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IFAC PapersOnLine 55-39 (2022) 382–387

The
The Framework for Research of Smart Silver Villages
The Framework
Framework for for Research
Research of of Smart
Smart Silver
Silver Villages
Villages
Borut
Borut Vidmar
Vidmar (Phd
(Phd student)*,
student)*, Assoc.
Assoc. Prof.
Prof. Phd.
Phd. David
David Bogataj*,
Bogataj*, Phd.
Phd. Valerija
Valerija Rogelj**
Rogelj**
Borut The (Phd
Borut Vidmar
Vidmar Framework
(Phd student)*, for Research
student)*, Assoc.
Assoc. Prof. Phd. of
Prof. Phd. Smart
David
David Silver
Bogataj*,
Bogataj*, Phd.Villages
Phd. Valerija
Valerija Rogelj**
Rogelj**
*
* Alma
Alma Mater
Mater Europaea
Europaea –– ECM in Zavod INRISK, Slovenia, **Zavod INRISK, Slovenia (e-mail:
* Alma
Alma Mater
* Borut Vidmar
Mater Europaea –– ECM
(Phd student)*,
Europaea ECM
ECM
in
in
in
Zavod
Zavod
Assoc.
Zavod
INRISK,
INRISK,
Prof.
INRISK, Phd.
Slovenia,
Slovenia, **Zavod
**Zavod
David Bogataj*,
Slovenia, **Zavod
INRISK,
INRISK,
Phd. Valerija
INRISK,
Slovenia
Slovenia
Slovenia
(e-mail:
(e-mail:
Rogelj**
(e-mail:
borut.vidmar@almamater.si),
borut.vidmar@almamater.si), (e-mail:
(e-mail: david.bogataj@almamater.si),
david.bogataj@almamater.si), (e-mail:
(e-mail:
borut.vidmar@almamater.si),
borut.vidmar@almamater.si), (e-mail:
(e-mail: david.bogataj@almamater.si),
david.bogataj@almamater.si), (e-mail:
(e-mail:
valerijarogelj@gmail.com),
* Alma Mater Europaea – ECM invalerijarogelj@gmail.com), Zavod INRISK, Slovenia, **Zavod INRISK, Slovenia (e-mail:
valerijarogelj@gmail.com),
valerijarogelj@gmail.com),
borut.vidmar@almamater.si), (e-mail: david.bogataj@almamater.si), (e-mail:
Abstract:
Abstract: Smart villages
Smart villages are are feasible
feasible solutions
solutions to develop
to develop European
valerijarogelj@gmail.com), European rural rural areas
areas and
and reverse
reverse depopulation
depopulation
Abstract:
Abstract: Smart
Smart villages
villages are
are feasible
feasible solutions
solutions to
to develop
develop European
European rural
rural areas
areas and
and reverse
reverse depopulation
depopulation
processes.
processes. As
As rural
rural areas
areas face
face migration
migration of
of younger
younger people
people towards
towards urban
urban areas,
areas, the
the ageing
ageing of
of population
population
processes.
processes. As
As rural
rural areas
areas face
face migration
migration of
of younger
younger people
people towards
towards urban
urban areas,
areas, the
the ageing
ageing of
of population
population
is
is there
there even faster and presents more challenges. Older adults would prefer to stay in their home and social
is there even
Abstract:
is there even
even
faster
Smart
faster
and
and presents
fastervillages
and are feasible
presents
presents
more
more challenges.
more solutions toOlder
challenges.
challenges. develop
Older
Older
adults
adults
adults
would
would prefer
European
would prefer
prefer
to
to stay
rural areas
to stayand
stay
in
in their
in reverse
their
their
home
home
home
and
and social
depopulation
and social
social
environment
environment as long
asrural
longareas as possible,
as possible,
possible, which
which also also
also goes
goes for for older
for people adults
older adults
adults in rural
in rural
rural areas.
areas. The
The European
European office
office of the
of the
processes.
environment
environment Asasas long
long as
as face migration
possible, which
which of younger
also goes
goes for older
older towards
adults in
in urbanareas.
rural areas,
areas. The
ThetheEuropean
ageing ofoffice
European population
office of
of thethe
World
World Health
Health Organization
Organization (later
(later on WHO)
onchallenges.
WHO) prepared prepared
prepared the handbook
the handbook
handbook with eight
with toeight
eight domains
domains supporting
supporting the
the
is there Health
World
World even faster
Health and presents
Organization
Organization (later
(later more on
on WHO)
WHO) Older adults
prepared the
the would prefer
handbook with
with stay domains
eight in their home
domains and social
supporting
supporting the
the
development
development as of an
oflong age-friendly
an age-friendly
age-friendly environment.
environment. This
This article reviewed
articleadults
reviewed how
how much
much literature
literature covers
covers smart
smart
environment
development
development of
of an as possible, which
an age-friendly also goesThis
environment.
environment. for older
This article
article in rural
reviewed
reviewed how
howareas.
