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    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views8 pages

    Human Factors Design Book

    Uploaded by

    Marcos Antonio Magrin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    At \ 5 t | AVS EAA. \\ ce 0° aan 296 SPECIAL WORKPLACES Vehicle Operator Work Stations Bus Driver Work-Station Geometry ‘The accompanying ilustrations show the key (geometric and dimensional features required {o prove a work station that Is companions with te range of adult crvers from a Sth-per ‘cante tamale driver to a 95th-percent@a male ‘river. The criteria represent @ more or less ‘deal design that would not bo restictad bo- ‘cause of other factors such as structural thick fess and curvature, Because ane cannot at- tan these Idoal geome, these riteria should be looked upon as a guide; Le, one should develop an adjustable mockup cf the Proposed work station using these data, but fusing them as necessary 10 ft within the ‘existing constrains Consioer these factors: 1. Continuous, extending creases diver fatigue, 2, A pedal may not be pressed as herd, or far, Fits atthe lint ofthe driver's leg fect reach 3, Holding one's foot at an awkward angle (as on the accelerator) tres the driver ‘overall not just his or her foot or ankle 4. A'slagrng wheel which is too big or ‘which s postionedin such a way thatthe hiverhas to go through drastic torso and lar motons fo tun corners not only tires the diver but may also encourage “sloppy” steering. 5. An optimally designed seat, even one that appears tobe too upright or too firm ‘may in the long run minimize fatigue with Tongusage periods. A seat that's 00 soft oten adds to fatigue because it fas to provide support and because of the bunching” i causes. Propor seal-pan angle and seatpar-to-ackrest. angie 219 the most important contributors to fatigue minemizaton. A siaight, rather ‘than contoured, seat pan and back cush- Jon are preferred. The backrest should however, havea sight concavity inorder 1 counteract the affects of Sidesway. Aap belt be provided forthe driver and the beltbe anchored tothe seatin such a way that the bak geometry wil stay constant regardless (of whero a paricular diver agusts his or her eal reacting in Control and Display Layout ‘Although various bus configurations vary in terms ofthe subsystems that have to be mon lored and controlled by the ever, all layouts can and should be organized by system func- tian. AS noted In the accompanying ilustra tion, elecincal and environmental systems ‘shoulé be located on the lft af tha drver be Cause these are the fst systoms he or she Activates and checks before moving the bus; Le, since one normally proceeds sequentially from left to rght, tha fst elements to be used replaced on the left. The central panel con- ins those intrumenis (and related controls) that are monitored most often as te diver is maneuvering the bus; Le, although they are not the sacond stop in prechackout, they oc- ‘upy preferred position relative to the nom nal ination diving task. The other subsys- ‘ems, including engne, brakes, fusl, etc, aro located on the nghtunand panel. Finally, the fare box i placed at tha most obvious diver. customer interface point ENVIRON, Doors, ETC. oxen \ "(62.54 sNo/em) at ang / | fom + ey oft DHS HE] console nominal reach GUIDELINES FOR BUS DRIVER STATION LAYOUT _ ~~ } jinent Federal Aviation cesration Regulations a for determining minum fight crew. Pteiovng a condered by the FAR Treecrg he minimum BGR crew under fans base workload functors. The ‘olowing fet wohtoadtunesone are onskoed Ch rig path corr 2) colts avoidance {3} Naigabon {8 Gommuneatons $3 Speaton and montang of akcrat Seance and syst (6 Command doctors 1 Wortoad fects, Te folowing work lon factors re conaires sincant wih analy a domonstvaing woth Ia or mnenum ight sew deteman ton {1 Te acess. ease and simply operation ‘of ak necessary Mane power, and equpment conic Fig erengncy ful shit vals, elec tal corseecronc cont press Aizaton sysiam contol, and cope coro, Toe accessbty and conspicly of Si novotsry instants and fare Stang doves suen 88 fe wan, Slctical stom maitnton and ott fer or couton indetors, The extort towrach such matumens or dovioes + rect e proper carecive scone aso conse (3) The ruber, urgaey, and complnty OF operating procedures wth parc Soneraton gen to he spactic tt tmanageret sched npotod by coe teror ray, erurtrs oon conc Sesto of th arworminess nature ard ‘etme ait ofeach engine operte at Ai tmes fom a angle tank & source ‘thes atomateny replenished tus (Sato storeginoner tanks, (The dagree and duration of concen | ate mental and pyle in Yotved in normal eperaton and In ag sing and coping mth malrctons ard Sergencien {6 The arent of roguted monitoring o tl hye, prossuraton oe Cal econ, dating, and oer aye tee wl on