EEE erie for Secondary Schools c| steere-sscor ramen soot 9 Basic Mathematics for Secondary Schools Student’s Book ———_$_ Se’ ‘MaNISTRY OF EDUCATION, et rey on OY ~ fon og mommies een ern pe mene \ wan, Peers me EE ‘ Tanzania Institute of Education wor sara] —© Tanzania Institute of Education 2021 Published 2021 ISBN 978 - 9987 -09-277-2 Tanzania Institute of Education P.O, Box 35094 Dar es Salaam — Tanzania Mobile numbers: +255 735 041,170) +255 735 041 168 E-mail: director-general @tie.go tz Website: www-tie.go.tz All rights reserved, No part of this textbook may be reproduced. stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Tunzania Institute of Education, ay ° tAdah (800 (RAPA) tt Acknowledgments no Preface Chapter One Expanents and radicals Exponents. Radical Rationalising the denominator. ‘Transposition of formulae: Chapter summary . 46 Revision exercise I sonennnnnennat? Chapter Two Algebra... Binary operations. ‘Brackets in computations. Quadntic expressions... Chapter summary. Revision exercise Chapter Three ‘Quadratic equations. Solving quadratic equations... General formula for solving quadratic equation... Chapter summary, Revision exercise 3 cscs NOT Chapter Four Legarit itty nnn 109 Laws of logarithms . ‘Table of common logarithms... Chapter summary Revision exercise 4 sassmens Chapter Five Congruence Congnience of triangles - Postulates, proofs and theorems...153 Postulates for congruence of triangles... (Chapter summary... Revision exercise 5 Chapter Six Si wity sacamamnenenrers cee BG ‘Similar figures... cose 6 ‘Similar triangles. 188 Properties of similar triangles ....206 ‘Chapter summary... ® Revision cxCreise 6 seeennennee 213 Chapter Seven Geometrical transformations 0.215 Reflection: Revision exercise 7 sne---: Chapter Eight Pythagoras’ theorem... Pythagoras theorem... Application of Pythagoras” theorem273 Trigonometric ratios of speciall angles... ‘Trigonometric tables. Angle of elevation and angle of depression... Chapter summary Revision exercise 9 mnensnennenn299 Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Statistics .. Frequency distribution tables, Histograms... Frequency polygons... Cumulative frequency curves ‘or Ogive Chapter summary. Revision exercise Mennenren nen 368 Answers to odd ~ numbered question ‘Mathematical tables. Glossary Bibliography Unde seapinnennamantcimnrnnnen nen $60)Tancania Institute of Education (TIE) would like to acknowledge the contributions of all the organisations and individuals who participated in designing and developing this textbook, In particular, TE wishes 1o thank the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training ~ Zanzibar, the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the State University of Zanzibar (SUZA), the University of Dodoma (UDOM), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM ~ AIST), Marian University College Bagamoyo (MARUCO), Muslim University of Morogoro (MUM), Dares Salaam University College of Fducation (DUCE), the National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA), school quality assurance offices, teachers colleges, and secondary schools. Besides, the following categories of individuals are also acknowledged: Writers: Dr Victor L, Mwesiga and Mr Luckford D, Hamsini (TIE) Editors: Prof Ralph P. Masenge(MARUCO), DrMakungu S. Mwanzalima (UDSM), Dr Sylvester E, Rugeihyamu (UDSM), Dr Augustine 1. e Msigwa (UDSM), Dr Andongwisye J. Mwakisisile (UDSM), Dr James P. Mpele (DUCE), Dr Thadei D. Sagamiko (DUCE), and Dr Grayson K. Kakiko (UDSM). Designers Ms Eva G, Kwai Miustrator: Mr Godlove §. Kyando Coordinato: Dr Victor L, Mwesiga TIE also appreciates the contribution of secondary school teachers and students Who participated in the trial phase of the manuseript. Likewise, the Institute would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoES') for facilitating the writing and printing of this textbook. Ruews . DrAneth A. Komba Director General Tanzania Institute of Education tah FP= (SCOOT) Si A tt .