax? + bx + ¢=0 before using the quadratic iven that xis positive, solve the equation ie cei eiehe @) completing the square Itis frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: by _ (by = t+ b= (x+2)*-(2) You can draw a diagram of this process when x and b are positive: x The original rectangle has been rearranged intothe = *——*—>+ b> shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. form plx+ q)? +r where p, qand r are real constants is in completed square form. xe + bx = ‘Complete the square for the expressions: a x24 8x b xe-3x 12x Begin by halving the coefficient of x. Using the rule given above, b=8 50> = 4. a x? + 6x= (r+ 4) - 4 = (x4 4P -16 2 2 rn Be careful if is a fraction. Here (3) = 35 Here the coefficient of x? is 2, so take out a factor |. of 2. The other factor is in the form (x? + bx) so = 2((x — 3? - 34) you can use the rule to complete the square. = Aix - 3F - 9) = a(x - 3° - 16 ~—___ Expand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form. © 2x? — 12x = 2x? - Gx) 22Quadratics Write 3x2 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, q and rare integers to be found. ate exel CEE hiss an expression, so you cant divide every term by 3 without changing its value. = B(x? + 2x) +1 Instead, you need to take a factor of 3 out of = 3x4 1-1) 41 ax? 46x. = 3+ -341 miles You could also use the rule given above to complete the square for this expression, but it is safer to learn the method shown here. dears 0 DD in cvestinse, 1 Complete the square for the expressions: wre the expression as 4x2 ~ 16x + 10 then 2 a 2 2 2a axvtdy bxe-6r © x-l6r dxtx ext 14 es 2 Complete the square for the expressions: oo ane @ 2x24 16x b 3x2 24x © Sx2+20x d 2x?— Sx @ Bx-22 OBE TAGE EAD FID, So p= 3,q=1and 3 Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, g and r are constants to be found: a Qt+8rt1 — b Sx2- 15x43 € 3x2+2x-1 dd 10-16 4x3 @ 2x-8x? +10 © 4 Given that x? + 3x + 6 = (x +a) + b, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) © § Write 2 + 0.8% ~ 0.043? in the form 4 ~ B(x + C), where A, Band C are constants to be determined. (3 marks) Solve the equation x2 + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. x? 48x + 10=0 Check coefficient of x? = 1. x? + Bx = 10 Subtract 10 to get the LHS in the form .x° + bx: (4 49 - 4? = 40 ——________—_Compllete the square for x2 + 8x. (r+ 4P =-10416 ‘Add 4* to both sides. w+ 4re Ww44)eave Take square roots of both sides. x=-42V6 Subtract 4 from both sides. So the solutions are x =-4 +6 and x Leave your answer in surd form. 23Chapter 2 Solve the equation 2x? ~ 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. ees This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its 2x? ~ Ox +7 =0 w- 4x40 ae ‘own. The right-hand side is 0 so it is unchanged. &- ar - 2? &- = EL complete the square for x? 4x. (x = 2¥ | add 2? to both sides. ‘— Take square roots of both sides. So the roots are | Add 2 to both sides. xa2¢Landxa2- GED tsisrcicinoroenen solutions to quadratic equations quickly. Oo 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form. axv+6r+1=0 bxttl2x+3=0 © xt+4y-2=0 @ 2-10x=5 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, a 2x? +6x-3=0 b Sx? + 8x-2=0 © 4x2 -x-8=0 d 15- 6x - 2x? © 3 ¥- 14x +1 = (x +p)? + 4, where p and gare constants. a Find the values of p and q. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation x? - 14x + 1 = 0 can be written in the form r + s/3, where r and s are constants to be found. (2 marks) G@®) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Seen) the equation x? + 2bx + c= 0 are given by the formula Fauamtnecaneatene seen ere ~btVP (Aimarks) if the coefficients were numbers. Challenge Show that the solutions to the equation bs) GED start by dividing the whole equation by a. ax? + 2bx + ¢= O are given by x = b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation ax? + bx + ¢= 0 can be written as ELLED You can use this en it iae ‘method to prove the quadratic formula + Section 7.4 26Quadratics aS Functions A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs to asi The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. ™ The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain. = The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(x) = values in its domain to values in its range. = The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. Domain 050 (x43) 14> —14 ind the roots of the function f(x) = x6 + 7x3 = 8, x ER. fo) =0 cues eee f(s) can be written asa function ofa function. The only powers of xin lx) are 6,3 and 0 so you 3 + 7(x3) 8 2 0- ese Sk A) = Gms can write it as a quadratic function of x?. (3 = Dix? +8) =0 So x8 = 1 or x° ‘Treat x° asa single variable and factorise. Solve the quadratic equation to find two values her reckarcf are Tend = for.x, then find the corresponding values of x. Alternatively, let u fa) = x6 + 7x9 - 8 ‘You can simplify this working with a substitution. Ge? + 7043) - 8 ais 71-8 Replace x? with w and solve the quadratic equation in w. u - hu + 8) So when f(x) = 0, w Fustoxt= IF CREED the solutions to the quadratic equation will be values of u. Convert back to The roots of fix) are 1 and -2 values of x using your substitution OG: 8 x= 1. Using the functions f(x) = 5x + 3, g(x) =a? - 2 and h(x) = + T, find the values of: a fil) b 23) © h(8) d f(s) e g(V2) 4) f het) gf4)+92) bh 0) +e) +h) i 3 ® 2 The function f(x) is defined by fx) = x? - 2x, x ER. Seen nrg Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. Aisa Gece 3. Find all of the roots of the following functions: Sette resulting expleesiat cota woe a fix) = 10-15 b g(x) = (x + 9x-2) © h(x)= d jy = Md-2 © K(x) = xr + Sixt 7) £ mix) +6x—40 + 5x2 24v 26Quadratics 4 The functions p and q are given by p(x) 3x and q(x) = 2x-6,xER. Find the two values of x for which p(x) = q(x). 17x, xER. 