11/10/2023

Engineering Mechanics Mécanique pour Ingénieurs

Ch-6: Friction / Frottement

GNG 1105 /1505 | Presented by: Dr. M. YANDOUZI

uOttawa.ca
uOttawa.ca

LEC. 17

uOttawa.ca

1
 11/10/2023

• COURSE TIMETABLE
⁕ Lec.0- Course description
⁕ Lec.1- CHS1- Introduction

⁕ Lec.2- CHS2- 2D Force System

⁕ Lec.23- CHD3- CH3D- Kinetics
⁕ Lec.3- CHS2- 2D Force System
⁕ Lec.22- CHD3- CH3D-Kinetics

⁕ Lec.4- CHS2- 3D Force System

⁕ Lec.21- CHD3- Kinetics ⁕ Lec.5- CHS2- 3D Force System
⁕ Lec.20- CHD2- Kinematics

⁕ Lec.6- CHS3- Equilibrium in 2D

⁕ Lec.19- CHD2- Kinematics
⁕ Lec.7- CHS3- Equilibrium in 2D
⁕ Lec.18- CHD2- Kinematics

⁕ Lec.8- CHS3- Equilibrium in 3D

⁕ Lec.17- CHS6- Friction ⁕ Lec.9- CHS4- Structures- plane Trusses
⁕ Lec.16- CHS6- Friction

⁕ Lec.10- CHS4- Structures- plane Trusses

⁕ Lec.15- CHS5- Center of Mass & Centroids ⁕ Lec.11- CHS4- Frames and Machines
⁕ Lec.14- CHS5- Center of Mass & Centroids

⁕ Lec.12- CHS4- Frames and Machines

uOttawa.ca Reading Week ⁕ Lec.13- MT- EXAM

GNG1105 / GNG1505 - 2023 © Dr. M.YANDOUZI

Quiz4

uOttawa.ca CHS5- Centers of Mass & Centroids!

2
 11/10/2023

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

Sample Problem / Exemple (6-4)
The homogeneous rectangular block of mass m, width b, and height H is placed on the
horizontal surface and subjected to a horizontal force P which moves the block along the
surface with a constant velocity. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and
the surface is 𝜇k. Determine (a) the greatest value which h may have so that the block
will slide without tipping over and (b) the location of a point C on the bottom face of the
block through which the resultant of the friction and normal forces acts if h = H/2.

uOttawa.ca

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-4)
 Part (a) Maximum Value of h

- With the block on the verge of tipping, we see that the entire
reaction between the plane and the block will necessarily be at A.

Since slipping occurs, the friction force is the limiting value μkN,
and the angle θ becomes θ = tan−1 μk.

The resultant of Fk and N passes through a point B through which P must also pass, since
three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent.

If h were greater than this value, moment equilibrium about A would not be satisfied, and
the block would tip over.

uOttawa.ca

3
 11/10/2023

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-4)
 Part (a) Maximum Value of h

Alternatively, we may find h by combining the equilibrium

requirements for the x- and y-directions with the moment-
equilibrium equation about A. Thus,

uOttawa.ca

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-4)
 Part (b) h = H/2
When h = H/2, the Resultant of Fk and N passes through a point C
which is a distance x to the left of the vertical Centerline through G.

Note: If we were to replace μk by the static coefficient μs, then our solutions would describe
the conditions under which the block is (a) on the verge of tipping and (b) on the verge of
slipping, both from a rest position.
uOttawa.ca

4
 11/10/2023

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

Sample Problem / Exemple (6-5)
The three flat blocks are positioned on the 30° incline as shown, and a force P parallel to
the incline is applied to the middle block. The upper block is prevented from moving by a
wire which attaches it to the fixed support. The coefficient of static friction for each of the
three pairs of mating surfaces is shown. Determine the maximum value which P may have
before any slipping takes place.

uOttawa.ca

10

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

Sample Problem / Exemple (6-5)

uOttawa.ca

10

5
 11/10/2023

11

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-5)
 Free-Body Diagrams
The free-body diagram of each block is drawn.
The friction forces are assigned in the directions opposing the
relative motion which would occur if no friction were present.