—l eeeThis book. Basie Mathematics Form Two, is written specifically for a Form Two student in the United Republic of Tanzania, The book is prepared in accordance with the 2005 Basic Mathematics Syllabus for Secondary Schools Form I~ IV, issued by the then Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. The book consists of eleven chapters, namely Exponents and radicals; Algebra; Quadratic equations; Logarithins; Congruence; Similarity; Geometrical transformations; Pythagoras’ thearem, chapter contains activities, illustrations, and exercises. You are encauraged to do all the activities und exercises together with other assignments provided by your teacher. Doing so, will promote the development of the intended competencies. rigonametry; Sets; and Statistics. Each ‘Tanzania Institute of EducationNumbers can be expressed in different forms inchuling exponential and radical _forms. The exponent can be an integer or a fraction. An exponential expression ‘with a fractional exponent can be expressed in another form called radical or root form. There is a close relationship Between exponents and radicals, In this chapter, vou will learn to-write members in exponential form, to find square roots ‘and cube roots of members, o rationalize denominators and to express formulae in different ways. The competences: developed in this -will enable you to ‘mumbers in short form and apply the knowledge ibe scientific such as population growth, earthquakes, rates of phenomena ® pred of dseases und rae of growth or decay af bacteria. e Exponents [A product of the same number uppearing repeatedly in. the multiplication txpression ean be written in exponential form, Observe the following examples: W@ 2%2x2%2 > is multiplied repeatedly 4 times. tn short form, this expression is written as 2" This means that, 2 ~ 2™ 2¥2= 24, So, 24s the exponential form of 2 ¥ 2» 2* 2. Likewise, 2-~2 = 2 * 2is the expanded form of 2 (ii) 8X BX BXS XBR § is multiplied repeatedly 6 times. Inshort form, 8* 8 «8 *8* 8% 8 is written as 8° This means that, §* 8 <8 *8*8*B=8" So, 8 is the exponential form of 8 * 8 x 8x 8x8 * 8, Likewise, 8 <8 «8 * 88 *8 isthe expanded form of 8°. Numbers in exponential form such as 2" and 8° are also called exponential numbers. E,1 sere coneinanm scam 9 aRead 24 as the “fourth power of 2° or “two raised to exponent four" Read 8° as the “sixth power of ‘eight raised to exponent six” In the number In the number 8°, the base and 4 is the exponent 8 is the base and 6 is the exponent. From these two examples, we learn the following: |. The numbers 24 and 8®are called powers. 2. The numbers 4 and 6 are exponents. Activity 1.1; Identifying the power, base and exponent of an exponential expression, Steps: |, Forma group as instructed by the teacher, 2, Each member in the group has tochoose any counting number and multiply it repeatedly n times, where n is any whole number less than 10. 3. Each member has to write the product in exponential form, identify the Power, base and exponent. 4, Share your work in the group. 