NUTRITION IN ADOLESC. (13-18 Years Old) OBJECTIVES: At the end of the Unit the student should be able to: 1 2 3. 4, Describe how macro and micronutrient needs change as o Define terms associated with adolescence. Describe the Stages and Characteristics of Adolescence Identify psychological changes of adolescence during ea: school-age years to adolescence. ENCE ich stage. a child matures from 9. Identify the feeding problems encountered during adolescence. . Identify the Special Nutritional Needs of Adolescence. Scanned with CamScannerNUTRITION IN ADOLESCENCE (3-18 Years Old) INTRODUCTION; Providing nutitional needs of adolescence is a Challenge to the health professional, because this period is characterized by: . erated Growth and Development 1 EQcialchangas : iestyte, food habits and physical activities * Emotional problem associated with increaseey Personal and academic responsibilities; Pevchological Concems Rosult: Eating Disordore * Groblams with some teenagers thal demons Special nutritional needs; such as Smoking.- Drug Abuse Alcohol Abuse,- Pregnancy, and eating disorder. PURPOSE OF NUTRITION CARE * To provide adequate nutnent intake for normal ‘growth and development during puberty, * To maintain an adequate nutritional state that promotes health and prevents disease ater physiological growth is complete. + Puberty — peved which is characte by increase in hormone secreton, rapia ‘growth, and appearance of ‘Secondary sex characteristics; pubescence. . Growth Spurt— mos! rapid phase of adolescent growth _ Peak — highest point of adotescont growth. . ‘STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE” Adolescence Is the transiton pariod betveen childhood to adulthood. It is marked by the ginning of seco vistie t of With gis matunng wattier than boys. Propubesconce + The average of chronological ages tor this Period are 9-12 years old . Endoenne changes star for some girls - menarche or onset of ‘menstruation may occur, + Average ical ages over : tues gun abou 15-20% faa high ag 40. 80% of adult weight. * Hip width increases in the gts. Gis gain more fat than boys, but boys gain more lean Ussues than gia Seneral, gets start puberty development hwo years ahcad of boys Scanned with CamScannertn 3 GRC) Dora Ay oomarspenmpeMvEn Girls reach almost full height by the onset of menstruation called menarche. ‘The growth spurt that occurs during adolescence includes rapid \cteased muscle mass, and increased body fat. Itis the 18 to 24 when growth rate is the fastest but its occurrence varies. ‘pore a. Growth spurts for gis tend to begin around 10-11 years of age b. Grovith spurt for boys begin around 12 to 13 years of age ©. Linear grovih and weight gains continue until 19 for females and early {wenties for males, with the latter gaining more length in the long bones than females, "3. Postpuberty or Postpubescence” * Growth slows dovin following the attainment of sexual maturity, * This final process of adolescence (16-18 years old) is characterized by: 2. Maturation of the Sex Organ Function b. Cessation of Grovith for Females ¢. Beginning of Adulthood PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING ADOLESCENCE * In the first stage (10-12 years old), include pubertal and cognitive changes; the adolescent is avare of peer relationships, starts to be conscious of the body paris and body image: trusts and parents adults, * In the second stage or mid-adolescent period (13-18 years old), time of increase independence and experimentation; there is more peer pressure, more independence from Parents and less trustful of aaults; and significant cognitive development. + In the last stage or late adolescence (16 to 18 years old), and (wocational decisions; he/she has eslablished a body image; definitely shows independence; makes plans for the fulure; and establishes more intimacy and permanent relationships with others. More interest is given on healthcare and careers, lime to make important personal The Philippine Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes three age groups ; 10 to 12 years old; 13 to 15 years old; and 41 * Energy: Carbohydrates should supply 50-60% of total calories needed/day. There is higher energy expenditure for males. The energy needs of teenagers vary greally depending on body sizes, rate of growth and physical ‘activity. Comparing the three stages of adolescence, energy needs of boys and girs. 40 to 12y.0 131015 46 10 18 y.0. MALES 21440 keal 2800 kcal 2840 kcal FEMALES 1920kcal 2250 kcal 2050 kcal ee kcal 2250 kcal 2050 kcal (RENI) divide adolescence into 6 to 18 years old, + Protein: Boys have higher protein need than Gils due to greater gain in height and lean ition can inhibit bone development, resultin ght increase velocity resulting to stunting, aintemnuttition can delay puberty or hall its progression as seen in cases of 19 in lower peak bone mass and Scanned with CamScannerProtein allowances for females and males within (3 ~ 15 yearSvof age are 63 grams_ and 71 gramsiday, respectively. But in late adolescents males for the 16-18 a Je group need more protein-(73"g/day} while it decreases ( 59 g/day) for the females. Protein supplies about Glozwwpr total kcalories/day. iron = often lacking in Filipino teenagers yet the most ertical for growth and \'Iron- is the key nutrient for growth sinéé'it i8"d component of muscle and * Needs to increase in gists as they begin to menstruate. Boys