‘inking words 1 A Linking words © We use some linking words to jin parts of sentences. They give a structure tothe sentence Examples include and, but, because, so. Urits 41 and 42 deal with this kindof linking word. © We use other linking words and phrases to make a link acrass sentences and paragraphs. They dive a structure to our whole argument. Examples include First In general, Actually in other words. Units 43 and 44 deal with this kind of linking word or phrase. B Addition: and, both, too, also, etc © We use and to join words or parts of sentences. To emphasise the fact that there are twa things we can use both... and. ‘need to call Andy and find out when he's free to have a meeting, ‘need to call both Andy and Helen, © We use too, as wel, 5 well as and also to add another fact or say that something happens at the same time. Note the positions. ‘need to call Andy, Kate and Helen too/as well. ‘need to cali Andy and Kate as well as Helen, ‘need to call Andy, Kate and also Helen, C Contrast: but, yet and although © We use but and although to make a contrast. Although is typical of more careful or formal speech or writing, ‘ov teary it seems ike @ good ides, but don’t think ith wok in practice, Un theory it seems like a qood idea, although | don’t think it wll work in practice © The clause with although can come at the beginning, Although it seems ike a good idea, | don't think it will work in practice Although the ministry insisted the reforms would sill go ahead, itis unclear what take, (FT.com website) © We can emphasise but and although with stil and anyway. | wasn’t feeling very wel, but 1 still went to work ‘wasn't feeling very wel, but | went to work anyway. | still went to work, although | wasn't feeling very well Although | wasn’t feeling very well, | went to work anyway, © We can use yet in place of ‘but’ in writing, D Contrast: though and even though © We can use though in informal speech and writing lke although. Though it seems ike @ good idea, | don’t thnk i ! work practice Though he owned 4 40 percent stake, his parma outvoted him and unseated hime (Asia. Ine, website) With though we often use two separate sentences and put though atthe end tt seems like a good ide. | don’t think i! work in practice, though. © We can use even though ike although to ge a stronger contrast. Even though | wasn't feeling very wel | stil went to work.41 LINKING WORDS 1171 £ Contrast: whereas (© We can use whereas in formal speech and writing to compare two facts and emphasise the difference between them. The clause with whereas can come at the beginning or end. Indonesia has a lot of natural resources, whereas Singapore has none. Whereas Indonesia has a fot of natural resources, Singapore has none. F Although or whereas? © Although in a sentence suggests surprise. But the clause with although does not always contain the surprising information - usually its the clause that comes second that seems surprising, We had a reasonable year in Asia, although sales fella litte in Japan. {Although sales fell a litle in Japan, we had a reasonable year in the rest of Asia, ‘Whereas simply compares tivo facts, It makes a strong contrast, but there is less suggestion of surprise We had a reasonable year in Asia, whereas sales in Europe were quite disappointing, © We can use while ike although or wheres. While there are stil some issues to resolve, I think we should go ahead. (lke ‘although’) Inflation rose by 3% last year, while house prices went up 6%, (lke ‘whereas') White some freelance workers will jump from job t job companies like IBM and Siw» Micosystems Inc. wat to have a cove of carerists to provide continuity. (BusinessWeek Online website) G Contrast: despite/in spite of (© Despite and in spite of ae like although, but they are followed by a noun or noun phrase, ‘Although | was il, went to work. = In spite of my illness, | went to work ‘Although sales Increased, profits fell = Despite the increase in sales, profits fell Despite last year’s Internet business slowdown, corporations today must still recognize the strategic valu of adopting e-business processes and technologies. (e-business advisor website) Remember that a gerund (verb with ~ing) can act as a noun, In spite of Despite feeling il | went to work, (NOT Bespite-Hetttt-twentiowert) = “And as your department representative, let me ust say that | am both proud and honoured to be taking credit for your accomplishments,"17241 LINKING WoRDs 1 41 Practice Exercise 1/6 DEI FIG Underline the correct words. 