تركيبات صحية وكهربائية - 154عمر


‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٤
 ١٥٤  
 
   
 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?   ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٥٤  
 
   
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٩ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K( Data show )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٥٠\١‫؛‬‫؛‬T‫؛‬٤٥،٦٠\٣٠F‫א‬ •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 Eplumbing FixturesF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 (Lavatories)–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J١
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWashbasinsF
، ––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EPFESF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WELavatory wall hungF ١ J١

،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬W  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 WElavatory on pedestalF ٢ J١
‫א‬KE٣F‫א‬–
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK‫א‬
 WEVanityF‫א‬ ٣ J١
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬––
‫א‬ ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤F،‫א‬
 :(Water Closets)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEOriental water closetF‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬
 W J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?٤‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESiphonF‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE٥F،EPFESF‫א‬
 W J
KE٦F،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J
 KE٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٥EF –‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩{٥F
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE١F
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
  JE٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  JE٣F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE٤F
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 –E٥F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 –E٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬–E٧F

-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 WEEuropean Water ClosetF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
 W‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 WEpFEsF– –‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬E١١{٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE، J٨F،
 W٢ J٢ J٢
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩F
 W٣ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠F،‫א‬
 WEsF٤ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١F–‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 –EFlush valve typeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢F–‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ EF
EpFEsFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨F
  JE٩F
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JE١٠F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EsF JE١١F
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬ J٣
 
‫א‬،
  J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WEShowerF‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬١٢ J١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣F،٩٠C٩٠٧٥C٧٥
 WEBathtubF‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،٦٠ J٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
٢، 
 KE١٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 WEJacuzziF‫א‬٣ J٣
EmassageF ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE، J١٥F‫؛‬‫א‬
 
 WEBidetF‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،?‫?א‬
-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬!
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،–١٦F،١{٥( P )
 
 WEKitchen sinkF‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE،–١٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEUrinalsF‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WESlab urinalF‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE، J١٨F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 WEStall urinal F‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE١٩F،‫א‬
 WEhlall urinalF‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦٠‫א‬
 KE٢٠F،‫א‬
 WEPedestal UrinalF‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
‫א‬،،‫א‬
KE٢١F،‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 
 
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‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٣F
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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‫א‬
   JE١٤F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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     
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‫א‬ JE١٥F
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    
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E‫א‬F‫א‬ JE١٦F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
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 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ JE١٧F
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬JE١٨F 
 
 
٦٠
 
 
  ١١٠
٧٠
٥٠
 
 
  ٤٥
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 
JE١٩F 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬JE٢١F 

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
  JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ ٥٠–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬KK، ١٠ ،١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
KE J٢٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE، J٢٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤F،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٢٢F 
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻴﺪة‬   ‫أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   JE٢٣F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E٢٥FE٢٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
  (Sanitary Works in Building) ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WEFloor drain F‫א‬ J١
–‫א‬K??‫א‬،?‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬KK‫א‬F
 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE، J٢٦F،?٣?٢‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 WEGully – trapF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?٤?٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE، J٢٧F، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WESoil stackF‫א‬ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬

 ?٤‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEWaste stackF‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬?٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 WEVent stackF‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬،?٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEManholesF‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬ J٦٠x٦٠ J
 ‫א‬
 KE،٢٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E٢٩F،‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
 K١٤‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬EF EF
 
 ‫א‬ JE٢٦F
 
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 ‫א‬EF  ‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٢٧F
 
 
 
 
 


 
 EF       EF
 ‫א‬ JE٢٨F  
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٢٩F
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WETwo pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KK 
   F‫א‬‫א‬
 ––
 W‫א‬‫א‬––E‫א‬
W( Traditional system )‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠F،‫א‬
WETwo pipe system fully ventedF‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 KE٣٣F،
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
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‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣٠F
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
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‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣٢F  
‫א‬  
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣٣F

- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 WEOne pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬––
WEOne pipe system fully ventedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 KE٣٤F،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٥F،
WESingle stack sovent systemF‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٦F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
KE٣٧F،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٨F،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥F
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
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 
 
  
 
 ‫א‬ E٣٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٣٨F  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬–E،،، J٣٩F–‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬–L– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WETwo pipe system with vent pipeF‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 J? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
EKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬EKF‫א‬‫א‬
F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EKF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤٠
––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠–١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(One pipe system fully ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 Wvented)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EKF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٤١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEOne pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

–?٥  –‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٤١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE٤٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤٥،٤٤،٤٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE J٤٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬ EF
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  JE٣٩F
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
   K
 
  K
‫א‬E F
   K
‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K
 
   
 
 EF  
 
 EF‫א‬  
 
 EF  
 
 EF  
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬EF  
‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤٠F
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K  
 K  
 K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  
   
EF   
EF‫א‬   
EF   
EF   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   JE٤١F
 
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
EHF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ERF‫א‬ ‫א‬
٩٠   ٧٥
١٦٠   ١٠٠
٢١٠   ١٢٥
٢٦٠   ١٥٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  JE٤٢F
 
 
 
 
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬
 
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ع‬.‫ع‬  
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ص‬.‫ع‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬
 
‫ت‬.‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺪاد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ ب‬. ‫ﺣﺖ‬  
‫ﻣﺪاد ﻓﻮق اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ ب‬.‫ﻓﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﺎض إﻓﺮﻧﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻒ‬
( ‫ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ ) ﺷﻄﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬  
( ‫ﺣﻮض اﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم ) ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻢ‬  
( ‫ﺣﻮض ﻏﺴﻴﻞ أﻳﺪي ) ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
( ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮن أرﺿﻴﺔ ) ﺑﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫س‬
EF  
‫ﺟﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮاب‬ ‫ﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫ ت‬.‫غ‬  
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة ﻓﺨﺎر‬ ‫ ف‬.‫م‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EF
 
 
‫א‬ JE٤٣F
 
- ٣٧ -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ١٥٤‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ع ﻋﻤﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ص ﻋﻤﻮد ﺻﺮف‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ت ﻋﻤﻮد ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﺖ ‪ .‬ب ﻣﺪاد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ .‬ب ﻣﺪاد ﻓﻮق اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﺎض إﻓﺮﻧﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻒ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ ) ﺷﻄﺎف (‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻮض اﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم ) ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ(‬ ‫ﺣﻢ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﻮض ﻏﺴﻴﻞ أﻳﺪي ) ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ (‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮن أرﺿﻴﺔ ) ﺑﻴﺒﻪ (‬ ‫س‬
‫ﻃﺒﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ JE٤٤F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ع ﻋﻤﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ص ﻋﻤﻮد ﺻﺮف‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ع ‪ .‬ت ﻋﻤﻮد ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﺖ ‪ .‬ب ﻣﺪاد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻮ‪ .‬ب ﻣﺪاد ﻓﻮق اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﺎض إﻓﺮﻧﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻒ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ ) ﺷﻄﺎف (‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻮض اﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم ) ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ(‬ ‫ﺣﻢ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺣﻮض ﻏﺴﻴﻞ أﻳﺪي ) ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ (‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮن أرﺿﻴﺔ ) ﺑﻴﺒﻪ (‬ ‫س‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻚ‬ ‫ط‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ JE٤٥F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪- ٣٨ -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE،،،،–٤٦F،‫א‬
 W J
 W 
 K?٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
F
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
W J
 K‫א‬ 
 W J
 K 
 W‫א‬ J
 KEF 
 W‫א‬ J
 K
  
 W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬–
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬E
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 EF
 
 
  EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬EF  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  EF
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤٦F 
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤–١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥
 KE٤٧F،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬ J٢
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 KE٤٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤٧F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤٨F
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Works of Water Supply for Buildings)
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 KE، J٤٩F،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
K   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WE٥٠F