5. Thereafier, select one member in yout group to present to the rest of the e class. The presentation should show the aumber multiplied repeatedly n e times, the product in exponential form, base, exponent and power. Generally, a is a number written in exponential form, where @ is a base and n is an exponent. The number « is ealled power. There are two special exponents commonly used in mathematies These are square units (x*) and cubic units (x"), The square units are usually used to represent area and the cubic units are used to represent volume, Write each of the following expressions in exponential form: (a) 2%2%2 (b) Keka ke kak (©) (3) « 3) x (3) * (3) x (3) « 3) (A) om mm * tos (times) Solution (a) 23 (b) fc) (3yWrite cach of the following expressions in power form: (a) 66x 6X 6x 6x 6x6x6 © (2) A) ()*@) () 1010 10» 10 « 1010 (d) (7) <7) * 7) Solution \- . (a) 6 (3) (©) 10° (@) 7 ed Give the power, base and exponent for each of the following exponential numbers] @ (b) (10)* (c) ® Solution (a) 4 is the power, 4 is the base and 3 i8 the exponent (b) (-10)" is the power, -10 is the base and 6 is an exponent. (C) x" is the power, x is the base and nis an exponent. Find the value of each of the following exponential numbers: fa) 3 (b) (sp (©) (7 (d) 2° Solution (a) 3¢= 3%3x3«3=81 tb) (3) (©) (7 =-7*-7=49 (a) = 2x2x2e 2x22Answer the following questions: 1. Give the base and exponent for each of the following exponential numbers: w@ 6” 7 @ CIO 3 ( & © 3° (hy) 178 (si (AIT o ff @ (7 a 19 @ (758 {m) (ry fn) (7 +2)" 2, Express each of the following exponential numbers in expanded form: @ 7 (b) (3) (c) 10° @ 2% © oo oo — mifa (i (-035)* @ (0.67) 3. Write each of the following expressions in exponential form and then give the base and the exponent: e (a) 7x7 *7*T (by 2) 2) * 2) * 62) x2) 42) * 2) (©) axils ~ (d) 19 (©) tye + DEFOE +O) ® ENxCasers Or Cre (re (g) $0 #50 .. * 50, GO times) (hy) SSK SxS K SHS KSxS*S @ (a+h)(a+) @ Leta og (k) 0.3. ¥0.3 * 0.3 * 03 * * 8 03 weve ©Find the value of each of the following exponential numbers: fa) 2 tb) (ce) 207 @ 12 te) PF CF @) 30 (hy (-2P @ @y G a) Cs) @ 10° $. Express cach of the following numbers in exponential form using the given (a) 25 inbase $ (b) 36 inbase 6 (c) 1728 in base 12 (a) 16 in base 2 (¢) 1 000.000 000 000 in base 10 \ 6. Express each ofthe following numbers as powers of we different bases: (a) 16 (b) 64 (e) 8h (ay 628 fe) 1000 Laws of exponents ‘There wre three groups of exponents. which are based on positive integral exponents, negative integral exponents and zero exponents, Simplification of exponents with regard to these three categories is based on four laws of exponents Which are; multiplication law, division law, power law, and zero power. Multiplication law for exponents Consider the product of two exponential numbers of the same base with positive integral exponents such as $° $*, ‘The exponential numbers are written in expanded form as follows: H=5%5 und B=Sx5*S Therefore, Sx $' = (5x5) x (Sx5x5) eke =5x Sx5x5x5rk e (i TT) | Then, find how many times 5 is multiplied by itself. The answer is 5 times, which gives the exponent, That is § multiplies by itself five times. The exponent § can also he obtained by adding the exponents of each base. That is, 2+3 = 5. Hence, 52x 5'=524=58, Similarly, if @ is any number, express at sv. [3 . 12 ® © (3) x (3) (d) (0.45) 8(0.457' = (045)!? By the multiplication law of exponents! Ree ere ce hy cheating eet mei © («Gl Gs) (a) (0.45)" (O-45)* * (0.45)'7 = (0.45)? = (0.45)'8 Suppose tlie Expression (2*)' is to be written as a single exponent. This number ean be written in expanded form as follows: (i= 24x 2h «24 Therefore, (24))=2*= x ent 10xponent as follows: ax g?xg? Therefore, (a?) = a4 Write cach of the following numbers as a single exponent: @) (BP) (e) (orp Solution (a) (BP) =3"7 =3"* © (YQ (c) (0.77 =(.7)" = 0.77! The expression (7 * 5)’, can be writtemin expanded form as follows: (7S) = (7 * 8) «(7 x $)x (PES) = TXSKIKSKTES TRIKT ASRS ES =Bx3 Therefore, (7 x SP = 7 «5°. Similarly, if.