as their lean body mass develops. Adolescents incorporate twice amount of calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium into their bodies for bones, muscles, body fluids, blood and endocrine functions. > igher need, adolescents should consume iron-rich animal foods liver > To meet and intemal organs, beef, chicken, and fish, green leafy veg, legumes and nuts. * Ifiron meets cannot be met by diet alone, supplements may be warranted. > Calcium requirements reach it peak during adolescence years. Milk is a significant ‘Source of calcium. Alternative sources like sardines and other small fishes eaten with bones, oysters, tofu, green vegetables and legumes must be taken if teenagers do not ike milk. * Vitamins: The needs for thiamin, niacin and riboflavin correlate with energy intake. These are needed to release energy from carbohydrates, ‘Males have higher need for vitamin / 4, C and B-complex because of differences in the Number of active body cells as reflected in body weight. Include vitamin C-rich foods to absorp iron better , ee C also helps maintain good defense system against common infection, - of Vitamin C: citrus fruits, cabbage-type veg., dark green vegetables, melon, strawberries, papayas, mangoes, lettuce, and tomatoes * Water: Its important to drink water per se or as is up to 12 glasses The for adequate water supply during adolescence are lerated growtt and lopment of body cells, Increased energy utilization, other metabol ie active exercise and sports, ROBLEM DUR ING ADOLESCENCE: “meals or | irregular Meals, and Sn king. Probably the most common is gmitting breaklast, because when eaten later in school or at work, school cafelerias, Street foods and fast foods are handy places for quick breakfast which usually tums out tobe a snack. These food choices are empty-calorie foods usually high in fat, sodium and calorie but Jow in essenti cro and micro nutrient. f eHow to Encourage i Intake of Nutritious Snacks : {Time management, prepare the night before or prepare a breakfast-to-go, __* Teach adolescents on proper food choices — choose nutritious items rather than junk foods or items high in fat-calories and concentrated sweets. Let them know that it Will Provide extra energy and boost nutrient intake (particularly fortified foods) Scanned with CamScannerLet your teenager help with planning diets for the whole family (the food pyramid is the most practical guide to good nutrition and It offers a varicly of foods). At least once a day, usually the evening meal, dining should bo relaxed, sit- down mealtime for the family to enjoy and communicate pleasantly, 2, Relianco on fast food. fast foods tend to be high in fat, calories, and sodium, and low {n fiber calcium and vitamins with proper cholces, fast food can be incorporated into a healthy diet. A, Establishing Bo }0. The female adolescent who gels too conscious with her body shape and figure, become a prey to false advertisements food fads and fallacies of bad practices of some peers on how to stay slim, 4. Food Dislikes and Food Idlosyncrasies: During adolescence, food dislikes and Idiosyncrasies are due to: * past food habits * Maybe a result of advertisements + What peers eat “Nutrition caro: a, Establishing proper food habits and Introducing new foods should start in later infancy. 'b, Patienco and discipline on the part of the mother- making them eat vegetables, 6. Eldors must be the role model in buying and eating foods because it influences the habits of children, . In nursery schools with feeding programs, teachers can help by being the model, 5, Influence of Substance Abusers ‘A growing problem for teenagers who are curious, adventurous and want to ty ‘something novel aspecially under paer pressure or pushers. x, Marljuana, cocaine, ecstacy, alcohol, smoking and smokeless tobacco. + Parents and teachers should be alert about the adolescents involvement, * They should start education early about the harmful effects of substance abuse that could ruin their futuro. 6. Inadequato Dietary Intake _ Conditioning Factors of inadequate Diotary Intake: ‘a, Poverty Is one of the most common reasons for Inadequate intake for essential nutriont + Planning low cost meals which will meet the nutritional requirements of family. * Encourage home garden whenever feasible- easy-lo-grow produce include: Papaya, Malunggay, pechay, mustasa, okra, eggplant, peppers (especially the sill leaves), sweot polatoes, cassava, gabl, and many others depending on the region of soil ad quality, + Raising few chickens and hogs in backyard (be sure to practice sanitation and safely). |b. Parasitism is a problem in the tropics and in developing countries. The parasiles interfora with nutrient utilization by competing with their host for their own food needs, Scanned with CamScannerSOAGIM SONSIOERATIONS FOR THE ADOLESCENT RELATED TO NUTRITION “Raat none 1 characterized ~ @ serious, potenti by self-starvation mainutntion, hair even death, and / Diotary Recommendation: ‘The important of food tor explained to the chent ‘mage Gunng the early ‘more comfortable with eating quires: * Development of a strong and trustin, Care professionals involved in the That tho client leam and ace normal during adolescence Nutritional therapy so the calones and how best to obtain them, Individual and family counselling so the Close supervision by the Time and patience from Bulimia Nervosa ~ also known as