  J ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬١ J١
،١٦‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٥١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٥١F
‫א‬‫א‬–W‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 KE J٥٢F،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٥٢F
 K ١٢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬
  EF
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٤٩F 
- ٤٥ -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ١٥٤‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت أرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫أرﺿﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ووﺳﻄﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫أﻓﻘﻴًﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺰان ﻋﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻟﻴ ً‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫وأرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫أرﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ JE٥٠F‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪EF‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪EF‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪ JE٥١F‬‬
‫‪- ٤٦ -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
‫ﺧﺰان‬  
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬  
 
 
 
‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
 
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﺎزل‬
 
‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬  
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﺎزل‬
 
 
 
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬  
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺘﺎن‬  
 
 
 
 ‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬ JE٥٢F
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬W J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٥٣F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٣
 E‫א‬‫א‬F٣xE‫א‬‫א‬F١HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٤zZ
 ٣٤٥Z٣x١٥Z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K٣١٢ZE‫א‬‫א‬F٢xE‫א‬‫א‬F٦Z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٥٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE J٥٤F
 WEHigh- rise building feed systemsF‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
E J٥٦F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٥٦F،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 
 
 
 
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬  
‫ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
 
 
 
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫أرﺿﻲ‬  
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬  
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   JE٥٣F
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
 
 
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات‬
 
‫واﻟﺨﺰان‬
 
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺰان اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬  
 
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺘﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺘﺎن‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٥٤F
 
 
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
 
 
‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬  
 
 
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫أوﺳﻂ‬  
 
 
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫أرﺿﻲ‬  
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬  
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٥٥F
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
  ‫ﺧﺰان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮي‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬   ‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
  ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
 
‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
  ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﺎزل‬
‫ﺧﺰان‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫أوﺳﻂ‬   ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬  
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺰان‬
  ‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫أوﺳﻂ‬
  ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ‬
  ‫ﺧﻂ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
  ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
  ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺰان‬ ‫א‬
‫ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺧﻂ‬
EF
‫أرﺿﻲ‬‫ ﺧﺰان‬ ‫א‬EF
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫أرﺿﻲ‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٥٦F
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ١/٢
EHHHWF١/٤
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF٣ /٤‫א‬‫א‬
١٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEWF‫א‬١/٤
  
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
 ٤  ٣ ٢١/٢  ٢ ١١/٢ ١١/٤  ١ ٣/٤ ١/٢ ١/٤ 
                ١ ٤  ١/٢
               ١ ٣ ٦  ٣/٤
             ١  ٢ ٦ ١٢  ١
           ١  ٢  ٤ ١٠ ٢٠  ١١/٤
         ١  ٢  ٣  ٦ ١٥ ٣٢  ١١/٢
       ١  ٢  ٣  ٦ ١٢ ٣٢ ٦٦  ٢
     ١  ٢  ٤  ٦ ١٠ ٢٠ ٥٦ ١١٠  ٢١/٢
   ١  ٢  ٣  ٦  ٩ ١٥ ٣٢ ٨٨ ٢٢٦  ٣
 ١  ٢  ٣  ٦ ١٢ ١٨ ٣٢ ٦٦ ١٨١ ٣٨٦  ٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬     J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬٣٠
K
‫א‬،‫א‬FL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
KE‫א‬KKK‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E، J٥٧F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E J٥٧F 
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EE J٥٧FF  
 
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬  
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬  
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ع‬.‫ع‬   
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ص‬.‫ع‬  
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ت‬.‫م‬  
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ‫س‬.‫ت‬.‫م‬
 