@ and } are real numbers, then (@ = 5)* can be expanded as follows: (a by = (a b) «(a * b) * (a * bY x (a) = (ax axarayx(b* b*b* db) = at xb? Therefore, (a * by* = ef » b4 ‘Generally, (a * by! = a® * b*, where a and b are real numbers.[Express cach of the following expressions in its simplest form. (a) (Pxe')' (b) (4x5? xe")! (©) ((0.7)'«(03)°)" Solution (>) (4xh> xc’) =4'« =4 xbtxct =H Be rice Forme ag Ke) (o.ry* 10.3)" (0.7) «(0.3)')' = (0.79 *= 0.3)" =(0.7)" (0.3). - jrsamges Os Write cach of the following expressions by grouping together the letters with \the same exponents: . a) art (b) ah 2b" (©) 3c? «Seat Solution . I) a4 =(at)* (6) aS xb! = axat xh! =ax(aby’ =alaby* WS) cd? xSe'd* =3x5xexe' xd? xd" =1Sxe'd* =1S(edy.Answer the following questions: |, Simplify each of the following expressions and give the answers as a single exponential number: iY 1 (a) 10? « 10 (b) () (4 ©) Axe (@) (2) x ey 6 @ (xf x(7x)" x (70) {A . j . IY ty (az fe) abs dale ( (3) (2) *(Z) ay f3y¥ (g) 162% 164 16t (hy (3) ~(3). (10 « 109 a (0.58)! = (0.58)* «(0.58)!8 (kh), 3! gtx gt CD 10% 10" 1010 ® 2 Write each of the following expressions usa single exponential number: @ wy fo) (ip (s) (ety (d)C1g!Re ) NF Py (a9) o (ney? O Gey &® yy w (( 3. Write cack of the following expressions such that ench bse is raised to a single exponent: @) (43) tb) ay © @x7 @) @ry fe) rye () a0p*y' (2) S(mny" th) 3a"by @ Gary4. Write each of the following expressions as a single exponential number: @) Pes (by al? = 67 (©) Qays* a (d) 12K x 2 (6) 2a = 4? () Fx 34 (g) 3? x 2* (hy 12% x 122 (i) 4a® = 6 Division law of exponents Consider the following example of dividing exponential numbers in the same base such as 7° + 7°, The solution can be obtained as follows: Peper 7 — TxTxTxT xT TxTx7 =7x7 =? In this e ‘ainple, the exponent 2 cam also be obtilined by subtricting the exponent of the denominator from the exponent of the numerator while retaining the base as follows: . 7 xaxaxaxax, Similarly, 4 = @Xaxaxaxaxaxa - axaxaxka a ' Therefore, —>= a aMah 72-2000 RAINY th 49 Generally, when dividing exponential numbers of the same base, subiract the ‘exponent of the divisor from the exponent of the dividend. ‘That is: av whee aed, Simplify the following expressions: 0) or () oar)" oa Solution es a 7 oo wan" Lae ©. Gary = (047) =@a7y** Similarly, when exponential numbers of diffe nt bases with the same exponents are divided, the number can be expressed as a single exponent. Ifa and b are any real numbers such that 6 # 0, then: a’ _axaxaxa BS bxbxbxb i [ss g £ @ leSimplify each of the following expressions: ie = w Land oe > jo! Sgt 625 $343e 6 > oye 3 (ny? Bin'n’ 20a°h 3 ir ist (ay 120% 1 Sere? Wao Fab 1. Sathe a8a't? Aa 21. Bsiee Rab? 05a 4% @ 8. a!+(2a* +40?) n 22 a set ls 99, dhabe 9 mA. erat ar Ho@ (3mny’ ap (ixateax 25), 25. (6y)'+(2y 1 ay 7. pranasy (3 xa’ xb! xe’)! 17 x(4x)) 4) 3) © (lx xa? xd) » ((ey-a7) bo (3) Gy) Zero exponent Anexpression like 2 canbe simplified by using the division law of exponents as follows: / ay = © @) From equations (1) and (2), P=l - mxmxmxm Similarly, ifm #0 then —> =——————= 1 B mm mxmxmxm ‘=m! (4) Hence, m? = 1 by equations (3) and (4) In general, for any non-zero number x, x” = 1. ] Also, note that, x* =1 but 0° isnot defined. ™ |Negative exponents The expression >, can be simplified using the division law of exponents as follows: 8 8x8*8 BS RX RXR RXR 1 3 ms = RxR 2 \ By comparing equations (1) and (2) it follows that, 8 = @ 8 ® a keckxkxckok Similarly, PF Gickickx kxkxkxb wk = 1 © kk 1 oe _ tes Therefore, =A In general, if 1F 0.x tf +0, | is called the reciprocal of x, which can also be written ase! | x a... @ peo 1drl “ih Express the following exponential