much
muchTheliterature
Europeancovers
literature office of
covers smart
smartthe
villages
villages and
and age-friendly
age-friendly environments
environments in
in rural
rural areas.
areas. We
We used
used the
the Web
Web of
of Science
Science search
search tool
tool and
and several
several
World
villages
villages Health
and Organization
age-friendly
and age-friendly (later
environments
environments on WHO)
in rural prepared
areas.
in rural research Wethe
areas. Wecovering handbook
used the
used thethis Web
Web with
of eight
Science
of Science domains
search
searchis supporting
tool
tool and several
andresearch
several the
search
search strings
strings to
to consider
consider if
if there
there is
is sufficient
sufficient research covering this topic.
topic. While
While there
there is much
much research
development
search
search strings
strings of
to an age-friendly
consider if
to consider environment there environment.
is sufficient
if there is sufficient This
research article reviewed
covering this how
topic. much
While literature
there is covers
much smart
research
covering
covering the age-friendly
the age-friendly environment in cities,research
in cities, few only
few covering
only are this topic.
are dedicated
dedicated While
to rural
to rural thereWe
areas.
areas. We is concluded
much research
concluded that
that
villages
covering
covering andthe
the age-friendly
age-friendly
age-friendly environments
environment
environment in
in rural areas.
cities,
cities, few
few We used
only
only are
are the Web of
dedicated
dedicated to
to Science
rural
rural search
areas.
areas. We
We tool and several
concluded
concluded that
that
there
there is
is a
a need
need for
for further
further research
research to
to support
support the
the development
development of
of smart
smart silver
silver villages
villages as
as rural
rural age-friendly
age-friendly
search
there
there isstrings
is aa need
need and to
forconsider
for further
further if there is
research
research to sufficient
support
todomains
support give the
the research
development
developmentcovering of this topic.
smart
offrame
smart silver
silver While
villages
villagesthereas
as is much
rural
rural research
age-friendly
age-friendly
environments
environments and that eight WHO us a suitable for community development in this
covering the age-friendly
environments
environments and that
and that eight
that eight
eight
WHO
WHO domains
environment
WHO in cities,
domains
domains
give
givefew
give
us
us aaaonly
us
suitable
suitable
suitable
frame
frame for
are dedicated
frame fortocommunity
for rural areas.development
community
community We concluded
development
development
in
in
this
in that
this
this
direction.
direction. The literature
The literature
literature review
review was performed
wastoperformed
performed to determine
todevelopment
determine the the
the conditions
conditions for the
forvillagesresearch
the research
research framework
framework on
on
there is
direction.
direction. a need
The
The for further
literature research
review
review was
was support
performed the to
to determine
determine of
the smart
conditions
conditionssilverfor
for the
the as
research rural age-friendly
framework
framework on
on
smart silver
smart silver village.
silver village.
village. Subsequent
Subsequent research
research should
should focus
focus on the
on the smart
the smart
smart village
village field, including
field, including
including care for
care for older
forinolder
older
environments
smart
smart silver and
village. that eight
Subsequent
Subsequent WHO domains
research
research should
shouldgive us
focus
focus a suitable
on
on the frame
smart for
village
village community
field,
field, development
including care
care for this
older
adults
adults andandThe developing
developing social
social infrastructure
infrastructure for
for older
older adults
adults in rural
in the areas.
areas. Besides
ruralconditions Besides that,
that, the
the literature
literature review
review
direction.
adults
adults and
and developing literature
developing review
social
social was performed
infrastructure
infrastructure for to determine
for older
older adults
adults in
in rural
rural areas.
areas. for thethat,
Besides
Besides research
that, the framework
the literature
literature review
review on
for
for age-friendly
age-friendly environment
environment research
research considers
considers the
the applicability
applicability of
of their
their results
results in
in rural
rural areas
areas and
and smart
smart
smart
for
for silver
age-friendly village. Subsequent
environment research
research should
considers focus
the on the smart
applicability
age-friendly environment research considers the applicability of their results in rural areas and smart of village
their field,
results including
in rural care
areas for
and older
smart
villages.
villages.
adults
villages.
villages. and developing social infrastructure for older adults in rural areas. Besides that, the literature review
Copyright
Keywords:
Keywords:
for age-friendly ©ageing,
ageing, The
2022environment
older
older Authors.
adults,
adults, smart
research an
smartis village,
This open ICT,
village,
considers access
ICT, article
theage-friendly,
age-friendly,
applicability the
underrural
rural CC BY-NC-ND
area.
area.
of their results in rurallicenseareas and smart
Keywords: ageing,
ageing, older older adults, smart
smart village,
village, ICT, ICT, age-friendly,
age-friendly, rural rural area.
(https://creativecommons.org
Keywords:
villages.
adults,/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) area.
Keywords: ageing, older adults, smart village, ICT, age-friendly, rural area.
2020).
