Aquaculture

Aquaculture
• Aquaculture is the managed cultivation of
aquatic species such as shrimp, catfish, trout,
eel, shellfish, and so on, typically in an artificial
system of ponds, raceways, and reservoirs.
• High density stocking, intensive feeding and
careful management of water conditions such
as oxygen and ammonia levels, pH balance,
and so on are all part of a well-managed
aquaculture system.
• Microorganisms, particularly bacteria,
primarily assimilate uneaten feed, faeces,
nitrogenous metabolites, plankton remains,
and other wastes in aquaculture ponds.
 Indian Aquaculture & Fishery at a Glance
Global position 3rd in Fisheries & 2nd in Aquaculture
Coastline 8129 km
Rivers & Canals 191024 km
Reservoirs 3.15 million Ha
Ponds & Tank 2.35 million Ha
Brackish waters 1.24 million ha
Ref: by Prof. S.P. Trivedi, Department
of Zoology, University of Lucknow,
Lucknow-226007
Need for Probiotics in Aquaculture
• Stress is caused in fish and shrimp by high stocking densities and
intensive culture practices.
• Several antibiotics, pesticides, and disinfectants are used
indiscriminately for disease control.
• Such applications contribute to the evolution and spread of drug-
resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, resulting in a negative
impact on the environment and a risk to aquatic animal health.
• Disease outbreaks are becoming more common as a result of
increased environmental (Abiotic) and aquatic (biotic) stress.
• Production is being reduced, posing a threat to aquaculture's
long-term viability.
• Excess algal blooms due to overabundance of nutrients.
• Due to the aforementioned parameters, there is a lack of
dissolved oxygen in the water.
Degradation of pond bottom organics
• Enzymes are a special group of complex proteins found in
all living organisms. Various enzymes are secreted by
bacteria to break down complex set of pollutants into Complex soluble BOD
simple form. Enzymes accelerate the rate reactions as Particulate BOD Colloidal BOD
much as 1,000,000 times the rate of uncatalyzed reactions
and permit the occurrence of biochemical reactions.
• The simple form of pollutants are further consumed by
various microorganisms for their own growth and energy.
Thus there is reduction in the BOD values.
• Simplistic soluble substrates, cBOD, nBOD (ionized
nBOD Simple soluble BOD
ammonia and nitrite), and some lipids, are easily
Lipids
absorbed by bacterial cells. Other substrates are adsorbed
to bacteria and are solublized through the action of
exoenzymes or conveyed into the cell with specific
transport molecules (proteins).
 Impact of Enzyme
Enzyme

Enzyme

Substrate A Substrate A

• Enzymes are a type of complex protein that are found in all living things. Hundreds of enzymes are present in most cells, and
enzymes are constantly manufactured. Enzymes are biological processes catalysts. Enzymes may speed up processes by up to 1
million times the pace of uncatalyzed reactions and allow biological reactions to take place at temperatures that live cells can
tolerate
• Enzymes serve as a surface or active location for biological events to take place. The active site is a binding site, which means it
creates a weak connection with the molecules on which the enzyme functions. Enzymes, on the other hand, are particular in
terms of the substrates or substances that they may destroy or manufacture
• When a substrate comes in contact with an appropriate site of an enzyme, an enzyme–substrate complex is formed. Once the
complex is formed, chemical bonds in the substrate are weakened, and the substrate is degraded by catabolism to simpler
molecules as shown in the above pictorial as 1,2,3
Disease control inside gut
• Understanding the principal of Competitive Exclusion: No two species can occupy the same
area indefinitely from the same limiting resources. If they do they will compete with one
another for the same food and resources . Eventually , one species will out compete the
other. The weaker species will either go extinct or will be removed from the system.
Addition of
T1B FeedPro

Disease causing microbes Reduction of disease causing microbes by Competitive Exclusion

High concentration or Maximum variety
• Having higher bacterial count does not offer
protection to the animals.
• Mixed culture of probiotic bacteria yields better result
by enhancing lysozyme activity, migration of
neutrophils, and plasma bactericidal activity, than
probiotic with few species having a higher
concentration
Some important microbial strains
• Bacillus spp.
• Lactobacillus spp.
• Enterococcus spp.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Bifidobacterium spp.
• Streptococcus
• Lactococcus spp.
• Micrococcus spp.
• Nitrobacter
• Nitrosomonas
• Pseudomonas
• Cellulomonas
• Rhodopseudomonas
Benefits of T1B Acqua S
• T1B Acqua S formulations offer more than 99% reactivation rates with rapid
reproduction levels.
• The robust microorganisms in T1B Acqua S are more aggressive than most
pathogenic strains of bacteria, already in the water.
• Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter help degrades ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to
nitrate in the aerobic environment of the water column and to nitrogen gas in
the anaerobic environment of the bottom sludge or gravel.
• T1B Acqua S contains waste degrading strains of Bacillus to reduce organic
loadings in the water column, preventing a buildup of sludge on the pond
bottom.
• Maintains pond bottom in a healthy state.
• The microbes present in T1B Acqua S can reduce sludge accumulations by up
to 75%.
• T1B Acqua S contain bacteria that are pre-conditioned to prefer toxic
pollutants as there food source thus lowering the impact of antibiotics in the
water column.
Benefits of T1B Acqua F
• Improved water quality of the culture pond
• Enhance mineralization of organic matter and get rid off
undesirable waste compounds.
• Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for
controlling of ammonia, nitrite and hydrogen sulphide level
• Reduction in stress and diseases
Benefits of T1B feed pro
• Improves animal health condition by reducing mucosal and
systemic immunity
• Improves the physiological and nutritional actions of the animal.
• Improvement of intestinal microbial balance. Healthy gut
environment
• Enhances the fish and shrimp feed efficiency
• Stimulates digestive enzyme and maintain the balance of intestinal
microbes
• Improved nutrient absorption and utilization
• Excellent survival and growth of fish and shrimp.
Benefits of T1B biofloc
• Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations for controlling of
ammonia, nitrite and hydrogen sulphide level
• Improved water quality of the culture tank
• Improvement of intestinal microbial balance
• Production of inhibitory compounds and enhancement of immune
response against pathogenic bacteria.
• Improvement of feed conversion ratio (FCR)
• Lower incidence of disease, greater survival and increase in production
• Achieving higher survival, growth production and productivity.
Benefits of MacMi
• Develops faster growth of phytoplankton
• Improves productivity of the pond by increasing weight of fish / shrimp
• Reduces problem of pond bottom residue
• Improves dissolved Oxygen problem
• Improves clarity of water in the pond
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