JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES STATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] Dynamic particle mode! Bulk properties of matter Intermolecular forces Thermal eneray Intermolecular forces VS Thermal interactions Gaseous state ‘Measurement of pressure Gay-Lussac’s law Avogadro's law Ideal gas equation Dalton's law of partial pressures Kinetic molecular theory of gas. Deviations from ideal behaviour Liquid state Boyle's law Introduction We have already leamt about the chemical classification of matter into elements, compounds and mixtures in unit I. In this unit, we shall take up the physical classification of matter. Matter can be classified into three categories depending upon its physical state, namely: solid, liquid and gaseous states, ‘The matter in solid state possesses a definite volume, a definite shape and a definite mass. Some ‘common examples are: table, chair, common salt, silver, etc. The matter in liquid state possesses a definite volume, a definite mass, but no definite shape. In fact, it acquires the shape of the container. Some examples are: milk, water, alcohol, ete. The matter in gaseous state neither has definite volume nor definite shape but it has definite mass. It acquires the shape and volume of the container. Some common examples are: air, oxygen, and hydrogen, sulphur dioxide, et. Almost all the substances exist in three states under appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure, A substance is said to be solid if its melting point is above the room temperature at the atmospheric pressure. A substance may be called a liquid if its boiling point is more but melting point is less than the room temperature at the atmospheric pressure and likewise, it is a gas if its boiling point is below the room temperature at the atmospheric pressure. Zz Fourth state called plasma state refers to the super heated gaseous state consisting of mixture of electrons and positively charge ions with unusual properties. It is found at extremely high temperatures such as interiors of sun or stars or in intense electrical fields as in discharge tube Astronomers reveal that 99% of all matter in the universe is present in this plasma state. Fifih state refers to super cooled solid in which atoms lose their separate identity. In fact, get condensed and behave like a single super atom, The study of this phenomenon was based upon Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) concept developed in 1924 Dynamic Particle Model ‘The intensive investigation by the scientists over the years, led to the development of a mental model regarding the constitution of matter. This model is known as dynamic particle model. Some of its assumptions are: Al matter is made of tiny particles. However, the state of aggregation of particles is different in the three states of matter. The particles are separated by empty spaces called voids. The particles exert attractive forces on one another. However, the magnitudes of these interparticle forces differ in three states of matter. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, NEWTONCLAS: ular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph: 0851-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049 ES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES The particles are not stationary, but they have tendency to acquire motion ‘The basic difference between the three states of matter can be explained on the basis of particle model as follows: In solid state, the particles are closely packed and the voids between them are very smal. ‘The average distance between the particles is of the order of 10° em. Due to small voids the particle motion is limited to vibratory motion only and the magnitude of interparticle forces is quite large. ‘The definite shape and volumes of solids are attributed to the definite geometric pattem involved in the close packing of particles. In gaseous state the particles are very loosely packed. ‘The voids between the particles are quite large so ‘much so that the actual volume of the particles is negligible as compared to the total volume of gas. The attractive forces between the particles. are negligibly small. The particle motion is very rapid and they move in all the directions in. straight lines. Because of the random motion and weak intemparticle forces, the particle do not have any bonding surface. As a result they do not have definite shape or definite volume. The liquid state is imermediate of solids and gases, The particles are relatively loosely packed as compared with solids ‘The average distance between the particles is of the order of 10-7 t0 10-5 em. ‘The attractive forces are relatively weaker than those in solids but stronger than those in gases. In liquids, particles can move about, however, they cannot separate from one another due to stronger attractive forces. That is why liquids have definite volume but no definite shape. 3. Bulk Properties of Matter Most of the observable properties of chemical species in different physical states represent bulk properties of matter. These bulk properties depict the collective behaviour of large number of particles taken together. For example, boiling of liquid is the bulk of liguid which boils. The individual molecules of liquid do not boil. Similarly, water (which is a collection of large ‘umber of HO molecules) has wetting properties, but individual HO molecules do not wet. Also ‘when gas expands, the individual molecules do not expand but the bulk molecules occupy more space. Some of the bulk properties of maiter are boiling point, vapours pressure, density, surface tension, viscosity, ete. Bulk properties of matter depend upon its physical state and they change with the change of physical state. The change of physical state and bulk properties of matter further depend upon the energy of constituent particles and also on electrostatic interactions between the constituent particles. These particles may be atoms, ions or molecules. The physical state of existence of a substance at ttiven conditions is a balance between the thermal energy of molecules and _ intermolecular interactions. It is because both these factors effect the molecular motion which further