2020). Provision
Provision of
of long-term
long-term care
care services
services can
can be
be facilitated
facilitated
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION 2020). Provision
2020). Provision of of long-term
long-term care care services
services cancan be be facilitated
facilitated
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION by intelligent
by intelligent homes
intelligent homes
homes (Cui (Cui
(Cui etet al.,
et al., 2021).
al., 2021). Digital
2021). Digital transformation
Digital transformation
transformation
by
by intelligent homes (Cui et al., 2021). Digital transformation
The countryside
The countryside in in Slovenia,
Slovenia, Europe Europe and and around
around the the world
world is is of of care in
in rural
rural areas
careProvision
2020). areas (Drobez
(Drobezcare
of long-term
et
et al.,
al., 2021)
2021)can
services
enabled
enabled by
by new
new
be facilitated
The
The countryside
countryside in
in Slovenia,
Slovenia, Europe
Europe and
and around
aroundofthe the world
world is is of of care
care in
in rural
rural areas
areas (Drobez
(Drobez et
et al.,
al., 2021)
2021) enabled
enabled by
by new
new
ageing
ageing rapidly.
rapidly. Over
Over 1.the
theINTRODUCTION
next
next 30
30 years,
years, one-third
one-third of inhabitants
inhabitants technologies
technologies based
based onmachine
onmachine learning
learning and wireless
and wireless
wireless sensor
sensor
ageing rapidly. Over the next 30 years, one-third of inhabitants by intelligent
technologies
technologies homes
based
based (Cui et
onmachine
onmachine al., 2021).
learning
learning Digital
and
and transformation
wireless sensor
sensor
ageing
of Europe
of rapidly.
Europe willwill beOver
be 65 the
65 years next
years old 30
old or years,
or older, one-third
older, andand nearly of
nearly half inhabitants
half willwill be network. Up
be network. Up toto now
now most
most research
research regarding
regarding telecare
telecare (Colnar,
(Colnar,
The countryside of care inUp
network. Uprural areasmost
to now
now (Drobez
most research et al., 2021) telecare
regarding enabled (Colnar,
telecare by new
(Colnar,
of
of Europe
Europe
50+.
50+. In some
In
will
some bein65
be
willregions
regions65Slovenia,
years
years
ratio
oldEurope
ratio old
between
between
or
or older,
older, and
the
andaround
the andactive
active
nearly
nearly the
halfworld
half
population
population
will
willand
and
is network.
be
be Dimovski
Dimovski and
and
toBogataj,
Bogataj,
research
2021)
2021) and
and
regarding
ambient
ambient assisted
assisted living
living was
was
ageing
50+. In rapidly.
some Over
regions the next
ratio 30
between years,the one-third
active of inhabitants
population and technologies
Dimovski and based
Bogataj, onmachine
2021) and learning
ambient and wireless
assisted livingsensor
was
50+.
the In some regions
the population,
population, aged 80+
aged ratiowill
80+ between
will fall from
fall the 12
from active
12 to 33population
to in the
in the nextnextand 40 Dimovski
40 in
in the
the
network.
context
context
and of
Up
Bogataj,
of
to
2021) and
development
development
now most research
of
of
ambient
smart
smart
assisted
cities
cities
regarding
(Bogataj,
(Bogataj,
telecare
living was
Rogelj
Rogelj
(Colnar,
of
the
theEurope will
population,
population, be
aged65 years
80+ old
will or
fallolder,
from and
12 nearly
to 3 in half
the will
next be
40
40 in in the
the context
context of development
of development of
of smart
smart cities (Bogataj,
cities (Bogataj, Rogelj
Rogelj
years.
years. (Bogataj, aged
Bogataj 80+and willKavšek,
and fall from
Kavšek, 12 toRural
2021). 3 in the
Rural areas next
in the
the and
and Salaj,
Salaj, 2021).
2021). Smart
Smart homes
homes can
can be
be adapted
adapted for
for elderly
elderly care
living care
50+.
years.
years. In(Bogataj,
(Bogataj,
(Bogataj,
Bogataj
some regions
Bogataj
Bogataj ratio
and
and between
Kavšek,
Kavšek,
2021).
the active
2021).
2021). Rural
Rural
areas
population
areas
areas
in
in
in and
the
the Dimovski
and
and Salaj, and Bogataj,
Salaj, 2021).
2021). Smart 2021)
Smart homesand
homes canambient
can be adapted
be assisted
adapted for elderly
for elderly was
care
care
European
European Union
Union are
are ageing
ageing faster
faster than
than urban
urban areas.
areas. This
This is
is due
due (Ransing
(Ransing and
and Rajput,
Rajput, 2015).
2015). Intelligent
Intelligent housing
housing units
units (Cui
(Cui et
et
the population,
European Union aged
are 80+
ageing will
fasterfall from
than 12
urban to 3 in
areas. the
This next
is 40
due in the
(Ransing
(Ransing context
and
and of development
Rajput,
Rajput, 2015).
2015).(Colnar of smart
Intelligent
Intelligent cities
housing
housing(Bogataj,
units Rogelj
(Cui
unitsfacilitate
(Cui etet
European
to
to the
the Union
outmigration
outmigration are ageing
of
of young
young faster than
cohorts
cohorts urban
(Bogataj
(Bogataj areas. et
et This
al.,
al., is due
2020).