There are two possible conditions for the impending motion:

(1) Either the 50-kg block slips and the 40-kg block remains in
place.

(2) or the 50- and 40-kg blocks move together with slipping
occurring between the 40-kg block and the incline.

uOttawa.ca

11

12

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-5)
The normal forces, which are in the y-direction, may be
determined without reference to the friction forces, which are all
in the x-direction. Thus,

We will assume arbitrarily that only the 50-kg block slips so that
the 40-kg block remains in place.

Thus, for impending slippage at both surfaces of the 50-kg block,

we have:

uOttawa.ca

12

6
 11/10/2023

13

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-5)

The assumed equilibrium of forces at impending motion for

the 50-kg block gives:

We now check on the validity of our initial assumption.

76.5
For the 40-kg block with F2 = 272 N the friction force F3 would
be given by
272

But the max. possible value of F3 is F3=μsN3= 0.45(1019) =459N.

Thus, 486N cannot be supported, and our initial assumption was

wrong.
We conclude, therefore, that slipping occurs first between
uOttawa.ca
the 40kg block and the incline.

13

14

6/3 DRY FRICTION / FROTTEMENT SEC

SOLUTION (6-5)

With the corrected value F3 = 459N, equilibrium of the 40-kg block

for its impending motion requires

76.5

Equilibrium of the 50-kg block gives, finally,

459

Thus, with P = 93.8 N, motion impends for the 50kg and 40kg blocks as a unit.

uOttawa.ca

14

7
 11/10/2023

15

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

• Les coins ou cales d’appui, sont des dispositifs simples employés pour soulever de gros
objets lourds à l’aide de forces beaucoup plus faible que le poids de la charge.
 Wedges are simple devices (one of the simplest and most useful machines) used to lift large,
heavy objects using forces much less than the weight of the load.

Le frottement entre les surfaces de contact est tel qu’un coin de forme appropriée restera
en place une fois sous la charge.
The friction between the contact surfaces such that an appropriately shaped wedge will
remain in place when under load.

- On se sert , entre autres, des coins pour ajuster finement la

position de lourdes pièces de machinerie.
- Wedges are used, among other things, to finely adjust the
position of heavy pieces of machinery.

- Habituellement, nous cherchons à trouver la force minimale

P pour soulever le bloc.
Usually, we are looking to find the minimum force P to lift the
-uOttawa.ca
block.

15

16

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS (CALES)

Sample Problem / Exemple (6-6)

Déterminer la force minimale P pour soulever le bloc A. Sachant que WA = 10kN, s = 0.3
partout,  =6deg, et on néglige le poids de la cale C.

Determine the minimum force P to lift block A. Knowing that WA = 10kN, s = 0.3
everywhere,  = 6deg, and we neglect the weight of the wedge C.

uOttawa.ca

16

8
 11/10/2023

17

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-6)

Force P pour mouvement imminent!

=> Résoudre ces problèmes en utilisant la même approche

Etape-1: Dessinez le DCL.

Etape-2: Direction du mouvement

Etape-3: Frottements s’opposent au Mouv.

Mouvement
WA
N2
Mouvement

F1
Y F2
N1
X A P
C
N3
F2
uOttawa.ca N2

17

18

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-6)

Etape-4: Conditions d’équilibre.