determines the physical state. Let us leam about the nature and types of intermolecular forces. Intermolecular Forces The attractive and repulsive forces operating between the particles (atoms and molecules) of the substance are called interparticle forces. IF the particles are atoms these may be termed as interatomic forces, on the other hand, if these are molecules, they are called intermolecular forces. These force are collectively called van der Waal’s forces in the honour of Dutch scientist Johannes van der waal (1837-1923). van der Waal’s forces are further classified as () Dispersion forces or London forces (ii) Dipole-Dipole forces and (iti) Dipole-inctuced dipole forces. It is worth noting that the electrostatic forces between the ions of opposite charges (interionic forces) and those between ions and polar molecules (ion-dipole forces) do not fallin category of van der Waal forces. There is yet another category of intermolecular force called Hycrogen-bonds which exist among the molecules in which H-atom is covalently ‘bonded to elements like F, O and N. It may also be kept in mind that the melting and boiling points of the substances depend on the 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLAS ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] magnitude of intermolecular forces. Larger the magnitude of these forces higher is the melting point or boiling point of the substance. DISPERSION FORCES OR LONDON FORCES These are the interparticle forces among the monatomic or non-polar molecules such as No, He, Hy, COp, ete. ‘Non-polar molecules are electrically symmetrical and have no dipole moment because their electronic charge cloud is symmetrically distributed. However, an instantaneous dipole may develop in such atoms and molecules, as described below Suppose we have two atoms of neon ‘A’ and ‘B* in the close vicinity of each other. ( Rowe Rane Symmetrical distribution of electron density Rapid movement of electrons in A may cause momentary accumulation of electron density on one side thus causing the charge distribution to become unsymmetrical. In other words, the charge cloud is more concentrated on one side than the other. This will result in the development ‘of temporary instantaneous dipole on the atom “A” fora very short time. Cy) ‘torn’ withinstanacus ole more electron density fonright hand side ‘oen’8 with Induced ciple or © € ‘Atom 8 more electron ‘ensityon let hand side ee. induced dipole This instantaneous or transient dipole distorts the electron density of the atom ‘B’, which is close to it, In other words, a dipole is induced in the atom “B" also. The temporary dipoles of atom “A” and “B? attract each other. Similar temporary dipoles are induced in non-polar molecules also, Magnitude of such a force of attraction was first calculated by the German physicist Fritz London, For this reason force of attraction between two temporary dipoles is known as Londonforce. Another name for this force is dispersion force. These forces are always attractive and interaction energy is inversely proportional to the sixth power Of the distance between two interacting particles fie, where ris the distance between two particles). These forces are important only at short distances (~ 500 pm) and their magnitude depends on the ability of the particles to undergo polarization. Dispersion forces are present among all the particles, DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES Dipole-dipole forces operate between the molecules possessing permanent dipole. Ends of the dipole possess “partial charges” and these ‘charges are shown by Greek letter delta (3) Partial charges are always less than the unit charge (1.6 x 10-19 C) because of electron sharing effect. The polar molecules interact with neighbouring molecules. This interaction is weak as compared to ion-ion interaction because only partial charges. are involved. ‘The interaction energy decreases with the increase of distance between the dipoles. It is also proportional 10 r* where ‘r’ is the distance between polar molecules. Besides dipole-dipole interaction, polar molecules can interact by London forces also. The cumulative effect of both the interactions is the total increase of intermolecular forces in polar molecules. The figure below shows electron cloud distribution and attractive interactions between H—Cl dipoles. ?> > Attractive interaction between H—Cl dipoles. DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE FORCES Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES This type of attractive forces operate between polar molecules having jt > 0 and the non-polar molecules having = 0. Permanent dipole of the polar molecule induces dipole on the electrically neutral molecule by deforming its electron cloud. ‘The interaction energy is proportional to “6 where r is the distance between two molecules. Induced dipole moment depends upon the dipole moment of the permanent dipole and the polarizability of the electrically neutral molecule, iv) Molecules of larger size can be easily polarized. Higher polarizability increases the strength of attractive interactions. There is a cumulative effect of dispersion forces | and dipole-induced dipole interactions HYDROGEN BONDS This is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction operating between the molecules hhydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as fluorine (F), oxygen (0) or nitrogen (N), ‘The bond pair of electrons forming covalent bond is displaced towards electronegative atom. When solitary electron of H atom lies away, it behaves almost as a bare proton and exerts a strong clectrostatic force of attraction on the electronegative atom of the other molecule in its vicinity. This interaction is represented by a dotted line and is called hydrogen bond, oH Fes Ferd — Fn Energy of hydrogen bond varies between 10 to 100 k Jmot~!. ‘This is very significant amount of ‘energy, therefore hydrogen bonds are powerful force in determining the structure and properties. of many compounds. Strength of hydrogen bond is determined by the columbic interaction between the /one-pair electrons of the electronegative aiom and the hydrogen atom. vi) Formation of hydrogen bond is depicted as follows: Note: in which | ’) intermolecular forces which we have discussed so far, are all attractive forces. ii) Molecules also exert repulsive forces on one another. When two molecules are brought into close contact with each other, the repulsion between the electrons and between the nuclei in the molecules comes into play Magnitude of the repulsive forces rises very rapidly as the distance separating the molecules decreases. This is why liquids and solids are very hard to compress. In these states molecules are already in close contact, therefore they resist further compression. 