2020). al.,
al., 2021)
2021) of
of smart
smart villages
villages (Colnar et
et al.,
al., 2020)
2020) can
can facilitate
years.
to the (Bogataj,
outmigrationBogataj of and
young Kavšek,
cohorts 2021).
(Bogataj Rural et areas
al., in the
2020). and
al.,
al., Salaj,
2021)
2021) 2021).
of
of smart
smart Smart homes
villages
villages (Colnar
(Colnarcan be
et
et adapted
al.,
al., 2020)
2020) for elderly
can
can care
facilitate
facilitate
to the
The
The outmigration
reasons
reasons are, in
are, in most of young
most cases,cohorts
cases, (Bogataj
the departure
the departure et al., people
of young
of young 2020). ambient
people ambient assisted
assisted living
living (Bogataj
(Bogataj et
et al., 2020b)
al., housing
2020b) units also
also inin rural
rural
European
The
The reasons
reasons Union
are, are
are, in
in ageing
most
most faster
cases,
cases, the
thethan urban areas.
departure
departure of
of young
youngThispeopleis due ambient
people (Ransing
ambient and Rajput,
assisted
assisted living
living2015).
(Bogataj
(BogatajIntelligent
et
et al.,
al., 2020b)
2020b) also
also (Cui
in
in et
rural
rural
from
from rural
rural areas
areas to
to cities
cities where
where there
there are
are more
more opportunities
opportunities areas.
areas. Most
Most significant
significant difference
difference between
between organisation
organisation of
of
to the
from outmigration
rural areas to of
cities young
where cohorts
there (Bogataj
are more et al.,
opportunities2020). al.,
areas.2021)
Most of smart villages
significant (Colnar
difference et al.,
between 2020) can facilitate
organisation of
from
for
for work
The
for
rural and
work areasmore
and
reasonsand
work
to cities
more
are,more
in most
where there allowing
infrastructure,
infrastructure,
cases, the departure
infrastructure,
are more for
allowing
allowing
opportunities
for
of young
for higher areas.
aa higher
aa people
higher
long-term
long-term
ambient
long-term
Most caresignificant
care
assisted
care
(later on
(later
living
(later on
difference
on LTC)
LTC)
(Bogataj
LTC)
servicesbetween
services
services
betweenorganisation
between
et al.,
between
urban and
2020b)urban
and rural
alsoand
urban
of
rural
in rural
for work
standard and
of livingmore in infrastructure,
line with the modernallowing
modern perception for
perception of higher
of thethe areas long-term
areas is
is care
density
density (later
of
of on LTC)
population
population services between
and spatial urban and
dispersion rural
of
standardruralof living incities
line with the areas. Most significant differenceand spatial
between dispersion
organisation of
of
from
standard
standard
world. This
world. ofareas
of
This livingtoin
living
problem
problem in of
of
line
line where
with
with
rapid
rapid
there
the
the are more
modern
modern
population
population
opportunities
perception
perception
ageing
ageing rural of
in rural
in
of thethe areas
areas,
areas, areas
dwellings
dwellings
is
is density
density
(Bogataj,
(Bogataj,
of population
of Temeljotov-Salaj,
population
Temeljotov-Salaj,
and
and spatial
spatial
and
and
dispersion
dispersion
Bogataj,
Bogataj, of
2021).
2021).
for
world.workThis and moreof
problem infrastructure,
rapid population allowing
ageing forrural
in a higher
areas, long-term
dwellings
dwellings care (later on
(Bogataj,
(Bogataj, LTC) services between
Temeljotov-Salaj,
Temeljotov-Salaj, and
and urban and2021).
Bogataj,
Bogataj, rural
2021).
world. This
combined with problem
with relatively of
relatively less rapid population
less developed
developed physical,ageing in rural
physical, social areas,
social and Capacity
and Capacity planning of smart social infrastructure was presented
combined
standard
combined ofwith
living in line less
relatively withdeveloped
the modern perception
physical, social of and areas
the Capacity
Capacity is planning
density of
planning
planning of smart
smart
social
population
of smart social
social
infrastructure
and spatial was
infrastructure
infrastructure was
presented
dispersion
was presented
presented of
combined with
health infrastructure,
health relatively
infrastructure, less
makes
makes developed enabling
enabling physical, social
age-friendly
age-friendly and by
by Rogelj
Rogelj and
and Bogataj
Bogataj (2018).
(2018). Different
Different financial
financial and
and public
public
world.
health This problem
infrastructure, of rapid makespopulation enablingageing in rural
age-friendlyareas, dwellings
by
by Rogelj
Rogelj (Bogataj,
and Bogataj
and Bogataj Temeljotov-Salaj,
(2018).