1 Although Bur like this company, | probably won't work here long, 2 In spite of/Aalthough their shares are rising, thelr future is stil uncertain 3. Kate gave a good presentation, although despite having very ltl time to prepare 4. This year our earnings are close to $8m, while/stl last year they were just $m, 5. Whereas/in spite of these candidates all have an MBA, these other ones don't, 6 I read the book you suggested. | didn't enjoy it, although /though. 7. I didn’t have much time, but/whereas | managed to vist the whole site 8 Nowadays we have very few strikes, but/whereas ten years ago we had a lot 9 We weren't sure whether to go ahead with the launch, but we did it stl/anyway. 10 Although/in spite ofthe delay, we stil arrived on time, 11 | didn’t manage to close the deal, although /whereas | really tied. 12. Although/Whereas their share price is falling at the moment, the company is stil a good long-term investment. Exercise 2 [Bi Rewrite each sentence in two ways so it has a similar meaning to the fist sentence each time. Use the ‘words in brackets, 11 Paula visited both the Madrid office and the Barcelona office, 8) (000) ....PAUla. visited the Madrid office, and. the Barcelona office, too. ) (as well as) 2 We can handle the transport arrangements and the insurance. 2) (also) ») (both) 3 I want the sales figures for October and November 2) (as well ) (as well as) 4. We're setting up offices in Peru and Ecuador. 2} (ako) ») (too) Exercise 3 CDE FIG Complete the Sentences with one ofthese words or phrases: although, anyiay but in spite of stil though. vhereas, Use each word or pirase once oly 1 Carol didn't recognise Mark Laney, although. she had met him bor 2. n't ike karaoke bars | went wth my Japanese clients anyway 3 offered my best pice, BU they didnt seem interested 4 think wel have to change our supple. a pty, 5 the early problems, the project hasbeen a great sucess 6 Spain is 2 mature market in Portugal theres stil com for growth, 7 Wehaven' got athe fats, but ts woth dcusing itExer 4CDERG RET 41 LINKING WORDS 1173 Rewrite each pair of sentences using the words given. There are two ways each time 1 ttwas raining, We got here on time. 4) Although ...i8. WAS, Cainings we. got, hereon. time. ) Despite. the. rain, we. gat. here on, time. 2 Ihad a headache. | stil went to the meeting a) In spite of » but 3. Some analysts think that stocks wil fallin value. Others disagree a ') Although , whereas 4. There were difficulties in the negotiations. We won the contract. 2) Despite ») Even though 5. Oil prices rose slightly last year. This year they have gone down, 2) Whereas » although 6 Ive written twice. | stil haven't received a reply a yet by Despite 7. He didn’t use any notes. He gave an excellent presentation ) Although » He Exercise 5 [Bi [CE [FIG though, (P46 Complete the article about Formula One with a suitable word from thelist below. both (x1) aswell XI) as well as (x1) also (x1) yet (x1) although (x8) whereas Oc) despite 62) ormula One, errart an pe ores iat a ed a a seieee a ee a ce hae eee ‘sport, 1) 4! Ferraris sponsors include Marlboro, Fis ad aE, Oe pn ta Seg I ec 1 pe ac le casa PAG and HSBC are very happy - teams each have a budget of over o. the fact that Jaguar is not $300 million, and money comes in from actually very successful on the track, direct sponsorship and trade support Most years the sport is dominated by (8) ‘merchandising, TV rights two teams, Ferrari and McLaren-Mercedes, and prize money. ( snsnecnonn other teams like BAR Ferrari have an unusual problem. Their Honda, BMW Williams and Benetton brand name is very famous and the team is very successful, (9) they only sell around 6000 cars a year. The problem is that they are not directly associated with a mass volume car producer, (10). all the other {teams are. In reality Ferraris controlled by iat, but (1) being the main ‘owner Fiat gets little publicity when Ferrari wins. Many years ago Gianni ‘Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wanted to rename ‘the cars Fat Ferrari (12). sm he tried, he failed. A man called Enzo Ferrari, legend in Italy stood in his way. He died in 1989 and Agnelli respects his wishes, but things may change inthe future.inking words 2 A Reason: because, as, since © We use because, as and since when we ‘Want t0 explain the reason for something. As and since are more common in formal speech and vwriting, ''m calling to complain because the goods are damaged. Jam retuming the goods as/since they were damaged on arrival (© As and since can come at the beginning of the sentence. Normally we do not begin sentences with because, but this is possible in informal speech, As/since the goods were damaged on arrival, | am returning them. use you're a first-time customer, | need to see your bank references B Result: so © We use so to express a result. Note the relation between because and so: ''m calling to complain because the goods are damaged. (reason) The goods are damaged, $0 !