numbers using positive exponents: (a) 4 (by) a? © > Simply the following expressions and give your answer in positive exponents: & ' oh © x a‘h = bar (a) Z (by ae Solution aa 18 wher? Oar am a eat lis 1 ah" ‘Therefore, Therefore, LEN tt TeSimplify the following expressions and give your answers in negative exponents: « & oy 2) 3° (0) In questions 1 (o 30 simplify the given expressions and give the answers im positive ar zero exponents: * ms 3 ae - ate Hx par G 4 oS S FF ee ax 4 a® xa" Pat 8 5 a 2 p'xp lo. i. -GHF PExponential equations Mathematical equations which involve exponents are called exponential equations. An exponential equation is of the form.x” = y¥ where x, y are bases and p. q are exponents, The laws of exponents are usually used when solving equations that involve exponents. The following should be considered when solving such equations: (a) If the bases are the same, then the exponents must be equal far the two expressions to be equal, That is, ifm’ =m’, then x= p (b) {the exponents are equal then the bases must be equallforthetwo expressions to be equal. That is, if a* = 6°, then @=)Find the value of 1 in cach of the following equations; (a) 2"'=64 (b) 4"=16 Solution (ay 2°'=64 27! = 2" (64 expressed as an exponential number in base 2) n+ 1=6 (since the buses are the sume, the exponents are equal) =| n= Therefore, n= 5. (b) 4"= 16 4% = 4 (16 expressed as an exponential number in hase'4) n=2 (since the bases are the same, exponents are equal) Therefore, m= 2. Find the value of b in cach of the following equations: (a) 6°=27 (b) (b+ 1P = 64 Solution (a) #=27 18 = (27 expressed ax an exponential number in base 3) b=3 > (bases are the wime therefore, the exponents are equal) (b) (6+ 1 =64 (b+ Lp =4* (64 expressed as an cxponential number in base 4) b+1=4 (exponentsare the same so the bases are equal) b=4-1 be3 ‘Therefore, b= 3fl a | Solve the following exponential equations: te tolet 2, a= 16 3. P= 16 5, at = as 6 e864 8. #=0.01 9. (ay 1 2'=4? % = (yr z 14. (1x) =a) 15, 288=20* Fractional exponents Some cxponential numbers can be written with fractional exponents. By using the laws of exponents, es st=tand 5 What does $? mean’? By the laws of exponents it follows that: ‘This means that, when $? is squared, the result is 5. ‘Therefore, $?is the square root of 5. | Thus, [5 =5Find the cube root on both sides of the equation, Find the value of 492 Salution Express 49.25 a product of prime factors 49=7x7=7 8 Therefore, 49 denominator of 8_ as a product 27 of prime fitetors. 22x22? 3x3x3 Find (-125) Solution Express ~125 as.a product of prime factors 125 = (5) * (5) (5) (125) =((-5)')! ®Lee e “hs ‘Simplify the following exponential numbers: L 1. (sit 2 (7) 3, (100)! ‘ ' 1 aL) 4. (1000)! s. G) 6 & 7 (oo1y 8 (025) 9. (0.027)' 10, (is i. (a)! 12. (2 1 iP 217 i 13. a 14. (2) 1s. (oy t 2 i a. (LP ibe (fe 1 (s) is a ow Radicals Usually a base of given exponential number has a relationship with its power or & the number whi 1 is expressed by the exponential expression, Activity 1.2: Deducing the relationship between a base and its exponential umber. 1. Copy the following chart. Number: Expression asa Number of times | Pewer form of Buse of the © product oflike fnciors the factor repents | the number poner form & | geoea of 3 | 32 [ | 1251 [6a 9 49 —_| a= 1000 2. Fill in the blank spaces of the churt. | 3. Deduce the relationship between the numbers and the bases of the power forms you have obtained. | .From this activity, a number repeatedly multiplied by itself can be expressed in exponent form. fn this ease the exponent isa whole umber. Expressing number in radieal form When an exponent is 4 fraction, the number can be expressed in