(2018).can Different
Different and Bogataj,
financial
financial and 2021).
public
and public
health infrastructure,
environments
environments in rural
rural areas areasmakes enabling
a significantly
significantly greater age-friendly
challenge value value capture
capture instruments
instruments can be
be used
used to
to was finance
finance the
the
combined
environments
environments within
in
inrelatively
rural
rural areas
areaslessaaa developed
significantly
significantly
greater
physical,
greater
greater
challenge
social
challenge
challenge and Capacity
value
value planning
capture
capture of smart social
instruments
instruments can infrastructure
can be
be used
used to presented
toin finance
finance the
the
than
than in
in urban
urban centres.
centres. We
We also
also can
can see
see that
that developing
developing an age-
an age- development
development
age- development of
of social infrastructure
social(2018).
infrastructure also
also rural
in rural
rural areas
areas
health
than
than in
in infrastructure,
urban
urban centres.
centres. We
We makes
also
also can
can see
see enabling
that
that developing
developing age-friendly
an
an age- by Rogelj
development and Bogataj
of
of social
social Different
infrastructure
infrastructure financial
also
also in
in and
rural public
areas
areas
friendly environment
friendly environment in in rural
rural areasareas is is being
being devoted
devoted less less (Bogataj,
(Bogataj,
value
Bogataj and
and Drobne,
Bogatajinstruments
capture Drobne,can 2020).
2020). be used to finance the
environments
friendly
friendly in rural areas
environment
environment in
in rural
rural a significantly
areas
areas is
is greater
being
being challenge
devoted
devoted less
less (Bogataj,
(Bogataj, Bogataj
Bogataj and
and Drobne,
Drobne, 2020).
2020).
research
research than
than in urban
in urban
urbanWe areas.
areas. development of social infrastructure also in rural areas
than in
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of smart
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et al.,
al., 2020a).
2020a). Smart
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digital 2019) of smart
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and substantially
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(Rogelj, transformation
Salaj and
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2021) lifetime
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(Bogataj
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and al., 2020a).
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(Rogelj, infrastructure
Salaj
Salaj and
and Bogataj,
Bogataj,is based2021)
2021) on the cost
cost of health care and
and LTC
LTC for
for older
older adults.
adults. (Bogataj
(Bogataj et
et al.
al.
and development
and development
development of
of smart age-friendly
smartdigital
age-friendly environments
environments (Kavsek,
(Kavsek, the risk
the of
costfalls,
of
cost of social
health
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care and
carevillages LTC and
and LTCwith forloneliness
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adults. this
adults.arrangementpostpones
(Bogataj
(Bogataj et al.
et al.
two
and
and development of
development trends:
of smart
smart transformation
age-friendly
age-friendly environments
environments of community
(Kavsek,
(Kavsek, 2020b).
2020b). Smart
Smart silver
silver villages with it’s spatial
it’s spatial arrangement of
of
Rogelj
Rogelj andand Bogataj,
and social
Bogataj, 2021). This
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2021). (Rogelj, enabled
wasSalaj
enabled by
by development
development the needSmart
2020b).
2020b). to move
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silver
silver villages
villages homes
with
with andspatial
it’s
it’s substantially
spatial decrease
arrangement
arrangement of
of
health
Rogelj
Rogelj and
and Bogataj,
Bogataj, services
2021).
2021). This
This was
was enabled
enabled and Bogataj,
by
by development
development 2021) the
the facilities,
facilities, can
can reduce
reduce the
the costs
costs of
of daily
daily assistance
assistance and
and
of
of ambient
ambient assisted
assisted living technologies
livingage-friendly
technologiesenvironments (Rogelj
(Rogelj and Bogataj, the
Bogataj,
and (Kavsek, the cost of health
facilities,
facilities, can
can care and LTC
reduce
reduce the
the for older
costs
costs of
of adults.
daily
daily (Bogataj etand
assistance
assistance al.
and
and
of development
ambient assisted of smart
living technologies
of ambient assisted living technologies (Rogelj and Bogataj, ensure (Rogelj and Bogataj, ensure
ensure regular
regular maintenance
maintenance of
ofwithfacilities
facilities and devices,
and devices,
devices, and for
and for
for
2020b).regular
Smart silver villagesof
maintenance it’s spatial
facilities and arrangement and of
Rogelj and Bogataj, 2021). This was enabled by development ensure regular maintenance of facilities and devices, and for
the facilities, can reduce the costs of daily assistance and
2405-8963
of ambient assisted© living
Copyright 2022 The Authors. This
technologies is an open
(Rogelj andaccess article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
Bogataj,
Peer review under responsibility of International Federation of Automatic Control. ensure regular maintenance of facilities and devices, and for
10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.12.059
 Borut Vidmar et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 55-39 (2022) 382–387 383

maintaining a safe and neat lounge and environment for the
older adults. (Bogataj, Temeljotov-Salaj, and Bogataj, 2021).
Digitally supported telecare and LTC services, social
infrastructure, ambient intelligence technologies, assistance
centres and age-friendly environments facilitate independence
and autonomy of ageing population. (Colnar, Dimovski and
Bogataj, 2021, Colnar et al., 2020). Accessibility to a smart,
age-friendly environment that accommodates the lower
functional capacities of different groups of older adults who
are dependent on LTC services can enable older adults to live
longer in the community and postpone or even prevent moving
to a nursing home. (Kavšek, Rogelj, Bogataj, 2021).