5. Thermal Energy ‘Thermal energy which is also evlled heat energy, is largely responsible for the movement of particles in matter. It is divectly proportional to the temperature of the substauce. {2 is the measure of kinetic energy of the particles ‘of the mater which in tum is responsible for perticle movement, Higher the temperature of substonce is higher will be the thermal energy of its molecides and consequently more vigorous cand rapid will be the molecu-lar movement. The particle movement is also called thermal motion, . Intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions We have leamt that intermolecular forces tend to Keep the molecules close together but thermal energy of the molecules tends to keep them apart and randomize them. The three states of matter are assumed to be the resulting balance between intermolecular forces and thermal energy. In solids, the molecular interactions are very strong but the molecular motion is restricted to oscillatory or vibratory movement about their mean position. ‘The molecules possess low thermal energy and, therefore, cannot break free from mutual attraction, When we heat the solid, thermal energy gradually increases which weakness the intermolecular forces and causes them to move apart. When the average distance between the molecules increases beyond 10m, the solid melts into liquid. In liquid state, a fine balance exists between attractive forces and thermal energy, so that 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 7546845049 ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] molecules can break away from one another and at the same time get attracted while approaching the other molecules. Further increase in temperature results in further inerease in the thermal energy and ultimately @ state reaches ‘when the molecules fall apart and behave almost as independent entities. This state is referred to as gaseous state, In gaseous state, the molecular interactions are very weak. The molecules do not cling together like those in liquids or solids unless the thermal energy of the gas is reduced by lowering the temperature of the gas. Decrease of thermal energy causes molecules to come close and they gradually develop intermolecular attraction tll the gas condenses into liquid first and finally into solid state, It may be noted that gases do not liquefy by compression only through compression also causes molecules to come close. For condensation of gas into liquid we need to decrease the thermal energy also. Predominance of thermal energy and molecular interaction of a substance in three states is shown in figure. INTERMOLECULARINTERACTIONS PREDOMINATING SOLID: LIQUID ===—=Gas 7 I Formative Worksheet J Match the following State of matter Vold distance 1) Solid i) 10-7 to 10->m 2) Liquid ii) 10-S em 3)Gas iii) 10-8 em ‘Choose the option: (A) 19 4,2 ii, 3 > i B)1 > it,2 44,3 91 (©) 1 ii, 21,3 it ) 1 > ili, 2 41,3931 Assertion (A): The melting and boiling points are ‘more, ifthe inter molecular forces are more. Reason (R): Greater are the intermolecular forces, srater is the force required to break the bonds (A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (C) Assertion is correct and Reason is in correct (D) Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct. ‘The types of forces operating in molecules like No, He, Hp, CO, ete is (A) Dispersion forces {B) Dipole-Dipole forces (© Dipole - induced forces (D) Electrostatic forces Dispersion forces are also called London forces, because (A) The forces were first identified in London. (B) The forces were first identified by German Physicist Fritz London. (©) The magnitude of the forces was first calculated by Fritz London. (D) All the above. Which of the following is true for the London Forces? (A) Its magnitude was first calculated by Fritz London. (B) These forces are always interactive (©) The interaction energy is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between two interacting particles (@) All Statement A: Dipole - Dipole forces operate between particles ofall the substances Statement B: The partial charges are greater than 1.6 « 10°C. (A) ‘A’ is true, “B? is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘Bis true (C) Both “A’ and ‘Bare true (D) Both *A” and *B” are false ‘The interaction energy between the two dipoles with the increase of distance between them (A) Increase (B) Decrease (©) Remain same Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES (D) To certain level it increases and beyond it, it decrease Staiememt A: The interaction energy of dipole- dipole forces Statement B: Besides dipole-dipole forces, polar ‘molecule also interact with London fore. (A)‘A istruc, “BY is false (B)‘A’is false, ‘B’ is true (© Both “A” and ‘B" are true (D) Both “A” and ‘B" are false The imeraction energy between two molecules interacting with dipole induced dipole forces is E. If the distance between them is doubled, then the energy becomes WE E E ®> OOF |. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) incorrect? (A) Two molecules of larger size can be easily polarized. (B) Higher potarazibility increases the strength of attractive interactions. (© Both (D) None Which of the following is true for hydrogen bonds? (A) This is a special type of dipole-dipole force ‘operating between two molecules. (B) These bonds are weaker than ionic bonds. (© It exists within or in between a molecule/s, where the hydrogen is covalently bonded to a higher electronegative element like N, F or O. (D) All the above The energy of H-bond varies from (A) 1500 kifmote to 2000 ki/mote {B) 2000 ki/mole to 2500 kimote (©) 10 kJ/mole to 100 kmole {D) 750 ki/mole to 1000 ki/mole Which of the following has greater boiling point? (A)H)0 (B)NH3(C)HF —(D) All Which of the following states of matter has following characteristics? (i) Very strong molecular interactions (Gi) Restricted molecular motion (iii) Possesses Low thermal energy (A) Solids (B) Liquids (C) Gases (D) Plasma 1S. Which ofthe following in true? (A) [Reemoteatartneracion predominate Solid =2Liquid 8+ Gas Teale edo (B) [rermoteciar nteraction predominating Solid Liquid 2 Gas ©) Cmmaeia metenp Solid Liquid Gas Trot evewy predorinatne ©) Irrmoleccar nenton predOmInE Solid == Liquid Gas 16. Which one of the following statements is not correct about the three states of matter ie. solid, liquid and gas, (A) Molecules of a solid possess least energy whereas those of a gas possess highest energy, (B) The density of solids is highest whereas that of gases is lowest. (C) Gases like liquids possess definite volumes. (D) Molecules of a solid possess vibratory motion. The temperature and pressure at which ice, liquid water and water vapour can exist together “are (A) 0°, lat (By 2% (©) 0°C, 4.2mm (D) -2" . Which of the following is true about gaseous state? (A) Thermal energy ~ Molecular attraction (B) Thermal energy > > Molecular attraction (©) Thermal energy << Molecular attraction (D) Molecular forces > > Those in liquids 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS: Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 7546845049 ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] [Conceptive Worksheet | ——— 1. Statement A: A substance is said to be a solid, if its melting point is above the room temperature at the atmospheric pressure. Statement B: A substance is said to be a liquid if its boiling point is more but melting point is less than the room temperature at its atmospheric pressure. (A) ‘A’ is true, “B” is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘B? is true (C) Both ‘A’ and ‘BY are true (D) Both “A* and ‘B" are false Assertion (A): Most of the substances can e three states of matter, solid or liquid or gas. Reason (R): This is possible by changing temperature and pressure conditions. (A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A (©) Ais correct and R is incorrect. (D) A is incorrect and Ris correct. Statement A: There are only three states of matter. Statement B: 99% of all matter in universe is present in plasma state. (A) A’ is true, ‘B" is false (B) ‘A’ is false, “Bis true (©) Both “A” and ‘B" are true (D) Both “A” and ‘B" are false ‘The fourth and fifth states of matter respectively (A) Liquid and gas (B) Light and clectricity (©) Plasma and super cooled liquid (D) Semi-solid and super heated liquid ‘The model that explains the constitution of matter is (A) Einstein's model (B) Bose-Einstein’s model (BEC) (C) Dynamic particle mode! (D) Bohr’s model of matter Which of the following statement(s) is (are) not true according to Dynamic particle model? (A) All matter is made up of tiny particles. (B) The particles are separated by empty spaces called voids. (©) The particles of matter are stationary. (D) The magnitude of the forces between the particles is same for a given substance in its three different states of matter. Statement (A): Chemical properties depend on the physical state of a substance. ‘Statement (B): Physical properties depend on the physical state of the substances. (A) ‘4’ is true, “B’ is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘Bis true (©) Both *A’ and °B” are true (D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B” are false ‘The existence of a substance in a given physical state depends on: (A) Thermal Energy {B) Intermolecular forces (©) Both (D) None Vander Waal’s forces are classified into (A) Dispersion forces (or) London forces (B) Dipole-Dipole forces (C) Dipole - induced forces (D) All ). Which of the following do not fall under intermolecular forces? (A) Electrostatic forces (B) lon - dipole forces (©) Hydrogen bonds (Dail The type of forces that operate between the polar ‘molecules having 11 > 0 and non-polar molecules having 1=0 is (A) London forces (B) Dipole - Dipole forces (©) Dipole - Induced dipole forces (D) Electrostatic forces. Induced dipole moment depends on (A) Dipole moment of paramagnetic dipole. (B) Polarazibility of the electrically neutral molecule. (©) Both (D) None Which of the following molecules contain hydrogen bond? (axel (B) NaH (©) #30 (D) NH, In which of the molecules, the H-bond is the strongest? (A)H20 (B)NH; (©) HF (D) All Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES . What should be the average distance between solid molecules, so that it starts melting. into a liquid? (A) 10%om = (B)10"em ©lo%em —— (D)10%em Which of the following is tre for gaseous state? (A) Molecular interactions are very weak. (B) Molecular motion is not restricted. (C)They cannot be liquefied on compression. () All ”. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) In all the three states the molecules possess random translational motion. (B) Gases cannot be converted into solids without passing through liquid state (© One of the common properties of liquids and gases is viscosity (D) All UnlauePropetes of Gass - High compressibility: The decrease in volume of ‘a given mass of gas either by increasing pressure or decreasing temperature is called compressibility. The high compressibility of the gases is due to the fact that they have large intermolecular spaces. On applying pressure, these molecules simply come close to each other, thereby decreasing the volume of a gas. expansibility: The volume of a given mass of a gas can be increased, either by decreasing pressure or by increasing temperature. This is called expansibility. When pressure on an enclosed gas is reduced, its ‘molecules simply move apart, thereby increasing intermolecular spaces and hence, the volume increases. When an enclosed gas is heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases. Thus, the molecules move faster and farther from each other. This in turn results in the increase in volume. Low Density: The gas occupies an extremely large volume as compared to solids and liquids Thus, the mass per unit volume of a gas is very small as compared to the liquids and solids. This accounts for the low density of the gases. Exception: There also exists a gas which has more density than many solid metals. It is Xenon which is the densest gas. Density of Xenon is 5.9 g/cc which is more than the density of many metals 18. Which of the following is not correct for gases? (A) Gases do not have definite shape and volume. (B) Volume of gas is equal to volume of container confining the gas. (© Confined gas exerts uniform pressure on the walls of its container in all directions. (D) None of the above. 