| 2. [Electrostatic Potential % Capacitance Introcluction :- ; Te electrasteHe potenHoJ of a cheagec| Foprererts the clegrea of elechifitoctton of the bodys Tt oletermmes Pe direction of flocs of Chorge- bedwveon toro Chargesl beolies plated! i" Contoet wrt each other: 5 an The charge OLS fom a potential to another toll, at Lower potendiad. oe eo of charge stops ab 40mm as He entices of the tb ais Secoe : 5 Pet b Electrostatic Potential Energy Let us arsume_an electrte fiell E cluetoa Cherge. +Q placed od the ovigin- f “e hot a smaut test eh +4 be b from @ point A b & pomt B ogbinst the repulavd ree. OF wt due to charge +. A Seance, a . trate ® We assume that the external force Fax applied og just sufficient to comter the repulsive elechic force Fe ~ on the tut charge 4 30 the net fora om Feat Charge 4 Gs Zero Oma “+ moves from A to B without any “acceleration. Now the work clone by external force Js negodive 2 work clone by the elechid force oma, atts fendi mM the je Fin Me “form of Ih potend a) enngy. Werk clone by external force in moving the Aext change +4 A to B Us - 5 Was = [Fas or [ied h hnTHA ork olone against eleehostedic force ges Stored ar potential enaroyy. Hence electrastoHe potential enorg bh pounce between two peints Gomd A 44 equal to ie minimum UWwork done. Puasa eet ne force, in moving a test charge 4 acceleration. frm A Note :- _ The work olone by on electrostodic field in moving a qven from Gane point to anbther clependsVorly ‘on the positions ob inital ema Fined points . Tt oes not nd on the poth chosen in goin one pert to Ge ne P e d ten * Fora change olistmbuhon of finite extent, we choose zero electsostatic pelertal energy at infinity. Thane fore , cohen point A js ot inginity we qe: Wea = Ue-Us = Ua~O = Hence the elechosteHe potential energy of a Cha q at a point in an Mrechede eld hee {Socb Change conf for) Gs equal Ao the work oleone bf the ex io foree in but mg the change 4 from infinvty, to that point witho any Occeleracion.Electrostatic Potential Tre electric potential clifferrnie belween dso pemmts Bod A in an electie -fielol 4s equot fo the amount of work done jn corny! R gn umt posihve test Chasqe At B without Yackdlerodion along any. pat between the +0 points. Th Va and Va are the ~ eo r 2 ry wos 2% [x ax = - PL] 4mG J, 4m LX Joo So we _& tek = a 41 & Yr ~ 4tar So b clefinition the electrostatic potential ot auil to Charge tH var Pp K when 1, 4s positive, the elechostate potentod | v 4s positive ancl When gq, ds negoctive , electrostedic potential us negovive. # Electsost etic Potential due to a single choxge. Ja Sphateally Sopammet-vie. E =—_ Electric Potential v and Electric Field Distance —> Fig: Varioton of Electostatic Potential ae amd hace fad with Ustance. 5Wuhet Ja the elechwastadie: Potential a the oo ee a apo nucleus of Uometer 13:2 fermi. F ds 7! Sol: Here Y= 13.2. = G6 ferm) or Y= &EKI'S mM. emd T= Ne So Gz 73 Kh6x1o!? So ve _& = 9x17 x 79X16 X10!? AT & ¥ 6:6 x10® 7 Ve 7 X10 Volt: Potential ata Point due to group of Electric Charges ;- Suppose there Me Q number of point charges Vi Va 435+ lar aa distanus % Sta sae - Tespectivel the pint , where olétric potential is to be caleuloted, 2 potential ot P ue to various Charges are - a 1 a .