rut (@) Tho actor rexing a crewmember {0 bo unavotbe'at he assigned dy Stony inudng abtevaton of ye tome, emorgency operation of ery Con tel and omergondes In ary compet: BUS CONTROL AND DISPLAY LAYOUT Asi fate ton Ronson SPECIAL WORKPLACES: Vehicle Operator Work Stations (7) The degree of automation providedin the aircraft systems to afford (ater fai- lures or maltunctions) automatic cross- ‘ver or isolation of eificuties to minimize the need for flight craw acton to guard against loss of hydraulic or elect ower to fight contol orto other essen tial systems, (@) The communications and navigation workload (8) The possibilty of increased workload associated with ary emergency that may lead to other emergencies (10) Incapacitaion of tight crewmem- ber whenever te appiicabie operating ‘ule requres a minimum fight crew of at least two picts, kind of operation authorized. The deter. ‘mination ofthe kind af oparaton author. l2ed requites considaration of the oper. ang rules under which the airplane wil be cperated. Unless an applicant desires Approval for amare limited kind at opera ton, fs assumed that each airplane cer. tiheated under this Part wil operate under IFR conditions, OT 297 @)} i MIXTURE CONTROL KNOB NA g t THROTTLE CONTROL KNOB § 25.781 Cockpit control knob shape. Cockpit control Knobs must conform to the {general shapes (but not necessarly the exact, '82es or specific proportions) inthe accompa ying igure: REGULATIONS SUPERCHARGER CONTROL Kw | LANDING GEAR CONTROL KNOB O RPM CONTROL KNOB EXAMPLE OF FEDERAL AVIATION ee Bu The oe to) wt a ‘co sh sh mm c 298 SPECIAL WORKPLACES Vehicle Operator Work Stations Cockpit Standardization Miltary agencies are particulary adamant ‘bout cockpit standarcization in odor to mn ‘mize plot confusion when transfering from ‘one aircraft to anchor. Following are selected examples of U.S. Air Force standardization guidelines." 1. The pedal "brako off” angie, with re ‘spect to the vertical shall femain cor: Stant throughout the entire rudder pedal travel 2, Three inches of rudder pedal adustment 's acceptable when seats provided with +2.500 inofverical and 1600 inf fore and aft adjustments are utilized. 8, Purdder pedal adjustment shall be in in crements of 1 i oF less. 4. The stick and throttle reference point is dofined as the point at which the plot's second finger isin contact with the for. ward face of the control 5. Reterence spec MIL-6.6584 for brake Pedal angles and dimensions. 6. All measurements are based upon the Seat reference point al the conterine of the seat in the neutal position, igen —— cra) 1 25 (638) @2d8em) COCKPIT-BASIC DIMENSIONS, FIXED WING 2957 “00.33 om) SPECIAL WORKPLACES 289 Vehicle Operator Work Stations locus srice wer 1. : ee TI aa A738 x) efte Ru Gg Faas 8S oe i roms BuneAD. CeeaeAnce (es.54cm) COCKPIT-BASIC DIMENSIONS, HELICOPTER ‘Adequate clearance shall be provided to alow unrestricted operation of the ru der pedal trroughout the full range of travel The pedal “brake of" angle with respect to the vorical shall remain constant {throughout the entre rudder pedal rave The collective pitch stek travel shal not ‘exceed 12 in trom pulldown positon of the ote ‘The seat shal be provided with fore and aft and vertical adustment independant fore and aft and vertical adjustmant 1 sirable. However, iagonal adjustment is acceptable, udder padal adjustment shal be in in crements of in of lose, The stick reference point is detined as the point at which the plot’ second tn: {gor isin contact with the forward Tace of the stick grip. Roferance spec MIL-8-6584 for brake Pedal angles and dimensions. All measurements aro based upon the seat rofronce point atthe conterine of the seat in the neutral postion, 300 SPECIAL WORKPLACES Vehicle Operator Work Stations j i Je a joe ea é arrive ine PweapeesT t FULLUP Post 39.5 (100. 33em) ineeae 30" nin —\ eiaakance | . mun cocuprr : OPENING FoR — Ve sear wees REST UNE COCKPIT-CLEARANCE DIMENSIONS, EJECTION SEAT 1. There shall no projections such as the throttle, landing goar control, instrument Panel, ot, into the ejection seat enve- lope that would interfere with seat ojec- tin. 2. All measurements are based upon the Seat rforonce point al the centerine cf tho seat in the neutral positon, 3. Tho 3D. minimum ejection clearance line (parallel to the ejection path and ‘measured perpendiculary to the plane of the seat back shal be provided from the seat reference point. For airplanes not requiring ejection seats the minimum ‘cockpit opening shall be 24 by 24 in 4 The seat shall be provided with vertical adjustment as shown SPECIAL WORKPLACES 301 Vehicle Operator Work Stations See | “We Sree arRon aged Sri || 38 z | ; reek $3. Au suite a Bete fs BY seuoe (92.080) COCKPIT-BASIC DIMENSIONS, CARGO AND BOMBER 1. When ejection seats are required, the vertical seat adjustment shall be parallel to the ejection rails. 