SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION 1

Self-Esteem and Relationship Satisfaction: A Correlational Study Among Undergraduate Students in Private
Universities and Colleges in Klang Valley.

Cheah Shin Yee and Jian Wei Ooi

Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and
Technology
Email Address: cheahsy-wj20@student.tarc.edu.my

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the correlation between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction among
undergraduates in Klang Valley. Furthermore, it also intended to investigate the difference in self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction between male and female undergraduates. The online survey was distributed among the
undergraduates who enrolled at the university in Klang Valley through various social media platforms. The 103
participants responded by using a non-probability sampling method. Two questionnaires were used: the Couples
Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The researcher applied a bivariate Pearson’s
correlation coefficient (r) to investigate the size and duration of the linear relationship between self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction among undergraduates, whereby r(101) = .392, p = .00 < .05. Furthermore, the Independent Samples
t-Test was used to analyze if there was any gender difference in self-esteem and relationship. T-test for equality of
means demonstrates that t(101) = .1.788, p = .077 > .05. and t(101) = 1.693, p = .093 > .05 respectively. The
findings implied that higher self-esteem was associated with greater relationship satisfaction, and there was no
statistically significant difference between male and female undergraduates in self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction. Educational institutions play a crucial part in increasing self-esteem, and individuals are responsible for
improving their relationship satisfaction.