‫ﻣﺪاد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ ب‬. ‫ﺣﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺪاد ﻓﻮق اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ ب‬.‫ﻓﻮ‬  
‫ﻣﺮﺣﺎض إﻓﺮﻧﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻒ‬  
( ‫ﺑﻴﺪﻳﻪ ) ﺷﻄﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬  
( ‫ﺣﻮض اﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم ) ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻢ‬  
( ‫ﺣﻮض ﻏﺴﻴﻞ أﻳﺪي ) ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬  
( ‫ﺳﻴﻔﻮن أرﺿﻴﺔ ) ﺑﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫س‬  
‫ﻣﺤﺒﺲ‬ ‫م‬
 
 
ELF‫א‬‫א‬ E٥٧F 
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEWater pressure testF‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬–١٥‫א‬١٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEAir pressure testF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٩F،
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EKK‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٨F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٩F
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
( Questions & Exercises )‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
K
Ks
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K٥،٢ •
K •
K •
K •
K •
K •
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
K •
K •
K •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–– J١٢
K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤
‫؟‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬–٣{٦٠x٢{٧٠‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،٦٠‫א‬،٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–٢{٢٠x١{٢٠‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠L١–
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،٦٠‫א‬،٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
،٥٠L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E، J٦٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EF    EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦٠F
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ J
 K،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K،
 
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–E، J٦١F–‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬،٥٠/١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EF
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  EF
  
 ‫א‬ JE٦١F   
- ٦٤ -

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K J J‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٤ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ •
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
( Electrical & its Requirements ) ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬KK
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٨٠١١٠٠٠‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٨٠
 K‫א‬١١٠٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EVoltF
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬،
 K(Ampere) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KE، J٦٢F،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 W،E، J٦٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
+ -  
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦٢F
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦٣F
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
 KE‫א‬KK،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 WE٦٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 KE٦٥F،KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ٢ J١
 KE٦٦F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬W  ٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦٧F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬٤ J١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٦٨F،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫أﺷﻜﺎل‬
‫اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬  
 
‫اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎءة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫إﺿﺎءة ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫إﺿﺎءة ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
 
 
 ‫א‬  JE٦٤F
‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
   JE٦٥F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  JE٦٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   JE٦٧F
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٦٨F
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E٦٩F،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٧٠F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J٢
 KE،، J٧١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،، J٧٢F،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٤ J٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،، J٧٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬?
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣
K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣

 ‫א‬،‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
 K‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E،،، J٧٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫ﻣﺤﺪدات ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻹﺿﺎءة‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري‬  
 
‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻔﺮش‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 JE٦٩F
 
  
 

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧١ -  JE٧٠F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EF   EF
    EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  JE٧١F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EF 
EF    EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٢ -  JE٧٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

 ‫א‬
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

  ‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺰة هﺎﺗﻒ‬  
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
   J٢
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬ −
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، E،٧٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٥F
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٥F
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E،٧٦F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E٧٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٦F
- ٨٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E٧٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬١ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J١
  ‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W  ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬KK ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W •
‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬KE٧٨F
K –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧٩F،
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE٨٠F،
- ٨٨ -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ١٥٤‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ هﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨـــﻘﻞ اﻹﻧــــــﺴﺎن‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫إﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﺎدي‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ذو اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻـــــــــــﺔ‬
‫‪ J٧٧‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬
‫‪- ٨٩ -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ‬
 
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪي‬
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٧٨F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  JE٧٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE٨٠F
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬ J٣
 WE٨١F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬١ J٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬٣ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٤ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K W‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٧ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٩ J٣
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE‫א‬F ‫א‬١١ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٤
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 WE٨٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬١ J٥
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢ J٥
  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬KK‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
–‫א‬–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٥ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٦
 WE٨٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺎل‬
 
 
 
‫اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻼت‬
‫)ﺣﺒﺎل‬ ‫أﺛﻘﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎآﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮة‬  
‫اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ‬
(‫اﻟﺠﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬
 
 
 