Healthcare services will still demand certian amount of human
reseurses, and a shortage of nurses poses serious concerns
relating to the sustainability of health and care systems. (Grah
et al., 2020).
1.2 Smart silver village consept
The concept of a smart silver village is the concept of
regulating physical, built, health and social infrastructure in
rural areas, which would allow older adults to live longer in
their social environment. Smart silver villages offer a solution
for older adults in rural areas to stay autonomous and
independent for longer. As a result, moving to a nursing home
can be postponed (Bogataj et al., 2020, Bogataj et al. 2020a).
In this respect, smart silver village is an infrastructure project
that includes improving both built infrastructure and social
health infrastructure in rural areas, enabling older adults to stay
in a more age friendly environment, as stated in the Wolrd
health Organization Organization (later on WHO) handbook
Age-friendly environment in Europe (WHO, 2017). The eight
domains of an age-friendly environment, as defined by the
WHO, are divided into three groups: Municipal services
(domains: Community and Health services; Communication
and information); Physical environment (domains: Outdoor
environment; Transport and mobility; Housing) and Social
environment (domains: Civic engagement and employment;
Social inclusion and non-discrimination; Social participation).
Table 1: Three physical dimensions and eight domains of age
friendly environment
participate. It is based on a WHO model of eight domains for
age-friendly cities and communities that local governments
widely use in Europe as the point of reference (WHO, 2017).
1.3 Web of Science search
Is there already some research in the field of age-friendly rural
environments which would give some understanding of how
to develop rural communities, including smart silver villages?
We used the Web of Science (later on WoS) to search for the
number of papers covering smart cities, smart villages, and
age-friendly environments for older adults as presented in
Table 2. We can see numerous papers are found on topics of
smart cities and also age-friendly environments. However,
much fewer articles consider smart villages. There are only
eleven articles on the subject of smart villages and older adults.
Considering also the age-friendly environment, there is one
single paper (as the other one found is not relevant).
Table 2: Number of papers in WoS according to search string
– smart cities/ smart villages.
Number
Web of Science (WoS) search string of
papers
smart cities 35.019
smart cities AND age friendly environment 27
smart cities AND older adults 91
age friendly environment 2.389
smart villages 847
smart villages AND age friendly environment 2
smart villages AND older adults 11
Source: WoS, 28.6.2022
Afterwards, we searched for articles including each of eight
domains listed in the WHO age-friendly environment
handbook. When combining each domain with smart village
and age friendly, there were no articles found in WoS, except
community and health service domain which offered one paper
with smart village content.

Physical Table 3: Number of articles indexed in WoS according to

dimension Domain search string – 8 domains of WHO age-friendly environment.
1. Outdoor environment AND (age AND (smart
Physical 2. Transport and mobility Search by age friendly environment Searching friendly) village) AND
domain (WHO) item AND (rural (age
environment 3. Housing
OR village) friendly)
Social 4. Social Participation outdoor environments 23.897 6 0
environment 5. Social inclusion and non-dicriminiqation transport OR mobility 1.960.249 29 0
6. Civic engangement and empoyment housing 349.020 40 0
social participation 117.069 36 0
Municipal 7. Communication and infromation social inclusion OR non-discrimination 54.985 16 0
Services 8. Community and health services civic engagement OR employment 222.683 11 0
communication OR information 5.048.513 88 0
Concept of smart villages is one of possible solutions to stop community or health services 5.079.184 263 1
or even revers depopulation trend in European rural areas (EC, Source: WoS, 28.6.2022
2022).
Number of papers covering smart cities/smart villages and age
These policies to create better age-friendly environments are a friendly environment/older adults is increasing through years
strong movement in Europe and globally in which many cities, in last decade as we can see form Figure 1 and 2.
communities, local authorities and regional governments
384 Borut Vidmar et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 55-39 (2022) 382–387

information, social care, nursing care and education of older

adults as well as service providers (Mežnarec, Bogataj, 2021).
Table 4: Papers in WoS according to search string – smart
villages and age friendly environment/older adults.