2, The rudder pedal “brake off” angle with respect to the vertical shall remain con ‘tant throughout the ent rudder pedal travel 3, Rudder pedal adlustment shall be in in- crements of 1 in or less. 4. The wheel reference points defined as the point at which the plot's sacond tn geri in contact withthe forward face of the control wneel 5. The seat shall be provided with fore and ait and verical adjustment. Independent fore and aft and vertical adjustment desirable. However, diagonal adjust: ‘ment, as shown, is acceptable in lieu of vertical adjustment Reterence spec MIL-8-6584 for brake ‘pedal angles and dimensions 7. All measurements are based upon the seat reference point atthe centerine of the seat in the neutral poston 302 SPECIAL WORKPLACES: Vehicle Operator Work Stations Fur insTe oP saNoBY COMPASS REAR VIEW MIRROR poems pe ma ge Recommed arrangement 70 be used esa guide COCKPIT-TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT, SIDE-BY-SIDE, FOUR ENGINE anouraures JIMS esr cons unser repao Recommend arrangement fo bewsed asaguide. COCKPIT-TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT, FIGHTER TYPE AIRCRAFT 4. Vertical line through the directional inc calor dal indcatos centorine of plt's head 2. Othor instruments not shown here, which are required, shall be located in the most convenient place to suit the particular design of each type airplane, and shall have engineering approval by tha procuring actly. ‘Any doviation trom the proposed instru ‘ment arrangement as shown on this ‘rawing shal nave engineering approval by the procuring actu. Thoppanels conianing instruments, other than’ selt-contained gyro instruments, may be inclined subject to approval of the procuring activity. 5. When advanced instrument Figs, 1 and2 ate provided only for the plot conven: fiona instruments shall be arranged in accordance with Fig. 4 ‘SPECH AKPLACES 303 Vehicle ( Work Stations Staneardbasle advanced Mg instrument arrangement (Fg 1). L ‘Attack oF radar scope location (Fig. 3), ‘Standard basic aevanced fight instruments ith conventional ators (Fig. 2) Aight inetrument group with suments (Fg. 8) Standard base fight instrument arrangement for rotary wing avert (Fig. 8) Standard base tight instrament group wit large heading ard attitude indicator (Fig 6). INSTRUMENT ARRANGEMENTS 448 CONTROLS Steering Controls WheelType Joy Stick “The wheel type joy stick ls gonoraly usad for ‘most arraft other han miliary fighters where Jacko lateral space within the cockpit cictates a single lover-ype joy stick The so-called wheel generally is configured ‘as a half whoo! in order tat the plot can see pane! instruments beyond the wheel. Key factors in designing anc postioning the wineel contol are the following 1. Foresatt excursion shouldbe within com foriable reach of the piot; the pot shoule rot have to laan forward for ptch-down movements or rear back for pitch-up roverents, and: his or her normal po Sion for fight conttel should be. com lortable (ie. the uoper arm should hang approximately verbealy, ‘An are paitorn is accoptabo, but a igh-lino pul is easier forthe Ciearance must be provided between tho wheol and the pilot's knees and between the vertical contol shaft and the prot s seat, and there must be clearance aft of the plot's elaow when puling the whee! at \Whon possible, dosign the system 20 that full rotation ig no mare then 40" 2. PROVIDE CLEARANCES CONTROLS 448 Steering Controls 4 For small rat, where @ who of min imum si20is desirable, be st The handgrip should be atl 0-125" com) long and should bo tite inwart (345 20m) Avery effective wheal configuration is ay Sown in the accompanying ilustrion. ovat Notony sit very comfortable, butitaiso hand le provides sell feedback terme cf con {ro poston. Note, however, tha the lat ral handle spacing must be atleast 15 (10 om) ‘fae em) fo event re rendls rom : Sinking the pls krees during urn : von" -i6 (0.5 -40.4em) 4, RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS (FROM MIL-STD-1472 D) 1p-16" (G6.1- 40.¢em) 5. EFFECTIVE WHEEL CONFIGURATION 1. FORE AFT MOVEMENT WITHIN REACH OF PILOT 3. RECOMMENDED ROTATION LIMIT 450 CONTROLS Levers and Joysticks LEVERS AND JOYSTICKS Levers and joysticks can be used to control reat, ground vehicles, or track a target Dy postioning a cursor on a CRT screan, “Thoto are two types of levers and joysticks: 1. Displacoment—Lever or joystick moves ‘away trom some neutral postion. 2, IsomotioLovor or joystick has no per coptibla movement but output is a func fon of applied force, “The relative advantages and disadvantages of each are included are included inthe chart. Center-Post-Type Joystick ‘The simple posttyoajoystickis generally used for very small areaft whore te fuselage wicth

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