™m calling to complain. (resuit) C Purpose: to and for © We use the to infinitive to express purpose, to say why we do things. He went t0 the airport to meet Mr Li, (NOT fartennect) 1'm calling to talk about the sales conference next week ‘Mr Zhu sid the Government would work t9 improve China’ unemployment insurance system and 4 speed up reform of the labour market, (Australian Financial Review website) © We can use in order to or so as to in place af to. They are more formal The CEO called a press conference in order to explain the merger, ‘We can use the negative in order not to or So as not to. We cannot use not toon its own, ‘calla taxi so as not to miss my fight. (NOT Hhealbe-tox-netie-mie-my-tight © We can use for followed by a noun to say why we do something ‘He went to the airport for a meeting with Mr i. (= to have a meeting) Shall we go out for some lunch? (@ to have some lunch) D Purpose: so that (© We can use 50 (that) to express purpose. After so (that) we use subject + verb 1 auess the question is how do you develop your company 30 that it can evolve in response 10 changing customer expectations. (e-business advisor website) © Fora present purpose we use the present simple, will or can, I send it by courier so (that) it gets it get to you on time, ‘'m caling you $0 (that) I can check your last order © For a past purpose we use the past simple, would or could | sent it by courier yesterday $0 (that) it gotlit’d get to you on time, ‘lett work early so (that) I could go the doctor's{42 LINKING WORDS 2175 © Ifthe subject ofthe first part of the sentence and the subject of the purpose clause are different, we can’t use fo, We have to use so (that) Irmvcaling to talk about the sales conference. (same subject) {fm calling so (that) we can talk about the sales conference. (diferent subject) She called a press conference to explain the merger (ame subject) ‘She called a conference so (that) journalists could ask questions. (different subject) E Manner: as, as if and like ‘© We can use as or like before a clause (subject + verb) to mean ‘in the way that’ In this case there is no difference in meaning, but as is more formal. He runs the company as/like his father used to. Well have four people working on the stand, as/like we di last year ‘As Central Europe looks for growl it could lear a lot from countries like Ireland, Portugal, Spain “and Greece, All of them started off their EU carers far poorer than the EU averae, just as Cental Europe will do, (Business Central Europe website) © We can use as if or like before a clause to say how someone or something feels, looks, sounds or behaves Ihave a bit of a temperature. | feel as if/like | should go home. It looks as if/like we're going to recover our costs by the end of the year. For two decades, Friedel Newber nan the giant German savings bank WestLB as if it were an arm of the government, (Business Week website) © We can use as and lke before a noun or noun phrase. In this case as means ‘something is, something’, and like means ‘something is similar to something! ‘She works as a financial controller. (she is one) ‘she thinks like 2 financial controller. (She thinks ina similar way to one) We're using the Estonian market as atest (itisa test) The Estonian market i like a test for Finnish market. (its nota test, but iit similar to one) Pranrett: “No, Hoskins, youre not going to do itt because Im telling you to doit. Youre going to dd it because you believe init”476 42 LINKING WoRDS 2 42 Practice Exercise 1 Al Bl Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains the word in brackets 1 It was inconvenient for eveyone, so the meeting was postponed es) ins the, meeting, was. inconvenient. for everyone, it, mas. posteoned 2. Isent Karen a copy of the minutes because she missed the meeting. (So) Karen missed the meeting 3. [had a lot of paperwork to do, so | finished work late. (because) | inished work late 4. Fell you back. I have to go now because | have a meeting. (So) I call you back. | have a meeting, 5 He doesn't know, 50 I'll ask someone else, (since) Since Underline the correct word. ‘We'te not in this business just to make/for to make short-term profit. Flexplan in more detail so/that our objectives are clear. | wrote the date in my diary so that/to | wouldn't forget the meeting this morning. He resigned in order to/for spend more time with his family Jack came to me in order to/for advice We agreed to their offer so that we can/could close the deal She rechecked the figures so that the auditors won't/wouldn’t find any errors when they came. Il recheck the figures so that the auditors won’t/wouldn't find any errors when they come. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weill agree to your offer so that we can/could cose the deal 7 8 9 10 Many visitors come here to see/for to see our automated production line. Exercise 3 €| DI Match the beginnings of each sentence 1-16 with an ending a) or b, 1 Lwent to Barcelona to 2_Lwent to Barcelona for 3 I'mhere for 4 mere to 5 think its time to 6 I think its time for 7 It worth shopping around for 8 It’s worth shopping around to 9 Heft work early so that | 10. Ihave to leave work early so that | 11 1 kept his business card so that | 12_Filkeep his business cards so that | 13 I'l deal with it personally so that there 14_I dealt with it personaly so that there bb) weren't any problems. Bl tal oO o a ag o a) the Trade Fai. b) attend the Trade Fait. a) a meeting with Manuel Lopez. bb) meet Manuel Lopez a) a short coffee break. bb) have a short coffee break. a) a better price by get a better pric. 2) can go the dentist ) could go to the dentist 2) would remember his name ) ‘ll remember his name. a) aren't any problems.‘42 LINKING WORDS 2177 Exercise 4 (© DI ‘Are these sentences in English possible or impossible, Write Por 1 Ill speak louder so that everyone can hear, 2_ I'l speak louder in order to everyone can heat 3 Sorry, I'l explain my proposal again to avoid any confusion, a 4 Sorry, I'l explain my proposal again so avoid any contusion. 5. Sorry, Il explain my proposal again so we avoid any confusion, L_| 6 We mail our clients regulary not to lose contact with them. () 7 We mail our clients regularly so as not to lose contact with them. [_) 8 Ill take an umbrella so | won't get wet. Oo 9. Il take an umbrella so | wouldn't get wet. O 10. I take an umbrella so| don't get wet. ia Exercise 5 Ei ‘Complete the sentences with as or like, or put as/like if both are possible 1 While | was at university | sometimes Worked 5... @B. none a Waite 2. The negotiations are going very slowly, l expected 3. Anna's so funny! She's a comedian, 4. Weill send the order in two consignments, we agreed in the meeting 5. This crisis is not the last one. It's worse! 6 I'm lucky. Ihave a small room at home that | use my study. 7 You look just your brother. 8 Ina situation lke this, you should do exactly «it says in the book. Exercise 6 AB © DE Pe Unde the covet words in ths dagu sack: sack. sce, ace scx: ack: sack mc cK cs: Oh, hi, Pamela. Could you give me some advice? ‘Yeah, sure, Tes about my laptop. I use it a lot when I'm out of the office, (1) 0 /like I wanted to talk t0 you about saving my files... I, er, don’t want co lose everything if there’ a problem, Hmm, Do you back-up your files (2) or/10 make sure your work is safe? ‘Oh yes. L have a small storage device that plugs into the USB port ~ its (3) as /like a portable hhard disk. And so if anyone stole my laptop it wouldn't be such a disaster (4) because /for L ‘would sil have all my files. Well, chats OK then, The problem is I often keep this device in the same place as my laptop (5) for/s0 that its ‘easy for me to find. And that's what worries me on? Well, yes I's easy for me to find, (6) s0 /s0 that its easy for the thief too, Ah, hah, It sounds (7) as/as if you're getting a litle bit paranoid, Jack. So, is there some kind of solution (8) for/t0 people (9) as /like me ... who are worried? Do you use your laptop (10) to /for access the Internet? Of course. Well, (11) nor ro worry /s0 as not to worry about losing your files how about using on-line storage? Um, what’ that? Ie works (12) as /as ifa hard disk, (13) as ike your portable device, but its an Internet site. Oh. You can upload files to the site whenever you want (4) 50 that like they are there to download on another occasion. It could be with another computer. I use it all the time (15) s0 that /to keep copies of my most importane files, Ab, I see. That sounds (16) as like a really good idea, Well, thanks a lot. I'l do that. a _?._____""—"