Name of author Year published Topic

Barriers and Facilitators to Using

Smart Home Technologies to
Alzahrani, et al. 2021 Support Older Adults
Development Dynamics of
Health and Social Infrastructure
for the Long-Term Care - the
Bogataj, et al. 2021 Case of the Posavje Region
Planning Digital Transformation
Bogataj, et al. 2020 of Care in Rural Areas
Figure 1: Number of papers – Age friendly environment –
Digital Transformation of Care in
smart cities/ smart villages by years
Drobez, et al. 2021 Rural Areas

Ma, Guerra-Santin and Smart Home Modification Design

Mohammadi 2022 Strategies for Ageing in Place
Ageing Well in Small Villages:
Moor, Hammers and Environmental Indicators of
Mohammadi 2022 Residential Satisfaction
Smart and Age-Friendly
Communities in Poland. An
Analysis of Institutional and
Podgórniak-Krzykacz, Individual Conditions for a New
Przywojska and Concept of Smart Development
Wiktorowicz 2020 of Ageing Communities
Social Media Platform for Older
Tsai, et al. 2011 Adults in a Senior Village
Motivation of Older Adults to
Figure 2: Number of papers – Older adults – smart cities/ smart
Participate in Exercise or
villages by years Tsai, et al. 2022 Physical Fitness Activities
2. IDENTIFIED GAPS Ambient Home Health and
Wellness Monitoring Platform
While there is a lot of research into smart cities and a suitable VandeWeerd, et al. 2020 for Older Adults
environment for older adults in urban settlements, there is (1)
very little research in the field of age-friendly environments in 3. RESEARCH AGENDA
rural areas. For example, tables 2 and 3 show a few articles Policies to create better age-friendly environments have
studying smart villages and age-friendly environments. become a forceful movement in Europe and globally in which
Also, considering each of the eight domains of the age-friendly a growing number of cities and communities, local authorities
environment (outdoor environments, transport and mobility, and regional governments participate. (WHO, 2017). Smart
housing, social participation, social inclusion and non- silver villages offer a solution for older adults in rural areas to
discrimination, civic engagement and employment, stay autonomous and independent longer and postpone
communication and information, community and health moving to a nursing home.
services), as presented in the WHO document (WHO, 2017), 3.1 Is smart village attractive for older adults
there are (2) no articles when the search is combined with age-
friendly and smart village topics. (1) Research in the field of age friendly environment in smart
villages is required to find out what Smart villages need to
Although many measures and solutions are likely to be easily make living there attractive for older adults. While many
transposed from cities into the rural area, (3) there are also solutions are already widely used in cities, in rural areas the
barriers according to rural environmental specifics, such as problem of overcoming greater distances between caregivers
sparse settlements, less developed transport, communication, and the problem of time delays due to greater distances is one
social and health infrastructure, and geographical dispersion of of the central challenges for successful further research and
service recipients. In order for rural areas to be comparable to application work. (Bogataj et al., 2020). The ageing of the
urban areas in terms of an age-friendly environment, it will be European population was not in the focus of Smart Villages
necessary to find appropriate solutions, particularly (4) in the yet, but it also fits the context of developing a European
areas of an organisation, human resources competence, ICT "silver" economy. (Bogataj et al., 2019). There is more than 40
support, robotics, artificial intelligence, transport services, % of European population living in rural areas and additional
 Borut Vidmar et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 55-39 (2022) 382–387 385

40% living in suburbs of cities and only 20% of European Categories of functional capacities
Physical
Domain Independent Assisted Nursing
population is living in cities. We would expect that dimension
living living home
accordingly there would be also larger number of scientific
articles on the field of age friendly environment in rural areas, Social Participation
but as we can see in Tabel 2 and 3, number of researches Social
Social inclusion and non-
covering these areas is significantly small. Older adults living environment
dicriminiqation
in rural areas would prefer to stay at their home or their village Civic engangement and
as long as they can. So it is of great importance to do sufficient empoyment
Communication and
research which would support development of age-friendly Municipal infromation
environments in rural areas. (Lehnert, et al., 2019) Concept of Services Community and health
smart silver villages is considered a reasonable option where services
such environments would meet community needs within the Outdoor environment
limits of available financial and human resources.
Physical Transport and mobility
3.2 Eight WHO domains for smart villages environment

(2) Eight domains of the age-friendly environment presented Housing

in WHO handbook (WHO, 2017) present a systematic and
sufficiently structured framework covering all main areas that
need to be addressed in future research of smart silver villages.
While some of the domains may already have been researched
for urban areas, we should consider whether their results can
apply to rural areas and smart silver villages.
3.3 Smart cities for smart villages
(3) There are some differences between urban and rural areas:
geographical dispersion of the population, relatively large
number of older adults, physical infrastructure like the internet
is not available in some areas, the educational structure of the
population is lower, and knowing how to use new
communication technologies is lower, social and health
services are not as developed as in the cities. The research
done in Poland, which also included comparisons between the
development of smart cities and smart villages, gave us hints
on challenges to the development of smart villages
(Podgórniak-Krzykacz, Przywojska and Wiktorowicz, 2020).
3.4 Human resources
Rural areas are facing a depopulation process, where young
adults are moving to cities, and therefore, rural areas lack
human resources. Thus (4) research is needed in the areas of
human resources competence, organisation of social care,
nursing care and education of older adults as well as service
providers in the usage of communication technologies, ICT
support, robotics, artificial intelligence, transport services and
information,
Smart villages implement their strategy to improve economic,
social and/or environmental conditions, in particular by
mobilising the solutions offered by digital technologies. The
question is how three physical dimensions and eight domains
of age friendly environment influence transition between three
categories of functional capacities and how ICT and AI
technologies can support more independent life or postpone
transition into less independent categories of functional
capacities.