7. Gaseous State ‘Out of the three states of matter, the simplest one is the gaseous state. Gases show maximum regularity in their behaviour imespective of their nature. It is interesting to note that eleven out of all the known elements exist in gaseous state under normal atmospheric. conditions of temperature (25°C) and pressure (I bar) like Lithium, Sodium, Magnesium, Titanium, Aluminium, Bromine, Rubidium, Cesium, etc, High rate of diffusion: The _ spontaneous intermixing of gases is called diffusion. The intermolecular spaces in a gas are very large ‘Thus, when two gases are brought in to contact with each other, their molecules just move into ‘one another’s intermolecular Space, thereby forming a homogeneous mixture. Measurable Properties of Gases The measurable properties of gases are volume, temperature, pressure and amount of gas. 1 Volume Gases always occupy the complete volume of the container on account of their high expansibil Thus, the volume of « gas is always equal to the volume of the container. Units: a) 1 millilite (1 ml) = sm3 (1 ec) b) I lite (1/)= 1 cubic decimetre (dm) Note: | ite = 1000 ml = 1000 em’ = 10 m° idm’ Factors affecting volume: i) On compressing, the volume of a gas decreases. This indicates that volume is affected by pressure. 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 7546845049 ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] ii) It is common observation that on heating, substances, including gases they expand. This indicates that volume is affected by temperature. ii)On blowing 2 balloon, it expands. This indicates that the volume of a gas increases with its amount ofits number of molecules. Temperature: Temperature of a gas is expressed in terms of motion of gas molecules, Gas molecules are in continuous motion. A gas molecule moves along 4 straight line in any direction before it collides with another gas molecule, Millions of collisions ‘occur in a second in a container containing a gas. Such a motion is called random motion. The Temperature is the index of random motion. The higher the temperature, the more the randomness Let us take a look at the precise relationship between the motion of a gas molecule and its temperature. The amount of motion of a molecule is measured by the kinetic energy of @ gas molecule. The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. Units of temperature: 2) Celsius temperature is measured in degrees Celsius = °C by Kelvin temperature is measured in kelvin = K. [Details of Kelvin scale will be discussed in the topic Charles’ law of this chapter] However, rise or fll in temperature of 1 K = 1°C. ) Temperature in kelvin = 273 + temperature in °C, K=273+9C Note: Temperature in Kelvin scale is also called absolute temperature. Pressure: The gas molecules continuously bombard the walls of the container. This continuous bombardment results ina force on the walls of the container. The force exerted per unit area of the wall is the pressure of the gas. So, we may say that the pressure of a gas is due to the bombardment of gas molecules on the walls of the container and is measured as force per unit area. & os ote PRs a R eo Factors that decide the pressure ofa gas: Pressure of a gas is basically the force exerted per unit area of the wall of the container in whieh itis kept. The force depends on: i) The number of molecules striking a unit area of the wall per second (collision frequency) and ii) The velocity with which they strike. The absolute unit of pressure is atmosphere. The other units of pressure are bar, torr, em of Hg and mm of Hg. 1 atm ~ 10° Pascal ~ 10° Nim? = 10° dyne / em? = 76 cm of Hg = 760 mm of Hg = 760 tor. Amount of Gas: ‘The amount of gas is measured in terms of moles, I mole of any substance is its weight of equal to its gram molecular weight, For example, 1 mole of hydrogen gas weighs 2 grams. 1 mole _ of, oxygen gas weighs 32 grams and so on. The formula to calculate no. of moles is: Massin grams ‘Number of moles imber of moles = “Molar Mass And also, 1 mole of any gas = 6,023 « 1023 molecules of that gas. Measurement of Pressure The pressure of a gas is measured by ‘Manometer’ and the atmospheric pressure is measured by ‘Barometer’. The practical unit of pressure of @ gas is atmospheres or centimetre of ‘mercury column (cm of Hg) in a barometer. In SI system, the unit of pressure is Pascal (Newton im), Manometer It consists of a J-shaped tube closed at the longer arm which has a vacuum at its end. The shorter arm is connected to the gas whose pressure is Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES required to be measured. In the manometer the pressure of mercury is measured as the difference in the levels of the mercury ofthe two arms. Ifthe difference is 76 cm at O°C, then the pressure of the gas corresponds to one atmosphere Vecuum Barmometer A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. It was devised by Evangelista Torricelli Construction of a Barometer: Fill a 100-cm long tube of stee! closed at one end ‘completely with mereury. Invert this tube into a ‘trough containing mercury. The mercury present at the closed end falls down leaving behind an empty space. This empty space is nothing but a vacuum, known as ‘Torricelli vacuum’. The ‘mercury column is supported by the force of atmospheric pressure. The height (h) of the ‘mercury column indicates the atmospheric pressure. Note: If the atmospheric pressure is normal, then mercury level is equal 10 76 cm. Ifthe atmospheric pressure is high, then mereury level will be more than 76cm, If the atmospheric pressure is low, then the ‘mereury level will be less than 76cm. ~) [= ‘Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure: Atmospheric pressure (P) can be obtained by a barometer, using the formula: Pahedvg where, ‘h’is the height of liquid column, ‘d’ is the density of the barometric liquid and ‘gis the acceleration due to gravity. If*h’ is expressed in meters, d” in Kg/m’ and *g” in mis, the pressure obtained by this formula is in, terms of Newton / m?