Name : Eko Nugroho

Student Number : 0953337

Subject : semantics

RESUME of FULL WORDS, EMPTY WORDS, EMOTIVE

MEANING and DOUBLE-FACED MEANING

 FULL WORDS

a word that has lexical meaning rather than grammatical meaning; a word or
morpheme that functions grammatically as a contentive.

Full words are divided into three subclasses:

1. Nominals

are full words that occupy as Subjects (S), Complements (C), or Adjectives (A)

Nominals can be divided into 4 subclasses:

a. The determinatives:

b. The nouns:

c. The adjuncts:

d. The Interrogative nominals:

2. Verbals

Presented into two classes:

a. Non-derived forms: these consist of one free morpheme

b. Derived forms: these forms are composite of full words (transitives and
intransitives).
 3. Auxiliaries

 EMPTY WORDS
 loud and confused and empty talk
 a word or morpheme that has no lexical meaning and that functions as a
grammatical link or marker, rather than as a contentive.
 Meaningless, nonsense (a massage that seems to convey no meaning)
 Rhetoric

 EMOTIVE MEANING
The emotional connotation of a word or expression that is used instead of one
having a similar meaning but less affective quality, as the connotation of “murder”
when used instead of “homicide” or “drunk” instead of “inebriated.”
The emotive meaning of a term is the attitude or other emotional state that is
conventionally taken to be expressed by a straightforward use of it. Thus a
derogatory term conventionally expresses some kind of contempt or hostility to some
class of people. Terms like ‘super!’ or ‘wow!’ have nothing but an emotive function,
but most terms with which we communicate approval or disapproval have
descriptive aspects as well.

Connotation is the suggestive meaning of a word--all the values, judgments, and status implied by
a word, the historical and associative accretion of "unspoken significance" behind the literal
meaning. Many words have evaluative implications behind them, and convey a positive or negative
attitude toward the things they name; this flavor of the word or its overtone of meaning--whether it
makes you feel like smiling, sneering, kissing, conquering, or giving up--is the word's connotation.
We might say it is the emotional meaning of the word. This meaning is seldom found in the
dictionary. Here are just a few examples:

Word Denotation Connotation

new recent origin better, improved

snake round reptile horrible beast

adequate good enough not very good

excuse Explanation weak reason

Let's look at the word "adequate" for a moment. Our society has become so drenched
in exaggeration that a word like this is almost insulting in its connotative force, while its
original denotative meaning was rather positive. Suppose you hear an interchange like this:
"How do you like your car?" "Oh, it's adequate." What is your reaction? Or suppose you hear
this: "How do you like your wife?" "Oh, she's adequate." This last speaker may love his wife
deeply, but he does not convey that impression, even though he used a denotatively nice or
positive word, because the connotations of a word are inescapable--they remain attached to it,
whether we like it or not. An interesting example of divided connotation involves the word "laser."
In engineering circles, laser technology is looked upon with admiration, and products with laser
operating systems--surveying equipment, photocopying machines, and bar-code readers in
supermarkets--are rightly seen as very advanced. But many members of the general public, perhaps
thinking of the killer rays they have seen in science fiction films, respond to the word "laser" with
negative feelings. That's why we see the euphemism "scanner" substituted in popular advertisements
for or discussions of laser-using equipment.

 DOUBLE-FACED MEANING
 Having two faces designed for use; as, a double-faced hammer.
 Deceitful; hypocritical; treacherous.
 Adjective:
1. having two faces or aspects
2. having a finished nap on both sides: said of cloth
3. hypocritical; insincere; two-faced

EXAMPLES:
1. Double-faced clocks still in use on the railroad network.
2. Double-faced wall, the side not visible in the photograph needs to be rebuilt.
3. Double-faced policy of the greek regime was one of the main obstacles to the progress
of the talks.