Table 5: A research framework for smart silver villages – eight
WHO domains/ categories of functional capacities/ICT and AI
technologies
There are several ICT technologies which we can connect to
one or more of above listed domains and can provide more
independent living or prolong independent living for older
adults. These are autonomous vehicle, telecare, telehealth,
ambient assisted living, smart home, etc. Use of ICT also
strengthens social network and reduces social isolation among
older adults (Nedeljko, Bogataj and Kaucic, 2021). Social
cohesion and age-friendly environment also positively
infuences life satisfaction of older adults in rural areas
(Nedeljko, Toplak Perović and Kaučič, 2022). Within research
framework, we will try to find answers how ICT and AI
technologies can postpone transition into more dependant
categories of functional capacities. Besides that we will
research how smart villages can provide suitable infrastructure
in rural areas to use these technologies in full capacity and thus
add to social and financial value for society.
4. DISCUSSION
European Commission in its document, EU Action for Smart
Villages (EK, 2017) identified smart villages as rural areas and
communities building on their existing strengths and
developing new opportunities where traditional and new
networks are strengthened through digital,
telecommunications technologies, innovation, and innovation
better use of knowledge. Digital technologies and innovation
can improve quality of life, public services, resource utility,
reduce environmental impact, support short and value chains
in production and help provide services in rural areas. It is not
possible to apply a single approach to the introduction of smart
villages into a given area, as it depends on the characteristics
of each area, is based on the needs and potential of the rural
area concerned, so it is very useful for development to be based
on regional or local strategies.
The pilot project of Smart Eco-Social Villages (EK, 2019)
explained smart social eco villages as smart settlements,
communities in rural areas that use innovative solutions to
improve their resilience while building on local strengths and
opportunities.
One of the most relevant questions for older adults is where
they would wish to reside when their functional capacities fall
substantially, and when they will not be able to overcome the
386 Borut Vidmar et al. / IFAC PapersOnLine 55-39 (2022) 382–387
built barriers of their family home. The preferences of the
European population regarding the delivery and organisation
of LTC are reflected in the results of the Eurobarometer 283
(EC, 2007). It states that 90% of European older adults prefer
care in their own homes even when their functional abilities
fall far below the threshold of managing their home space.
Though we may understand "ageing in one's own home" as
ageing in the house where the elderly have lived in full
functional capacity, in the developed world this usually means
ageing in a residence where the elderly have "all housing
rights, which guarantee him autonomy, independence and
protect his dignity, where one can enter only at their will.
(Bogataj et al., 2020). Members of the society unambiguously
indicate that they wish to spend their old age in their own
communities, their own neighbourhood (Mather, Jacobssen
and Pollard, 2015).
There is a strong movement for rural development, specifically
for the development of smart villages, as we can see from
action of European Commission and pilot projects.
Considering the demographic movement of European
population and predictions for next few decades, especially in
rural areas, there is a huge need to set up solutions to mitigate
depopulation process as well as develop age friendly
environment. This is supported by acknowledging the
preferences of older adults to stay in their home as long as
possible. WHO's handbook for Age-friendly environment with
it's eight domains can give a holistic frame for the research
agenda. However, as smart silver villages are still a relatively
new concept and there is no model, research should also
include the necessary conditions for setting up a smart silver
village.
5. CONCLUSION
The paper present Smart Silver villages as a feasible and
reasonable option for developing an age-friendly environment
in European rural areas. WHO, the regional office for Europe,
had developed a handbook of domains for policy action for
Age-friendly environments. Eight domains (outdoor
environments, transport and mobility, housing, social
participation, social inclusion and non-discrimination, civic
engagement and employment, communication and
information, community and health services), systematically
cover all main areas of age-friendly communities. While many
articles cover the age-friendly environment in smart cities,
rural areas are covered poorly. It should be understood that
within a large number of articles found it may as well be, that
some of the applicable articles for age-friendly smart villages
have been missed due to narrow search string and perhaps
more focus should be given into literature research. Results of
some studies on age-friendly cities can be used and
accommodated to rural areas while considering differences in
environment. Rural areas have geographical dispersion of the
population, a relatively large number of older adults, physical
infrastructure like the internet is not available in some areas,
the educational structure of the population is lower, and
knowledge of how to use new communication technologies is
insufficient, social and health services are not as developed as
in the cities, and rural areas are facing depopulation process,
where young adults are moving to cities, and therefore rural
areas are short with human resources. There are of course
differences between European countries based on cultural
background, educational level, infrastructural development,
and several other factors, which may impact in which way to
approach development of a smart silver village. In either case,
information and communication technologies will play an
essential role in developing sustainable, age-friendly rural
societies. Research regarding the possible development and
implementation of these technologies in smart silver villages
to meet standards of an age-friendly environment should be
considered. As the main contribution the paper presents
identified gaps and proposes research agenda.
Acknowledgement: The authors acknowledge that the project
number L7-3188 Hierarchical design and financing of the
social infrastructure of smart silver villages was financially
supported by the Slovenian Research Agency.
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