waractenized by recurrent episodes compensatory behaviours (such as s ‘other medications; fasting or excessi all involved. Dietary Recommendation: Refrain from skipping meals Overweight dunn ine individual's _selt-estoom ormal social ife of tie te Avoid finger foods and Eat meals at regulary Include tresh trutts of, ve Eat more high-fiber food Consume enou Include 30 min bulimia (2, Overweight "taken close fo meal time. ‘ally Me-threatening eating disomer that is Psychologcal_in nature, the condition result in loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenomhea, brain damage, and \nerelore requires psychiatric as well as nutational management 9 relationship between the client and the health case. PI that weight gain and a change in body contours are client will understand the need for both nutrients and problem is understood by everyone, health care professional “GORGE and PURGE". A serious eating disorder ot binge eating: eating and recurrent inappropriate eltinduced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics or ive exercise) to prevent weight gain Select meals and siiacks that require eating at the table. jured meals consisting of a varialy of foods enough quantity ‘gelables salad al meals to prolong eating times, fs to increase bulk. igh fluids, 8 to 10 glasses a day mostly water. ules of exercise daily as this may be an important tool in controling eexascence is paniculary unfortunate because Wi apt to diminish Nand, consequently, can exclude her or him from th en years, (urther diminishing self-esteem, Self-asteom feelings of self-worth meals - Mmphasize selection of nutitious snacks bul these should never be Scanned with CamScannerAvoid food fad or crash dict ~ growth and development al this stago demand for higher nutionts. 3. Refrain from drinking too much soft drink. * I delivers 30 to 55 milligrams of caffeine per 12-ounce serving sinco it may affect bone health. * Cola beverages should not be taken more than three 12-ounces a day. Fruit juices ‘and milk are better alternatives, 4 Givo special attention to B vitamins ( by eating a variety of animal and plant foods ) to relieve stress, stimulate appotite and aid in good digestion. ooLescents WITH SPECIAL NUTRITIONAL NEEDS: -gnant Adolescent: * Demands increased nutrient growth and development, A young female who conceives soon after her first menstruation is at greatest Physiologic risk, not only to herself but also to the felus as she herself has not finished Growing and is still yet to reach peak bone mass. If the adolescent has been grdemourished and anemic before conception, her nutritional needs are oven greater. She should get medical care as soon as possible. A reputable clinic with acalable dietetic services is recommended ‘needs from both the pregnancy state, as well as for her * Other implications in her life are affect proper food intake. Fam Pregnant adolescent. the psychosocial and social stresses. Indirectly, these ly Support and guidance counseling are critical for the A Practical clinical method of ensuring nutri encourage the pregnant adolescent to gain the is about 30 pounds for the entire gestation per with, 35-40 pounds will be appropriate. “Adolescent Athi tional adequacy is to educate and recommended amount of weight, which riod. But if she is underweight to begin Energy, Protein, and Water Needs are most citical with the adolescent athlete. "Factors thal determine the ai Mount of calories are the same for other athletes, These * The adolescent athlete is particularly vulnerable to food fads and myths that would enhance performance. Inappropriale use of nutritional supplements and. other “ergogenic aids" will do more harm than good. Abuse” "Addiction to street drugs, alcoholic drinks, and tobacco, is a current major public health problem worlawide, ‘avy Smoking end alcoholic drinking certainly causes loss of Sebaceous (cil) glands of the skin, Other factors that contribute to the appearance of acne are: Scanned with CamScannerthe heredity, stress, composition of the skin tissues, hormonal eile changes brought by adolescence, especially for gits as they mensiruate, The severly ofthe acne problem varies among teenagers, but diet is not a big cau as once believed. Since it is more hormonal, serious cases should be medically treated. TL the Smooth complexion, clear skin, and glossy healthy hair are incentives to th adolescent females. Healthy teeth, proper growth and development and attaining he 1 weight for height with goad figure all need proper nutition and exercise, The hutition educator can use these incentive to encourage teenagers to eat property an choose foods and drinks wisely. Give them a list of healthy snacks ad what to pack for their lunches. Additionaily. Remind them of personal hygiene in grooming and in handling food. Patho-Physiological Factors of Pregnancy in Adolescence Povery ‘Age ( below 15 yrs) Infection Anemia Underweight NUTRITIONAL STATUS Deficiencies Clinical Findings Folic acid Poor weight gain during Other vitamins pregnancy Calcium Low birth weight Vitamin D - premature birth Micronutrients (trace minerals) Difficules in delivery MEDICAL MANAGEMENT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT Regular Prenatal Care Nutrition Education Follow of infant Balanced Diet (Pyramid) -Falow-up of Mother Energy-Protein Needs in-Mineral Supplements Vitamin-Mineral Needs WatetFluid Needs Scanned with CamScanner