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x5 + 30x and g( Find the three values of «x for which f(x) = g(x). © 6 The function f is defined as f(x) = x7 - 2x +2, xER. ‘a Write f(x) in the form (x + p)? + q, where p and q are constants to be found (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why f(x) > 0 for all values of x, and find the mini value of f(x), (1 mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a fx)= x +905 +8 b g(xy=xt= 1207432 UID) the functionin © h(x) = 27x + 26x3 - 1 ds j(x) = 32x - 33x5 +1 part b has four roots. © k(x) =x- Wx +10 f m(x) = 2xi + 2x5 - 12 8 The function fis defined as f(x) = 3° ~ 28(3") + 27, ER. e function f is defined as f(x) (3) + 27,xE Ee a Write f(x) in the form (3* - a)(3* - b), where a and 6 are real constants, b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) anal Consider f(x) asa @maris) function ofa function @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the graph of y = f(x) has a curved shape called a parabola You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. The coefficient of x determines the overall shape of the graph. When a is positive the parabola will have this shape: \/ ‘When ais negative the parabola will have this shape: /\ The graph crosses the y-axis when ; x= 0. The coordinate is equal to @ The graph crosses the x-axis when y=0.The q x-coordinates are roots of the function f(x). © Quadratic graphs have one turning point. This can be a minimum or a maximum, et Since a parabola is symmetrical, the turning point and line of symmetry are half-way between the two roots. 3 OF = You can find the coordinates of the turning point ‘The graph of y = alx+p)2+q of a quadratic graph by completing the square. isa translation of the graph of If F(x) = a(x + p)? +g, the graph of y = F(x) has a yaxby(7). Section 4.5 turning point at (-p, 9). q 27Chapter 2 Sketch the graph of y = ~ 5x +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point. Use the coefficient of x? to determine the general As a= 1s positive, the graph has a os me Mw shape of the graph. shape and a minimum point. When x = 0, y = 4, 80 the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 4). When y =O, x -Sx+4=0 (w= - 4) = x =1orx= 4,50 the graph crosses the x-axis at (1, O) and (4, O). Completing the square: ——_____ x? -Sxt4=(x- 9) - 344 ‘This example factorises, but you may need to use the quadratic formula or complete the square. Complete the square to find the coordinates of the turning point. So the minimum point has coordinates 6 CED ox use symmetry to nthe Alternatively, the minimum occurs when coordinate of the minimum point, you need to x is half-way between 1 and 4, substitute this value into the equation to find the -coordinate of the minimum point. 50 the minimum has coordinates (3, - 9). The sketch of the graph is: ‘You could use a graphic calculator or substitute some values to check your sketch, Whenx=5,y=58-5x5+4=4, EBD csi now te graph of y= (e+ pF + q changes as the values of p and q change using GeoGebr 28 eQuadratics Sketch the graph of y = 4x ~ 2x? — 3, Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. As a = ~2 is negative, the graph has a /\ shape and a maximum point. ph When x = 0, y = -3, so the gra crosses the y-axis at (0, -3). When y = 0, 2x? + 4-3 =0 Using the quadratic formula, 4 + (42 = AC2I-3) 2x 2) 42. x= There are no real solutions, so the graph does not cross the x-axis. Completing the square: 2x? + 4N- 3 = 72x? - 2x) -3 = -2(e- P= 1-3 =-2r- 1% +2-3 = =a 1 So the maximum point has coordinates 0. The line of symmetry is vertical and goes through the maximum point. It has the equation x = | Is easier to see that « <0 if you write the equation in the form y= ~2x? + 4x ~3. a=-2,b=4ande ‘You would need to square root a negative | number to evaluate this expression, Therefore this equation has no real solutions. ‘The coefficient of x* is ~2 so take out a factor of ~2 CEE 4 sketch graph does not need to be plotted exactly or drawn to scale. However you should: © drawa smooth curve by hand © identify any relevant key points (such as intercepts and turning points) © label your axes, 29Chapter 2 Oaz 1 Sketch the graphs of the following equations, For each graph, show the coordinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinate of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry. b y=x?+2n-15 ey ey = 0.5x? + 0.2 + 0.02 ©® 2 These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form ax? + bx +c. Find the values of a, b and ¢ for each function. ees Check your answers by substituting values into the function. in part e the graph passes through (0, -18), so h(0) should be -18. GP) 3 The graph of y = ax? + bx + chas a minimum at (5, -3) and passes through (4, 0). Find the values of a, b and ¢ (3 marks) (2.5 } The discriminant if you square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that ify is negative, VF cannot be a real number. Look at the quadratic formula: If the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be a real number and there are no real solutions. If the value under the square root is equal to 0, both solutions will be the same. ® For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + hx + ¢, the expression b? — 4ac is called the iminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + IFS? ~ gac > 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + If? - 4ac = 0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + If 5? - 4ac <0 then f(x) has no real roots. 30Quadratics You can use the discriminant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of y = f(x) where f(x) = ax? + bx + 6, a>0 a : a a . WP bac > 0 4ac=0 B hac <0 Two distinct real roots One repeated root No real roots. a . a = a O. B-AxIxk>O 16 -4k>0 16 > 4k 4>k ERED Expiore how the value of the ca @ Sok <4 __ For any value of k less than 4, the equation will have 2 distinct real solutions. 31