Motion awe FIGURE 5-21 Example S-1 FIGURE 5-22 Fxample 5-12. Orientation of Sun (8), Earth (E). and Moon (M) at right angles to each other (not to scale) Faw Moon @ caution Distinguish berween Newton's second lave and ‘the law of universal gravitation Spacecraft at 2re. WI ty acting on 2 2000-kg spacecraft when it orbits wo Earth radi from the Earths center (that is,a distance n,~ 6380km above the Earth's surface, Fig. 5-21)? The mass of the Earth is Mp 98 x 10" ke. APPROACH We could plug all the numbers into Eq. S-4, but the simpler approach. The spaccerait is wice as far from the Earth's center as ‘when itis at the surface of the Earth, Therefore, sine the force of gravity {decreases asthe square of the distance (and 4 = 4), the force of gravity on the satellite will be only one-fourth its weight at the Earth’ surface. SOLUTION At the surface of the Earth, Fo = mg. At a distance from the Earth's center of 27, Fe i as preat (2000 kg)(9.80 m/s") 4900. Fo = img FEICULEREEIA) Force onthe Moon, Fin the net fre ov the Moon (inne = 7.35 10" kg) duc to the gravitational attraction of both the Earth (my = 5.98 x 10" kg) and the Sun (ms = 1.99 x 10" kg), assuming they are At right angles to each other as in Fig. 5-22. APPROACH ‘The forces on our object, the Moon, are the gravitational force exerted on the Moon by the Earth Fy: and that exerted by the Sun Fys, as shown in the free-body diagram of Fig. 5-22. We use the law of universal ravitation to find the magnitude of each force, and then add the two forces as vectors. SOLUTION The Earth is 3.84 x 10°km = 3.4 x 10m from the Moon, so Fu (the gravitational force on the Moon due to the Earth) is (667 107" Nem?/heg?)(7.35 % 10 kg)(598 «107 kg) (386 10%my 1.99 x 10'N, ‘The Sun is 1.80 x 10"km from the Barth and the Moon, so Fy (the gravita- tional force on the Moon due to the Sun) is (6.67 1 Nm? /kg?)(7.35 > 107 kg)(1.99 » 10g) (150 x 10" my" = 434 x ION, ‘The two forces act at right angles in the case we are considering (Fig. S-22), so we can apply the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the total force: F=V(l9x 1B ‘The foree acts at an angle 9 (Fig. 5-22) given by 6 = tan“ (1.99/4.34) = 24.6%, XI NY = 4.77 x 10"N, Don't confuse the law of universal gravitation with Newton's second law of motion, 3F = ma. The former describes a particular foree, gravity. and how its strength varies with the distance and masses involved, Newion’s second law, on the other hand, relates the net force on am abject (Le, the vector sum of all the different forces acting on the object, whatever their sources) to the mass and acceleration ofthat object. 120 CHAPTER § Circular Motion; Gravitation