* or ‘dyne/cm®', Pressure ‘measured in this way is called Absolute pressure In the formula *P = hdg’, the terms ‘d° and ‘g" for a given barometer are constant andthe atmospheric pressure is proportional to the height of the Mercury column. So, in day - to - day usage, the atmospheric pressure is expressed in terms of the height of the Mercury column, The height of the Mercury level is an index of the atmospheric pressure. For normal atmospheric pressure, the height of the Mercury column is 760 mm or 76 em. Uses of Mercury Barometer Mercury barometers are used by Metcorologists, as the height of the mercury in the glass tube indicates the weather changes in the atmosphere in the following manner. Rise in the height of mercury level => Rise in the atmospheric pressure = Retum of fair weather Rise in the height of mercury level => Rise in the atmospheric pressure => Retum of fair weather No change in the height of mercury level = No change in the atmospheric pressure => No change in weather It also indicates the change in altitudes. Implications of Low Atmospheric Pressure: Antficial pressure in air craft's: Air-cratis travel at high altitudes. At such altitudes there will be 10” molecules in one cubie centimetre of air whereas on the surface of the earth their presence is 1000 times more, Further, the weight of the air column also decreases with altitude. So, at a higher altitude the pressure becomes very much less and the passengers encounter dangers like 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 7546845049 NEWTONCLASSES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] bursting ofbody cells, bleeding of noses and ears and also an increase in the blood pressure. To avoid these problems an artificial pressure is created inside the aircraft. Faster breathing on mountains: At the top of the ‘mountains and high altitudes, there are a fewer ‘number of molecules of air. Since we could inhale only fewer air molecules each time, we feel suffocated and tend to breathe faster to make up for the deficit. Popping of ears: At the top of a tall mountain, the pressure is less. This causes our ears to pop in order to balance the pressure between the outer part and the inner part of our ears Countering the absence of pressure in space There is no external pressure in space. Astronauts, while travelling through space, wear heavy space Suits So as to create an extemal pressure. These space suits prevent the bursting of body cells and bleeding of nose and ears. I Formative Worksheet H— 19. Statement A: Gases have neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. Statement B: Gases neither exert pressure nor diffuse from one place another. (A)*A’ is true, B is false (B) ‘A’ is false, ‘BY is true (C)*A’ and *B" are true (D) ‘A’ and ‘B? are false Assertion: Gases are highly compressible. Reason: The force of attraction between the gas molecules is large and hence is compressible. (A) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion, (B) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct explanation of assertion (C) Assertion is correct, Reason is incorrect. (D) Assertion is incorrect, Reason is correct. ‘The reason for high rate of diffusion of gas molecules is (A) The intermolecular spaces in a gas are very large. (B) The intermolecular force is very negligible. (C) Gas molecules move randomly (D) None of the above. 22. As the speed of molecules increases, the number of collisions per second (A) Decreases (B) Increases (©) Does not change _(D) None ofthese ‘The temperature of -273'C on Kelvin scale is equal to (A)273K (0K (D) 819K One atmosphere is numerically equal 0 approximately (A) 108dynes cm? (By 10°dynes cm? (C) 104 dynes cm” (D) 10°dynes em? The radius of spherical container is 10em. What is the volume occupied by any amount of gas filled imo i? (B) 546K 2 oe (A) 1000Kce (A) 10001 a Co) (©) xce 3 (D) 1000 ce 10 gm of a gas present in a cube of length ‘/’ em is transferred to a cube of length 2 em. What is the percentage change in the volume occupied by the gas? (A) 500 (B) 600 (©)700_(D)800 A liquid of volume 1m? is poured into litre flasks of ‘n° in number. Find the minimum value of n, which can accommodate Im of liquid. (A) 10 (B) 1002 (©) 1000 (D) 10000 . Which of the following is (are) the unit(s) of volume? (A) litre (B) mililitre (C)eubic meter (D)AI The value of 273°C on Kelvin scale is (Ayo (B) 546 (0273 (D819 ). The temperature variation at a place is 35°C. The same variation in Kelvin scale is (A) 308K (B) 238K (35K (D)-35K ‘At what temperature, both centigrade scale and Kelvin scale show the same reading? (a)-40° (B)-273° jo (D) Never possible Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLAS ES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES One atmosphere = x newton/meter’ = y tom = 2 aynelcrm?, The valnes of x,y and 2 respectively are (A) 105, 1, 760 (B) 105, 760, 106 (©) 760, 1, 10 (D) None Calculate the pressure exerted by 75em of vertical length of water column in SI units [Take g = 9.8m/s?] (A)5330Pa—(B)6350Pa (©) 7350 Pa (D) 8350 Pa . Calculate the equivalent height of a water barometer, if the pressure recorded by mercury barometer is 600m of mercury. Density of mercury is 13600 kem-3 and density of water is 1000 kem (A) 816m (B)71.6m (©) 816m (D) 7.16 m The pressure in water pipe at the ground floor of a building is 120000Pa, whereas the pressure ofthe third floor is 30000Pa, Calculate the height of third floor. Take g= 10ms (A) 7m (B) 4m (C)9m(D) 1 m How many number of moles of oxygen are present in 8 g of i? Ol B¥OY OE What is the weight of 4 moles of nitrogen gas? (A) 4g (B) 28g (C) 56 (D) 112g The weight of % moles ofa gas is 16 g. The gas is (4) 0, @®)CHy (C) SO (D) 03 [Conceptive Worksheet | ———— 19, At constant temperature, on applying pressure, the 21 volume ofa gas (A) increases (B) decreases (©) remains same (D) None Gases