Bloc « A »

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 = F2 - N1 => F2 = N1
=> N1 = s . N2 [Eq1]
& F2 = s x N2

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 = N2 − F1 - WA
=> N2 = WA + s . N1 [Eq2]
& F1 = s x N1
Subs. [Eq1] dans [Eq2]:
=> N2 = WA + s . (s N2)
=> N2 = WA + 0,3 . (0,3 N2)
=> 0,91 . N2 = WA = 10kN => N2 = 11kN
F2 = s . N2 = 0,3 . 11kN => F2 = 3,3kN
[Eq1] => N1 = s . N2 => N1 = 0,3 . N2 => N1 = 3,3kN
uOttawa.ca
=> F1 =s . N1 = 1,0 kN

18

9
 11/10/2023

19

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-6)

Etape-4: Conditions d’équilibre.

Cale « C »

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 = P − F2 - F3 Cos - N3 Sin
& F3 = s . N3 => P = F2 + s . N3 Cos + N3 Sin
=> P = F2 + N3 (s Cos + Sin) [Eq3]

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 = N3 Cos - N2 - F3 Sin = N3 Cos - N2 - s N3 Sin

=> N3 = 11,4 kN
=> F3 = 3,43 kN

[Eq3] => P = F2 + N3 (s Cos + Sin) => P = 3,3 + 11,4 (0,3Cos + Sin)

=> P = 7.9 kN
uOttawa.ca

19

20

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS (CALES)

Sample Problem / Exemple (6-7)
The horizontal position of the 500-kg rectangular block of concrete is adjusted by
the 5° wedge under the action of the force P. If the coefficient of static friction for both
wedge surfaces is 0.30 and if the coefficient of static friction between the block and the
horizontal surface is 0.60, determine the least force P required to move the block.

La position horizontale du bloc de béton rectangulaire de 500 kg est ajustée par le coin de
5° sous l'action de la force P. Si le coefficient de frottement statique pour les deux surfaces
de coin est de 0,30 et si le coefficient de frottement statique entre le bloc et la surface
horizontale est de 0,60, déterminez la plus petite force P nécessaire pour déplacer le bloc.

uOttawa.ca

20

10
 11/10/2023

21

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-7)
The FBDs of the wedge and the block are drawn with the reactions R1, R2, and R3 inclined
with respect to their normals by the amounts of the friction angles for impending motion

F3
N3

The friction angle for limiting static friction is given by ϕ = tan−1 μs.
uOttawa.ca Each of the two friction angles is computed and shown on the diagram.

21

22

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-7)
- We start our vector diagram expressing the equilibrium of
the block at a convenient point A and draw the only
known vector, the weight W of the block.
- Next, we add R3, whose 31.0° inclination from the
vertical is now known.
- The vector −R2, whose 16.70° inclination from the
horizontal is also known, must close the polygon for
equilibrium.
- Thus, point B on the lower polygon is determined by the
intersection of the known directions of R3 and −R2, and
their magnitudes become known.

- For the wedge we draw R2, which is now known, and

add R1, whose direction is known.

- The directions of R1 and P intersect at C, thus giving us

the solution for the magnitude of P.
uOttawa.ca

22

11
 11/10/2023

23

6/4 WEDGES/ COINS

SOLUTION (6-7)
Algebraic Solution:
The simplest choice of reference axes for calculation purposes is, for the block, in the
direction a-a normal to R3 and, for the wedge, in the direction b-b normal to R1.

For the wedge, the angle between R2 and the b-

direction is 90° − (2ϕ1 + 5°) = 51.6°, and the angle
between P and the b-direction is ϕ1 + 5°= 21.7°.
Thus,

uOttawa.ca

23

24

• ANNOCEMENTS / LES ANNONCES

READING / LECTURE
J.L. MERIAM, L.G. KRAIGE, J.N. BOLTON,
Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics, 9th Ed.
Mécanique pour Ingénieurs, Statique & Dynamique 8ème éd.,
M. DUBE et al. (traduction)

[Ch. S6: 6.1 – 6.4]

PROBLEMS / PROBLÈMES SUGGÉRÉS

6-6 / 6-8 / 6-18 / 6-36 / 6-59 / 6-67 / 6-69

TUT-9 :

uOttawa.ca

24

12