radical form Sometimes it is known as surd form. The symbol for radicals is, where » is called the index. Whenn =2,the radical is called the square root and itis written os without the index 2, Thus, the square root af 2 és written as 4/3 When 1 = 3, the radical is called the cube root, and itis written as, Thus, the cube root of § is written as 4/8, When =4, the radical is ealled the fourth root, and itis writien as 4”. Thus, the fourth root of $1 is written as 3/81. When the exponent is |, the tadival is called the n" root ani it is written as Wf. ‘This, the n!* root af m is written ax ‘Ym, ‘Tofind Therefore, 2/4 = 32. (2000 UMA) a om) 8Answer the following question: 1. Simplify cach of the following radicals: @ Vie (bo) TD ©) 2088 (@) 2300 () ioz4 ‘) 4512 @) ve (hy) 000 ® ve 2. Express cach of the following radicals in its simplest form. @® Yio () = V0 © Ji07 @) () 270 Vier (s) 2000 a) ino0 “fone , 3. Express each of the following numbers under a single radical sign: (si b) ait © 3¥i0 (a) 95 to) SF ® NS (ge) 2YC100) hyo @ Ws in and subtraction of radicals ‘Two or more radicals can be added or subtracted if -y arcalike, Radicals which are alike are those with the same indices. They are added or subtracted in the same wa normal numbers. This me: t only radicals of the sa index can be added or subtracted, just as is dane with algebraic expressions, Th the radicals ¥2 and Y2 cannot be added or subtracted, Before adding or subtracting radic . first simp fy the terms if possible. = iT eM 2 3. 4 Ee 6. ‘Retivity 1.3: Deducing the conditions for adding and subtracting radicals, CS Simplify each ofthe following radica In pairs, simplify the following radicals: JS, ¥32, ¥27 and J3x2x2. Simplify the given radicals, and identify the like terms, Consider the like terms and express each term as a sum of its roots. For cach group of like terms add the values obtained in step 3. Pick any two terms of unlike radicals and try to add them as in step 4, What ean you conclude? Provide the condition for radicals to be added together, ()_J24+J2 (6) 2/3433 © 8+ 32 Solution 2 (Bas? = Wisivd =22 0) 3843/3 =5V3 2 ) i = Jixdwd = 23 Ai2 = V2x22K2x2 = 42 Thus, 8+ y32 SVDeded « J2x2«2xDx2 = 242+ 42 =6y2 iS Simplify each of the following radicals:® Solution (a) 607-27 = 47 (b) 6/38 - 2/63 Simplify /28 and J63 as follows: 8 = VOT =F ant V8 RT = HT 628-2463 ~6%2J7-2«3)7 6/28 -2J63 =12/7 - 6/7 Simplify the following radicals: Ty 4. VT +55 2. iT 12543120 Ss. Jits—Ja5 54220 8 iS +004 Vi35 250-8 Ne 58-642 6-08 14. $8663 Vid i+ ENT 12 Lanes yes 8Vi50-2496-3V25 20. 3,60 -Ji5 +20 Mim ° e | é ® 3 ¥i20+iGK0 6 Ji5+ Vins 9% fie-J2i6 12. 043 oT Is. faa— a2 18. 62-8 was ig 7Multiplication of radicals ‘When multiplying two or more radicals of the same index, its simplest form, Then, multiply numbers which are insi the radical sign and then simplify where possible, implify each of the following radical products: express each radical in ide by numbers outside Bx ©) Px JB IR (M(B IS) (298-J8)n( Viv aya) Solution @) WBxJ5 = fixe (Hoth the multipticand and mitiplier are of the sitme-index) e a Therefore. V3x JS = JS ® (b) Simplity J33 <2 SB = RD AVE VBA PS =ledx (Px JT =lxdx2 =8 Theretore, JP fT ag ° / ee | Mate com unwen nag as 4)(c) Simplify J20 and J2B us follows: 20 = Jx2x5 = 245 28 = 2x27 =2V7 Thus, 20% J3K = 245x207 =1x2xVSxy7 =4xi5x7_ =4)35 Therefore, /20x4/28 = 4/35, (8) fi (V5-+V8)— Jia (VF+V5)_ by expanding Vi2 =2N3 (W545) by simplifying -J4%3 SAG x V+ IVF x 5 by opening brackets = (2x3) +215 =6+215 Therefore, 12 (J3+J5)=6+ 215. (c) By opening the brackets, (25) V5 2303) = (203-5) +2832) (VE 5) +( Vw) = 219 +616 -Jo-35 =2«3+5V6-3x2 =64506-6 =6-645 96 =5J6 Therefore, (243 -2)»(¥3 +3V2)=s¥6- [in generat, axa = Mab it * |‘Simplify cach of the radicals in the following expressions and perform the indicated operations: Lynx V5 2. 