~_! Vo Vii are yy, ? “ane Va = t as Vn zt In areas ee aek cal "Be The yesuttomt potendiod ot P is Vi= Vit Vit Va + Vn v= ii 1 4 42 4 4 4. An AT Ge vy enya Yn % -—1 % a Vv > ane vt ut@ A cube of sicle b hos a charge % ot each ch its Versions + Detemime the potent opel stecirie te clue. to this Charge. array os + Sol: — The len 9 diagonal gh of of the. Cube of each . NY] side b iS = Jab Distance between centre : Of Cube oma each vertex a 4 woos =i b/, Hee & Charges each of vedis 9%] Gre Present od the. QR verti ob the cube, there fore total potentiod is Eee GN ot soak a eee eee eee = 44 AiG ba faneb Further electric fidd at the cantre due to au the en charges us zero, became the field olue +o inelividuoul changes Cancel in pairs.Electrostatic Potential at a point clue to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the origin at the Cantre of the cUpole. Now we have to Caleulde electric potential ot point P where Oop =¥ ond ZBRoP = 6. P > _—# Yr oF a Loc BtL-—— Ly "2 Yo7° 7 | a 7 2 7 2a a 4? 6 - Y, B - Yo ' 0 7 4 7 | | a *A ©. Let the custance of P cl e-Y%YatA be xy and Aistance of P drm Chorge +% oF B UY. Electrostatic potential ot P cue to -Y Gnd +% Charge is vespectvely Vi eS FREY, amd) Vo = sa So the potenttaf at P clue to the clipole is - Vio= Vy EV v= ae [4-+| _ a) Now oA geometry - Cos = 4 r*- (fr 4 BoP ) 21a OY, Yy = t4arpara Coro [8]Similarly Coa (180-8) =_A4V— 4 (for triangle AoP ) 2ra ov Yo = vt4a%+ 2ra Cos Here we may write - 7h z (4 +22 429 CorO yy FY m ¥ a a; a Th a< 0 x —— = |) vz _t [+('- 2acio) L (' aaa) "| 4ané LY Y Y ¥ Using Bromial theorem we get- a [(4+2 cose) = (- 2 cose) ] An ev Y Y ve VX 22 CohO 4m = P_ Cor As Pe Yx2G viz —P sO 41 & ¥> C J As PCes0 = Bit, whe F ds unit vector edong the position vector ob =z7 So the electostatic potential at P Aue to a cLipele is. 2s P-TGY On the clipole axis (8 =O oF IL v= + _F 4n € > Posihve sign fer 6=0 and nesechi ve Sign fox @= 1 G1) On tre equatorial Plane ( = 2 ; Coso= Cos °) Vo= Oo So Electrostedic potential at any point Sm the equatorial plane of olipole is zero. 4% the potenHal olue to a oli Symmetric about © pole ws axial ly P. :Equipotential Surfaces ok which electHc That surface at ever potential is be Same is ype an equi potential Surface: No work 44 done on moving the teat chovge hom ome point to the other on equipotentiod surface: The equipotenties sur. ce through Q point wo normal to the elechic field at that point. aOR arn ‘Concentic spi equipotential’ surfaces ake planes 5 normal x + . The equipot potential Sur. fe be Sporn je pork the Change. * Fer @ uniform dectic field Soy clony x ae he x ans, 2]Some equipotentiod Surfaua are Shoion in Haury - (4) For a pomt change (b) For uniform electric field}. () For am electric Upole. (4) For two identico) Positive charges — aanaiaieRe 3)Relation between Electric Fielel and Electric Potential ;- Let us Consider jw eguipotertial Surtaces A amd Space) closely at & papenciculart distana di. Let +he potential of A be Vazv ama ential of be Va = V-dv Where av ws decrease in tential in the direchon of electric fielol E normal to A and ‘B. A unit positive charge (9=+1) 24 taken along this perpenolicuar clistance fom the surface Bt the Surface A against the electric. field. So Work clone Wea = Fede Waa = -Edr (as F=92) Wea = Va-Ve = V-(v-dv) =dv Hence -Edr = dav ow Negadive sign Shows that the oltvechon of electric fida EB is” im the clirecton of Aecreasing, potential. * The magnitude of electrle field 4a given by change in magnitude of potential per unit olisplaumnt Norwial to the “equipetential § Surface ot the. point. This is collec potential qrodient. > l2| = pete = — (Potential Gradient) 13," Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System Of charges ;- point charges Id the total amount i bringing the various charges to. their respective positiorts from inginrtely lotgje muduol separodion- Electostedic entiod eneng system Pe J ‘ be use done. (i) For a System of tue peint charges - . Suppose & pomt charge 4, 2&8 held of & point Py) with position vector Yin space: ' Another point change Fa vd at