are (A) highly compressible. (B) highly expansible. (©) highly diffusible. (D) All the three. Ifa gas is expanded at constant temperature: (A) Number of molecules of the gas decreases. (B) The kinetic energy of the molecules decreases. (C) The kinetic energy of the molecules remains the same. (D) The kinetic energy of the molecules increases, . The volume of a given mass of gas can be increased by (A) increasing temperature at constant pressure. (B) decreasing pressure at constant temperature. (O) decreasing density (D) All the above |. Which of the following is tue regarding the intermolecular force of attraction among three different states of matter? (A) Solids > Liquids > Gases (B) Gases > Liquids > Solids (C) Solids = Liquids = Gases (D) Gases > Solids > Liquids Ita gas is heated at constant pressure, its density (A) will increase. (B) will decrease. (©) will remain unchanged, (D) may increase of decrease. ‘A gas cannot bc liquefied if, (A) Forces of attraction are low under ordinary conditions. (B) Forces of attraction are high under ordinary conditions. (© Forces of attraction are zero under ordinary conditions. (D) Forces of attraction either high or low under ‘ordinary conditions. Which of the following has higher rate of iffusion? (A) Ammonia (B) Methane (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Oxygen A volume of Im} is equal to (A) 1000em3——_(B) 100em3 (D) 108em3 Which one of the following statement is incorrect? (A) Barometer is used for measurement of pressure of a gas. (B) Rise through 19C is same as rise through 1K (©) 10dm3 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049 ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] (C) The ficezing point of water is 32°F (D) No gas can exist at 0K. Which of the following relations for expressing volume of a sample is not correc? (A) IL = 103 mL (B) 1dm3 = IL (C)1L=103 m3 (D) 1L=103em> Which one of the following is not the unit of pressure? (A)Newton ——(B) Torr (C) Pascal (D) Bar Which of the following contain maximum number of moles? Pid gofHe cHy wp (OR R:d8gof03 Q : 16 g of (B)Q (yall 9. Boyle’s Law At first, gas laws were propounded by Robert Boyle. Keeping the temperature (T) and amount of gas (m) as constants, he studied the variations of pressure and volume as follows: He took a ‘J shaped tube closed at one end and filled it with mereury. The gap between the closed end of the tube and mercury enclosed the volume of air (V). The level of mercury is the same in both arms of the tubes and hence the pressure acting on the enclosed air is equal to the atmosphere pressure (P,), Parmosoheri (Pa) J-Tube ——— Now, on adding more amount of mercury into she tube, he observed that volume of the enclosed air hhas decreased. This is because the addition of ‘mercury results in more pressure om the enclosed air. He, thus, pointed out the inverse relation between pressure and volume. Boyle’s law states that “the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely with the pressure, provided the temperature remains constant”. Mathematically, Vc or PV =k (T= constant) For same mass of gas, at constant temperature, Verification of Boyle's Law: Boyle’s law can be verified by any one of the following three ways graphically Temperatureand rmassconstant Ve» po “ ® Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLAS: ES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES Temperature and mass constant p> © ‘The first curve shows the variation of volume of a given mass of gas with pressure at constant temperature. The shape of the curve is rectangular hyperbola. This curve is also called isotherm The second curve showing the relationship between volume and reciprocal of pressure is a straight line. It confirms the statement that at constant temperature, volume of a given mass of ss is inversely proportional to the pressure. The third curve shows a straight line parallel to pressure-axis. This confirms that the product of pressure and volume of a given mass of a gas at ‘constant temperature is constant Location of straight line and curve changes with temperature in the isotherm shown in the following figures TTT) According to Boyle’s law, PV = Constant at constant temperature log P + log V = constant log P = log V + constant eg P| | v— @ Modified Boyle's Law: We can draw a relation between pressure and density ‘of a given mass of gas at constant temperature as follows: We know PV = K (constant) as per Boyle's law. > Beforesubsttutng the terms inthe formu, onvertthe term into and so express ther in the same system of unit This isthe ule for sibaton, Always express the answer in terms ofglven variables, Tiss the rule for expressing answers. Volume inversely aroportinal to pessure ofthe sesonly when massand temperature are ket | Eonsant| | ifthe termsina problem are Pressure (P), Volume (Wand temperatures constant, then Boyle's Law isaplcale Importance of Boyle's Gas Lav in Daily Life 1. Injections: Boyle's Law is important when using a syringe. When fully depressed, the syringe is at « neutral state with no air inthe eylinder. When the plunger is pulled back, you are increasing the volume in 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049 ES.NETSTATES OF MATTER [CHEMISTRY FOUNDATION SERIES CLASS - X] the container and thus reducing the pressure. They are inversely proportional and one must decrease while the other increases. The liquid draws up into the syringe because it balances the pressure, making it equal to the pressure outside of the syringe 2. Popping a Balloon: ‘When popping 2 balloon, you are attempting to reduce the amount of air trapped inside of the container, thus, you increase the pressure on the system. You squeeze the balloon, increasing the pressure, which decreases the volume. The system will become too disproportional, too stressed, and must pop to equalize the system. The same happens when you overfill a balloon, putting too ‘much pressure proportional to the volume the container can handle >. High Altitudes: When ascending or descending in a plane. or taking a subway or train under a deep waterway. your ears "pop.” or feel uncomfortable because of 2 change of pressure in your head. Our ears maintain a level of water that helps you stay