4. Bx 5. 7, wixs¥ia 8 10. (285), i 1. NI x V0 xvi 14, 18. Sx J24x JO 16, 17. V5 (V2 + JiR) 18. 19. (25+ Ix(av5v1) 20. 21. (Yi+y5)(7-v5) 22. 3 (ier) % Vi2x 3 3. fis 3yi0«3Vi0 6. 2x2 (oy » (i (8) «(3) 2 (+t) BeBe a (Es) oi v2 -iR) (aay (WSR +8) } (2V3—V5)(2V8 +35)o Division of radicals ‘Two radicals can be divided by writing the divisor under the dividend in the form of a fraction, If two numbers are separately under the same radical, then divide the numbers under one radical and simplify, But if the divisor and dividend have different radicals, it is not possible for the numbers to be under one radical. Activity 14: Deducing conditions for dividing radicals 1. In pairs, follow the steps given to divide yO by V5. Express /20-+ V5 as a ratio of numerator and denominator. Express the numerator and denominator in simple terms. Collect together the terms with the same radicals and divide, Follow the same steps to evaluate {625+2y25 . yeep Express the following radicals in their most simplified form: is 65x25 z s, [e & (a) V5 +i (b) Py {ey oft Solution . @ FE (divigor and dividend in the fraction form) 12 = a (divisor and dividend have the same root)@ | ©) xT _ 6S © sf _s. [ie 0x38 fxs) 3( Jed) =. - 0 a fis _ 65 «5 = 58 “WS «3x28 ott 5 3 sy . 3 sxe 3 5x2 i cxnaty $= Fw cn apse nee | . ap e Simplify each of the following radical expressions: 122 2 e 3, ve oF . ye | ¥i2i Peas N72 4 oF = . 2 27 avs vis 7 Tar 8 as % OTe 350 8x JP Via, 10. 4x23 se Wo VRx 2. inxs 3, Se 14, Vx is, VR Vi0s Ja © N45% N21 8x as =e | MP2 2000 oy tom 39 € 1 = &Rationali: Rationalising the denominator isthe process of climinating any radical expression in the denominator. Rationalising the denominator involves multiplication of the denominator by & suitable radical resulting in a denominator which has no radical. The best choice for the radical is obtained by considering the following: (i) Ifthe denominator is 4 single radical term, the most suitable choice is a radical itself. ‘ing the denominator For example, rationalising the denominator of ¥ Choose Vi to be a rationalizing factor. Multiply both the numerator and denominator by ~VB as follows: vb a4 Mb veo te Therefore, r a ae (ii) [fa denominatorhas a radical term involving the (+) or (~) operations signs, the most suituble choice of a rationalizing factor iy the same denominator expression, but with the operation sigm changed either from (+) to (-) or changed from (~) to (#). For example, rationalising the denominator of THF la Choose ya —fb~to be » rationalising factor. “eon Ee ee va-vb as follows: va—Vb_ af =6 Text va we va-o chub eos Va+db abY @ Based on these two examples, the best choice of radical expression in the fiallowing examples is as follows: Denominator | Rationalizing factor Reason va va VaxJa=a ae Vata [ise eee tat Gena |(li-sa)(doVa)=0-6 Rationalize the denominator in each of the following expressions: @ 3 i) ! & BB & Solution (a) -¥5 isa denominator and a single radical expression. Multiply boll numerator and denominator by v5tb) VS~V3 is a denominator involving subtraction, Change the subtraction sign in v5—V3 to audition sign to obtain ¥5 +3 5 a rationalising fictor Multiply both numerator and denominator by VS+N3 as follows: tf Bir EB B- 5+B EE (BEB) +5 5 5-3 ieee Change the addition sign to subtraction factor, Multiply both numerator and de £6 Feb et GS 5( v5 - V3) “~~ 5-3 s—Vi5 “Ta (c) VF +5 isthe denominator involving addition sign. in to obtain 5-5 as rationalizing reominator by V5 —3 as follows: “= g ‘7 moe ° ° ane@ @ 1 Y2-YS is the denominator, ¥2+ V5 is the rationalizing factor. Multiply bath numerator and denominator by 24S as follows: (arson) (ESV) 2y2+ 25+ N64 5 ® Simpify each ofthe following expressions by rationalising the denominator: a 2 8 . . 