Infinite distance fom %, + This is to be broveght +o e position Py with position vector Th: In bringing the first change. %, to Position Pn) No work Js Ade because el other Charges one AHI at infinity , ancl there Js ro field. bee, e +4 te, Wi ° (at infinity) Now, Work done In carrying change 4a fom oo to Pr 4 W2= [Potential due to % ] X42. +4) eeu +. pena ernte ae ati, Als) Tin. ——4 Total usork done w= Wi + Wy Echostedic potential ew = ote S|, mead Y wy AN Go Vin Ci) For a system of N point Charges - TH us equol fo the total amount o work clone in assembling aU the Charges at ‘the given poritions pom infinity - i4In bringing the first charge 4 to Position P\ir) No work ds d ra . # a tie; Wi =o when Wwe bring Charge Ga from infinity to P(A) at a distance Vir = a work fom, J * * We = [Potential due to 4, J x %2 We = 1%2 4M e, Yao qs Yaa 2 Ye ca a Im bringin 43 from @ to Py (Ws), work has to be done agaist! elechostedic forces clue to both %,omd 4a te + Wa = [Potential clue to % and U2] x 42 oe a Va We = gra (Bt +42) 1% vs Electostahe potential energy of @ systern of three charges U= WfptWotw, =o 4 Hh YL (32 +22) AN@Yj2. 4ne\ "13 Yas, Proce cling in thig way, we Com write elechostatic potential energy ok a “system ok N pomt charges at Tn ae on U =-4 WK ane Vir AN Pairs dPotential Energy of a Single charge in an external Field :- Tp v@) va external potenHal at omy pomb P of position vector ¥, then wok done iM bringing a Charge 9 from infinity to the point Poin the extana fidd is = 4% vit) Tris work js stored in the charged particle in the form of its Potential energy. og +| Pelentiad energy of & change 1a (U)= 4: vi¥) Potential Energy of a System of two Charges in an external Field ;. Suppose u omel Wn ae two ant Charges at ositien | vectors ¥, amd Yo respectively in a uni Semel electric field ze. P : fem Now usork clone tn bringing Change %, and 4. fom ingini ty to position TY and Y ane WwW, = a: VOR) and [ Wa= 4-V(%) | While bringing 4% infinity +o position TR work hos oH be bre ondinat! ye Giseh hae 40 4y- This as - Wa = _%)%2 47 & Vir Where Tia dd the clistance bebween 4, oma Ae - So Potential energy of the System = toted work cone bb = Wi te Sea Ve os reo) reine ANG No {6® G) Determine the elechostate potenHed entra tuo charges THC and -2UC Q Ssyhtem CenmAting ©: he cia external uy bomen od “C9em,0,0) and bo ee ©,0) Yespectively, \ (b) How much work Via required to separate the two each other? charges infinitely away pom tc) si pese fee eee system Of Charges is novo placed “in an exteranod field E'S AXL , where A= 9x10G,2 Wwhot usruld be thea electrostatic © eneagy of He, Comfigutech on ? Sol Us Uta = 7x10 Sx -2KS) KOKI 2-07 T (a) 4Néor (+9) x10-* Cb) Work requires| =. Un-U) = O-U = O7T- = te av )+a.ve) (C) Th the electric field total P.E. = ee > -di from E= A 5 vz frEar = [Sor = A “+ Total PE. = Tite 4 AU 4 AG ANGoY rn YD eB E = 2-0-7 + 3x10 (7x10) " Sx (-2.x16¢ ) e083 rT = 493 7 So Total PE, = — 017 + To -20 = 17Potential Ene of & dipole in an external Field :- Consicler a olipele placect in a uniform electric fielo| E. Here He clipole experientes no net force but experience a torque T given by - tT = BE = PE Sino which will tend 4o rotate it (Unless P Sa parallel to E). Suppose an external torque Text is fed hn Such ae thot ut just neutralises Ate and rotote te olipole from anyle 8 to omgle without angular acceleration. v a The amount of work cone by the external torque. will be qiven by ~ cs 8, We 6)d@ = PE Sino de J Tae ( ) J ™m W = -PE (048, — Cos®, ) Thit Work 1s stored at the potential energy of Ha system. Tf we take 6 =/2 whe te potentiod enngy U Js taken to be zaro- So Ul) = -Pe (Coro, Cos)Eleetrostetics of Concluctors (1) Elechostatic fidd us Zep inside a Conductor. (2) At the surface of @ Chargeal Concluctor , cleetrostatic field must be normal to the swiface ab every point. Th E were not nevmal to the surface » ab woutol haye some non-zexd Components al mg the surface - Free Changed on the surface of the “Conductor ‘would than experience force. end move-In +he stedic situchon torfore E should have no tangential Component. @) Thre We no exces eed any point Inside the concluctor than the Stedic ‘shade ,omd any exces chosge must reside cc the surjace- (4) Electrostatic potential is constant throughoud He veame of the Concluctor and hak the same valuc a% inside on its surface: (5) Electric field at the sursace of a chargeal Concluetor is E = © A] Hee Hw unit vector normal tothe surface €o amd o vs Surface charge olendity-Electrostatic Shielding See neared eal / Sereening is the henomenon o} echng Q conte’ j ce. bio extn Foechie. Syield m region op SP We Know thot the electric freld tnsicle 4 Conductos us Z0xd, Thursfose to protect adicode instruments external elecctne fields , we enclose them in hollow conductors. Such “hollow concluctrs ane Called Faxoclay cages. They need not be earthed. In thunderstorm accompoineo| by Le ening Js sotey to be Inside a Cae ov burs to in the “open pund oF Umdexr a trer-eter. The metallic of He Car or burs provides electyostahe Shielding the Lgtdening Tre fundomerted fact is that electric field inside a cavity is zed, whatever’ be the size anol shape oF the, Cavity and whatever be the charge on the conductor eX: and the Sexternal field in which st might be placed. Ee o ae Polar C Molecules _ Thus in efter Cone tohether polar or nonpolar @ oliekctic develops a net dipole moment inthe fee of an extemal field the clipele moment per unit volume ts cabltel polarisation and c= 72 14.8 zg 26Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance When Here 42 a vacuum belween the pltes @ Capacitey having the Charge +Q om its plates with change Maensity Ee Or ers Now consider a dielechic 43 Inserted! betweon the plates which fully occupying the intervening region. tee ele ggagae gtr The electric 3a poloxiseel by the field with surface Chorge censities op omd -op at “the surface the Aldéctric - ey the net Surface chorge clengity on the plates is t@-op). So the final elechle field inaicle the clidlectie ds - E = ooo amd the patented atiffeoune between thre plots is- V=Ed = [ef tad ° Fer Linear chieleetics , we expect op 4o be yoportional do E., le. to o- Thus Co-op) w proptthomal to 7 and we can write- cC- op Ko K> Nelectic Constant co-op = ad Kel K 27So v- a = @d "ek AEck So He Copacrtance C with Uedectric between the pledes “is— c= &= a = KEoA ~ Ww ad d AEck - KEeoA Or C= sy Here k = = substance.” So that c Js Cotleal the clielectric Constant of the KCo BD when electric js Introduced, the Field between the ploter of the Capacitor decreases vt, Kk, Due do toch V decreases by a factor of K- implies thar the Capacitance increase” by K+ Hdielectyic constant of a medium a ined ad the votio of the acitante of Hrs Capacitor atth the cUelectytc os Hie meclium “do dts capacitance with Vacuum between ts plotes.Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor with a dielectric Slab - The Capacitemee ok a paral) plate z plete. ahea cmd plate bein Sh vacuum ov cuy Inbetween Ua - Co = ain ree EQ are the charges on the Capociter plates whid luca Q uniform elechic field & in the space behoeah the pees, * + Dielecric eS sinb a Whan a Aeleetric Slab of Hucknes tid dy mbnduesd betureen the plodes, the molecules in the slab get Polarized in the clrection of Es: Thoefore the etpectve field insiole the lelechtc Ja E = €e K Outstole. the clieleatte pielel remains €, only. Thenafore. , potential olifferonce behween the two plotes oe Viz € (d-t)+ Et Ve Eo(d-t)+ Eat ve ee[4-t+2] gQ Eo -e, A€e Ve “Re, [A-t + | 29“+ Capacitance of the Capacitor with cbelectic inbetween Ud A a - Q ! * Hence om ao lelechic slob inbehueen the pleted. of A Capacitor , ats capacitance increases. GI Te two plates © @ parallel plote Capacitor are cost, 4mm apart. A slob of Tlisledtvie Cmatent 3 and 200% thickness 3mm Js Intreduced between the plates with vts faces. parallel to them. The clistence behween the “pleckes 2s So adjusted thed the Capacitance the capacitor become 2/3. © wits origin us What Ja the now distme ‘behseen the pledes? Sob Here ocliatance Paral plates i2 d= Umm az 4x1em. K= 3 4, thickness t = Smm = 3x13 m. C= oA end Q = GA - -41 a-tO-d) a-+(1-£) “a ow 4 ah a -t(I- #) 3d + = 2 a, ~ axie>(1- 4) Bx uxt ae d= @ x10°3m. = 2mm. 30)Combination of Capacitor i) Capacitors in Series Three Capacitors of Capaci Jes 1,02 ond Ca vane i V 43 potentiod cLefierance appl Connectes) ‘in seus, across the Combinetion: In series Combinedion each Capacitor yeceiyes the same Q. As thee aca Hes ore cAfperord 5 So c je the “potentio} Aifprenes acwss the three Copacitors ane Aitheromt. Ls) Vie &@, Vv => Q@, Ver @ cy Co C2 Th Cs ds the total Capacitance of Combination than ve & Cs As total potentiol drop Vv across the Gombinodion is the. sum of potentiods clrops V,,V2 mA ve $0 - Vi= Vj4AVa 43 a ee oe Ss 1 Cl cS te tein a Capacitors Connectes| in Sertes , tofa) Capacitemce n wouldGi) Capacitors in Parallel i corolla ae Scewres alee an Ca are Connectecl mn Om. Vv ok a Hho comnb nod! on e potenti Jgerence Across So the Changes on the Capacitors coil! be Q=Haav, B@xz=Crv ond Qs= Cav So the total charge on the Capacitors - Q= B14 @r. +a Let Cp be the @quivelent Capacitana in paredlel then CeV = Gv +02 V + Cav Cp = 4 +O, +0 When Nn Capacitors are Connected im pamilel then - 32)4 Fig. Shows tise iclentcal capacitors G5¢a each off eSBs Lur Capacitance Connectes| do a battery of 6 V. Tnitialy Susitch ‘5? 4s closed. A Some. Hime “5? Js open amd dielechic slab of cliclechic constant K=3 are insertec| do fill He space completely between the pletes of the two capacitors. Hor usill she- Wi) Change ond ii) Potential clifference bebween the Petes of the tapacitors be affected after The. dlabs s OAR Ink a G=4MF Lic =tar PT Sel when switch § Us Closed both ¢, and C2 ane charged do 6v potentol, Lee. Viz 6V omd Vo. = 6V Aft open, C1 ia SHI] connecteo| to when s is bodtery.. \ on hwerodlucing Slab of clelectie constant, k= 3 Crs Ker = 3xixiw* = SHR viu= Y= 6Vv B= yi = sxtoexg = is xid® ec However, Cz is olisconnected| trom Loodthery battery now cohen sis Lift open. Bur to intoduch’n of slab,” A G% = KG = 3MF 6 Q = Qo = GV2 = 1k xG = GXIO'C , J i 6 6 VO Gs < SXI0 7 a 3xlo& 33Energy Stored in Capacitor The a Stores) in a Copacitor W He Same as the work ne 40 builel up the Charge on the plates by external Source Chottery). of Voltage - Let the fwo plates of the Capacitor ave initially unchargecl- Now tne charge 1s transferred fo one plate ~/n ve amealf instalments. of dq amo! egued bppasite ch incluees Om the other plate- +2 +t tt -@ At a ivtermestiate shoge 5 S ese Change ete imp rest ec mers ee oe ? plod is -¢t- z@ i Potential cifferenta betwen the plates = z Smeal) amount 5 work ,clone in ging an additiona th Chezge cla to Copacitor Js = dw = gray Tetel work done im giving chsrge Q to the Capacitor 48 * we=ftaq = [= ' 2 Ww ze This usork is stored In the form of potential oneaqy U. U=w-=lig 2c a A@=Cv md Cv= @ so we can write- 34