 
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬
‫م‬  
‫ذو اﻟﺠﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮك آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ١  
‫ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ٢  
‫اﻟﺤﺎآﻢ‬ ٣
(‫ﺣﺒﺎل اﻟﺠﺮ)اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻼت‬ ٤  
‫ﺛﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ‬ ٥  
‫اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن‬ ٦
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت‬ ٧  
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ‬ ٨  
‫ﺑﺌﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ٩
‫ﺣﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ١٠  
‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬ ١١  
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE٨١F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
 
 
‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫وﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮف ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﺑﻮاب‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬
 ‫آـــــــﻞ دور‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫ﻃﺮق‬

‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬
 
 
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬   ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة‬ ‫ﻏﻴـــﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﻴـــﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE٨٣F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨٤F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 KE‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 K  K‫א‬
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤
–‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٥
   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 K  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ –‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬E F‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٨ J٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٨٠ J٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٢ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E ،
 F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 KE‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬–‫א‬– 
‫א‬
 ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٥F، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٦F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٧F،‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨٨F،
 J ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨٩F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٩٠F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨٥F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE٨٦F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ JE٨٧F
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٨F
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٨٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ELF‫א‬ JE٩٠F
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬  J٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
KKK‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
K
 
 
 
- ١٠٢ -
 ١٥٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K،‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K١٤٢٨،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 
‫א‬،
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K،‫ א‬ J٢
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،K،  J٣
K٢٠٠١
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K،  J٤
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬، ،K،  J٥
K١٤٢٧،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7- Addleson, Lyall, Materials for Buildings, vol. 4, London, Newness –

Butterwarths, 1992.
 ١٥٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
8- Barry, R., The construction of Buildings, Vol.5, U.K.

Blackwell Science, 1996.
9- Mckay, J.k., Building Construction, Vol.4, London, Longman group

Ltd., 1998.
10- Sawyer, Clara N., Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers, 8th ed., N.Y.,
Mc. Grawill Book coup., 1997.
 
 ١٥٤  
 ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬
   KKKKKKKKKK  
   KKKKKKKKKK  
 ١  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ١٥  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ١٨  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٢٢  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٣٣  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٣٧  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٣٨  KKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٤٤  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٤٦  KKKKKKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 ٤٨  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٥٠  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٥٤  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ٥٥  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ١٥٤  
 ‫א‬
   
 ٥٥  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬ J٣

 ٥٥  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ٥٦  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 ٥٦  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 ٥٧  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١
 ٦٠  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ٦٠  KKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣
 ٦٥  KKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥  KKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٦٦  KKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٦٩  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠  KKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬W
 ٧٧  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٧٨  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩  KKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ٧٩  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٨٠  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ٨٠  KKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 ٨٤  KKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٥  KKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬

تركيبات صحية وكهربائية - 154عمر

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تركيبات صحية وكهربائية - 154عمر

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

 WELavatory wall hungF ١ J١

 WEEuropean Water ClosetF‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ EF

 WEStall urinal F‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦

‫א‬‫ א‬JE٢١F 

‫א‬‫א‬ JE٢٢F 

  (Sanitary Works in Building) ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 WETwo pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬ J

W( Traditional system )‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

WETwo pipe system fully ventedF‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

 WEOne pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

WEOne pipe system fully ventedF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١

WESingle stack sovent systemF‫א‬  J٣

 WETwo pipe system with vent pipeF‫א‬‫א‬ J١

(One pipe system fully ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 WEOne pipe systemF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫א‬‫א‬ E J٥٧F 

( Questions & Exercises )‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K J J‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

( Electrical & its Requirements ) ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE J٧٤F

‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ذو اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت‬

‫‪ J٧٧‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬

‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K،‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،K،  J٣

7- Addleson, Lyall, Materials for Buildings, vol. 4, London, Newness –

8- Barry, R., The construction of Buildings, Vol.5, U.K.

9- Mckay, J.k., Building Construction, Vol.4, London, Longman group

 ٥٥  KKKKKKKK  ‫א‬ J٣

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