8 e Ne ” 3h 4 N50 1 . = Lev eo 5+Vio “2 Vi+8 ff Vé+32 Me Sn 8 2 BG Bik wo St nn. SNe 12 VB+v2 * Bae Fok® oi 4. = O Eat ‘ x=2y I 1 18. Ter dy es Fen ial 2 i Ae 1 Mu ees" aye SE 72 19, fora 20. (2+2)+(-W2) Nw Finding square roots and cube roots of numbers using mathematical tables The square roots and cube roots of numbers can be obtained from mathematical tables, Squire roots Before taking reading from tables of square roots, firs estimate the square root of the given mamber by grouping its digits in pairs from the right hand side. For example, to find the square root of 196 from Tale 1.1, first group the digits in Pairs fronr the right, that is, group the digits of 196 as 1° 96, ‘Then, estimate the square root of « digit or puir of digits on the extreme left. In this case iti 1 ‘The square root of | is 1. Since there are two groups of digits, the square root of 196 will be a number of two digits before the decimal point referred as mean difference in the tables. Given the number 196, locate 1.9 im the table o/ fools on the extreme left. Look at the colunin labeled 6. It meets the row 1 1.400. Therefore the ‘Square root of 196 is 14. are Oat mT a ess om]De s In the same way the square root of 7.578 can be found from Table 1.1. by first locating 7,5 in column x, then finding the number where the column with 7 meets the row with 7.5 whieh is 2.751, Add the number obtained under columa 8 of the mean difference to the decimal part of 2.751 that is 751 + | = 752. Therefore, the square root of 7.578 is 2.752. ‘Table 1.1; Square roots of numbers from 1 to 10 | = ee =) eres] St s]6|7[#]9 a [1.000 100s j30 joa] 1.039) nos] od |b 2\2 3/3) ala [Lov] tose] 1077 |jiow2|/ Lone lion] o 1) i )2l2ls]afal4 1343/4343] [ise | 1367]) 1371 oft mye 2 (3/303 1.378) 1382, 1.400 4.404] 1.407 WT |2/2]3| 3/3 } SS @ 34 |2720|2722|2 7242781 2.733]/2738 2787/0 /0 @ 7s |2.739|2.740|2.742 3730 Basi [278 Iss} 0 0 fh 76 | 2.757/2.750)2.760 2-768 2.769 7 2773\0 0 Similarly, to find the square root of 5678 from Table 1.2, first group the digits in pairs fiom the right, that is 56'78, The square root of $6 is between 7 and 8, ‘Therefore, the square root of 5678 starts with 7 and has two digits before the decimal point, AS shown in Table 1.2, the number 7.530 is obtained at a place where the row with 56 on the extreme left meets the column labeled 7. Similarly, 5 is:tead where the column labeled § (within the mean difference) meets the now with $6 on the extreme lef. Add the 5 to the last digit of 7.530 to obtain 7.535. Therefore, the square root of $678 is 75.35, ®@ ) a (BONY AVA ad A 38 TL‘Table 1.2: Square roots vr fale [ti2i| ©17) 0. ’ wae [ai] ane) |aase aan [ase « 14 337 [aara|aae) [vee ra Poa 1 3746 6. 57 7500 Tofind the square root ofa number with more than tour digits; first round off the number to four significant figures. For example, to find the square root of 75678 (which is a five digits number), first round it off 75678 (0 four significant digits, to obtain 75680. Then, pair the digits from the right and estimate the square root of the number in the group on the extreme left and determine the position of the @ decimal point. Therefore, 7°56" 80, shows that the square root has three digits before the decimal point. The square rob ef 7 is between 2 and 3. Ry using the square root table, the answer is 275, }, (See Table 1.1), Exercise 1.1 Use mathemat een 1 Wm > Vina 3. ¥267 4 N64 3. a 6 Ves = 7, 0.006 = 80.0008 9, ¥25079 10, V8567 nu. Jee 2, 13, Vist 1s. V5 is, Vat 6, e at