balanced and adjust to altitude changes. When this happens quickly. like during a plane's take- off, the pressure in your ears builds along with an increased volume. This goes against Boyle's Law You must swallow hard to release some of the pressure through an opening in your throat that creates an equal system outside and inside your 4. SCUBA Diving: Boyle's Law is extremely helpful for SCUBA divers. As you dive deeper, the pressure increases fon your body and decreases the volume in your lungs. As you ascend out of the depths of the ocean, you slowly release air from your lungs. which is compressed due to the pressure. Divers are taught to exhale steadily as they rise to the surface, because air in their lungs compressed as they submerged and is expanding as they rise Failing to expel the expanding air could lead to severe intemal injuries. I Formative Worksheet He 39. A gas at 298 K is shifted from a vessel of 250em> capacity to that of IL capacity. The pressure of the gas will at constant temperature (A) become double {B) becomes four times (C) decrease to half ofthe original value (D) decreases to one-fourth of the original value. If 20cm gas at atm is expanded to SOem? at constant, then what is the final pressure? 1 1 (A) 20:2 atm (8) 50% atm : 50 ® 20 1 € (D) None of these 50 A sample of @ given mass of gas at a constant temperature occupies 9Scm3 under a pressure of 9.962 » 104Nm, At the same temperature, its volume at a pressure of 10.13 * 104 Nm? approximately is (A) 190cm3—_(B) 93em3 (©) 46.5em3_—_(D)47.5em3 A gas of volume 100cc. is Kept in a vessel at pressure 104 Pa maintained at temperature of 24°C. IF now the pressure is increased to 105 Pa, Keeping the temperature constant, then the volume of the gas becomes, (A) 10. (B) 100 ce (lec (D) 1000 ce A gas occupied a volume of 250 ml at 700 mm Hg pressure and 250°C. What additional pressure is required to reduce the gas volume to its 4/5th value at the same temperature? (A) 225 mmHg (B) 175 mm He (C) 150mm Hg (D)265 mm Hg At constant temperature, if pressure increases by 19%, the percentage decrease of volume is (Ay 1% (8) 100/101 (©) Wi01% (Dy 100% Two glass bulbs A and B are connected by a very small tube having a stop-cock. Bulb A has a volume of 100cm? and contained the gas while bulb B was empty. On opening the stop-cock, the Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLAS ES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES pressure fell down to 40%. The volume of the bulb B must be (A) 75 m3 (B) 125 em> (©)150cm3—(D) 250m Which of the following is true for the graph given below? (A)P] =P2=P3 (B)P3>P2>P) (P| >P2>P3 (D)P)=P)>P3 . If the pressure of a gas increases by 3 times, then its density becomes times the original. 1 5 1 M> 3 OF M4 . A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. Ifat 1 bar pressure the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, up to what volume can the balloon be expanded. (A) 1237 (B) 135 (C)205L (D)60L, I |Conceptive Worksheet J ——— ‘Which of the following plot will be a hyperbola at ‘constant temperature? (A) Ps LV (B) PV vsP (C)VvsP (D) None of these At constant temperature, in a given mass of an ideal gas, (A) The ratio of pressure and volume always remains constant. (B) Volume always remains constant. (C) Pressure always remains constant. (D) The product of pressure and volume always remains constant. Which of the following is right graph between P and V at constant temperature? “| P The graphs that are plotted at constant temperature are known as (A) Isobars——_(B) Isochors (C) lsotherms __(D) Isotopes Which ofthe following isthe right graph between . A gas in a cylinder with a movable piston at 27°C is heated util its volume is increased by 2th of its original volume. Find the temperature to which the vessel is heated, (A) 240 K (B) 480K (C) 720K (D) 960K Ifthe temperature of a gas at constant pressure is. changed from 15°C to ~ 15°C. The change in its density is imes the initial density 1 3 woe 3, OD ®) 35 3 5 oO D) = O; me Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 7546845049, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES The density of nitrogen is 1.25kg/m? and that of oxygen is 145kg/m? at 27°C temperature. To ‘what temperature should the oxygen be heated to make ita light as the nitrogen”? (a 75°C (B) 175°C (©) 273°C (D) 819°C P and V grapis for a given mass of gas at temperatures Ty, Tz and T3, is shown in the figure: Thes:T| ——T T; (AT, =T2=T3 OT 73 2. The graph between absolute temperature and density of a given mass of gas at pressure P}, P and P3 is shown as follows: then Py — Py — P3, (A)P) =P2=P3 (BP, >P2> Ps (C)P) T2>T, COT>T2>13 W) T1173 ‘An open vessel contain 200 mg of air at 17°C. What weight percent of air would be expelled if the vessel is heated to 117°C? (A) 12.685% —(B) 25.37% (C) 38.055% —(D) 50.735% If Vo is the volume of certain mass of gas at 273 K and 16 bar pressure, then according to Charles’ Law, the volume at 20°C and 16 bar willbe. (A 20Y, (B)2Lty, +20) ° 273 (o) y, 7 ©) yee 273 On @ ship sailing in Pacific Ocean where temperature is 23.4°C, a balloon i filled with 2 L air. What will be the volume of the balloon when the ship reaches Indian ocean, where temperature is 261°C? (A)20I8L (BY 4.036 (RL (Dy9SL Ifthe temperature of a ga is double from 10°C 10 20°C, then volume also doubles. True/False. (A) True (B) False (©) cannot say . A glass bulb contains air, at | atmosphere and 27°C, The maximum pressure which the bulb withstands is 2 atmospheres. Find the temperature at which the glass bulb bursts. (ay273°C (B) 546K (©) 600K (0) 3728C A gas cylinder containing cooking gas can withstand a pressure of 14.0 atmospheres. The Pressure gauge of the cylinder indicates 12 atmosphere at 27°C. Due to sudden fire in the building, the temperature started rising in the building. At what temperature will the cylinders explode? (Ay 775°C (B) 99.5°C (©1495 (D) 199°C A vessel containing air is sealed at 1S°C. To what temperature should it be heated so that the pressure inside the vessel is doubled? (A) 576K (B) 303°C (©) 200°C (D) 400K 106 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi: NEWTONCLAS Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 7546845049 ES.NET