Keywords: self-esteem, relationship satisfaction, gender

Introduction and Literature Review
Romantic relationships significantly impact
university students' developmental, social, and
psychological developmental (Weisskirch, 2016). The
development of a satisfying relationship may benefit
from various factors (Erol & Orth, 2013). In this
study, the researcher focused on one of those factors,
which is self-esteem.
Self-esteem refers to a person's perception of
her or his self-worth (Kille et al., 2017), precisely the
extent to which the person believes she or he is
decent, capable, and sound (Wang et al., 2019).
Moreover, self-esteem correlates with social
maladjustment (Park & Park, 2019). For example,
individuals with higher levels of self-esteem are more
equipped to persevere when faced with complex
tasks. Conversely, individuals with poor self-esteem
are more likely to be pessimistic about various topics,
including other people and personal circumstances
(Yadav et al., 2022). Additionally, self-esteem may
factor in relationship outcomes like satisfaction and
social support (Luciano & Orth, 2017). Generally,
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
self-esteem is still a subject that can be widely
discussed as it is a significant predictor of many
different life outcomes. For example, self-esteem is
favourably connected with better mental health
(Sowislo & Orth, 2013), success in the workplace
(Kuster et al., 2013), relationship satisfaction
(Yasemin Erol & Orth, 2016), and overall happiness
(Abdullah et al., 2009).
Relationship satisfaction refers to the pleasant
and bad feelings that are experienced in a relationship
are referred to as relationship satisfaction (De
Andrade et al., 2015). The degree to which a partner
satisfies an individual's fundamental needs can
determine the satisfaction of a relationship (Rusbult et
al., 1998). According to Neto & da Conceição Pinto
(2014), emotional well-being was positively
correlated with happiness and love-life satisfaction.
Individuals who had good relationships with partners
exhibited more pleasant feelings and had a more
positive impact on their life. Conversely, individuals
experienced grief, anguish, and mourning because of
their relationships' poor satisfaction (De Andrade et
al., 2015). Furthermore, relationship satisfaction is
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
associated with self-esteem, sleep quality (Madsen et
al., 2021), and level of perceived abuse (Demirli
Yıldız, 2017). Hence, a good relationship indicates
better physical and mental health (Braithwaite et al.,
2010). However, relationship collapse is relatively
frequent, and going through a relationship breakup is
linked to increased psychological issues (Cross et al.,
2021).
Numerous studies have indicated that
self-esteem is important and positively correlates with
relationship satisfaction (Wang et al., 2019).
Individuals who experience higher self-esteem will
encounter greater relationship satisfaction (Luciano &
Orth, 2017). In contrast, individuals with low
self-esteem will undergo lower relationship
satisfaction (Robinson & Cameron, 2012). The
association between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction has become a debated topic in
psychological studies. However, much past research
was conducted in other countries, especially in the
United States. There are few studies investigating
undergraduates in Klang Valley on this topic.
Furthermore, some data was collected several years
ago but not in recent years. Besides, many studies
have investigated only adults in this topic, as college
and undergraduate students have yet to have the
opportunity to engage in long-term and committed
relationships (Butzer & Campbell, 2008). However,
students nowadays have more opportunities to be
involved in romantic relationships. Thus, it is
significant to investigate the issues.
Besides, it is vital to identify changes in
relationship satisfaction because when couples
experience a decline in relationship satisfaction, they
are likely to confront a breakup in the future (Karney
& Bradbury, 1997). Research indicates that romantic
relationships may negatively affect well-being more
than any other form of interpersonal stress (Aanes et
al., 2010). Students with varying degrees of
relationship satisfaction were likelier to end their
relationships than those who consistently produced
satisfaction in their relationships (Arriaga, 2001).
Termination of relationships is one of the most
frequent concerns that students present with in
college (Michel & Randwick, 2013). In addition,
there are studies indicating that relationship
satisfaction will affect the students' mental health and
academic performance. To elaborate, a study
proposed that 31.4% and 37.1% of students were
negatively affected by their academics and
psychological aspects, and 48.6% of students got
depressed after a breakup (Zayed, 2016). Conversely,
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
2
it was also reported that romantic relationships were a
motivator positively and influenced 54.6% of the
participants in this study (Karki et al., 2018).
Therefore, studying the correlation between
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction is necessary
to provide a clearer picture of the issues.
A study conducted by (Baumeister & Vohs,
2018), the finding suggests there is a significant
positive relationship between self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction. This finding is supported by
(Wang & Zhao, 2017), which also reported a similar
relationship between the variables among
undergraduate students. Over the years, several
studies conducted on undergraduate students have
also yielded consistent findings (Cross et al., 2021;
Jaffar et al., 2021; Kille et al., 2017; Wang et al.,
2019), indicating self-esteem affects the relationship
satisfaction of an individual positively. Based on
these past findings, researchers explored all of them,
showing a positive correlation between self-esteem
and relationship satisfaction. However, most of the
participants from these past findings are from
overseas, and only some investigated undergraduates
in Malaysia in these five years. Therefore, it sparks
the interest of current researchers to investigate the
correlation between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction in Klang Valley among undergraduates.
Based on these findings, the researcher formulated
the first research objective, "to investigate the
relationship between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction among undergraduate students." In line
with this research objective, the researcher sought to
answer the question, "is there any significant
relationship between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction among undergraduate students?".
The self-verification theory was the
theoretical framework for the relationship between
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. Self-esteem
is a consistent perception of one's value and is a
crucial part of self-concept (Minev et al., 2018). It
can be defined as having self-confidence, being
content with who one is, and the self-respect that
confidence gives. It is the individual's evaluation or
appraisal of their worth (E. Okwaraji et al., 2017).
Relationship satisfaction is known as the subjective
assessment of a partnership. It is a personal
perception and experience (Keizer, 2014) and is also
influenced by a partner's ability to fulfill personal
needs (Rusbult et al., 1998). The self-verification
theory is a social psychological theory (Talaifar &
Swann, 2017) that postulates that individuals strive to
validate their own opinions about themselves, which
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
may or may not be found to be accurate (Xu et al.,
2015). To put it another way, individuals'
interpersonal behaviour is fundamentally driven by a
desire to verify their current self-concept, which is
especially validated when others' perceptions of them
mirror their own (Ahn et al., 2016). The researcher
believed the self-esteem variable could represent the
perspective of self from this theory. Meanwhile, the
strive for validation from others can be represented
by the variable of relationship satisfaction. To
elaborate, individuals would reduce their relationship
satisfaction as their partners express opinions that are
at odds with their evaluation of themselves, as it will
affect their self-esteem (Emery et al., 2018) and it
will lead to dissatisfaction in the relationship. Hence,
self-verification will affect self-esteem, and
consequences influence relationship satisfaction. The
self-verification theory supports the idea that
perceived regard contributes to the correlation
between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction.
Moreover, research on gender differences in
self-esteem has received significant attention in
psychology for years (Bleidorn et al., 2016). Reports
suggest that males constantly receive higher
self-esteem than females among different age groups
(Yadav et al., 2022). Some studies also report
consistent findings (Alm & Låftman, 2017; Amin
Wani, 2017; Malinauskas & Dumciene, 2017),
indicating males have higher self-esteem than females
among adolescents or undergraduate students. On the
other hand, the researcher found a study that points
out that females have slightly higher self-esteem than
males (Gao et al., 2022). The above past studies have
shown that most of the time, females tend to
experience lower self-esteem than men over the past
five years. These reports show that females' lower
self-esteem will bring about significant negative
impacts on them, such as anxiety, body image, life
satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction, which is the
main point of this research. Besides, one of the
studies showed that females had higher self-esteem,
which encouraged the researcher to conduct further
studies on the differences in self-esteem between
females and males in Malaysia. Thus, the researcher
formulated the second research objective, "to
examine the difference in self-esteem among male
and female undergraduate students in private
universities and colleges in Klang Valley." In keeping
with this research objective, the researcher aimed to
answer the question, "is there any significant
difference in self-esteem among male and female
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
3
undergraduate students in private universities and
colleges in Klang Valley?".
Furthermore, findings from a study (Gala &
Ghadiyali, 2020) point to no association between
gender and relationship satisfaction (Kretz, 2019;
Sadikaj et al., 2016), which also showed a similar
trend in the association between the two variables
lend weight to this finding. However, various studies
show inconsistent outcomes, illustrating a difference
between genders in relationship self-esteem. For
instance, females have higher relationship satisfaction
than males (E. Okwaraji et al., 2017; Simran &
Nambiar, 2022). Conversely, a study demonstrates
that males have more relationship satisfaction than
females (Kappen et al., 2018). These studies have
reported inconsistent findings over the past six years.
However, gender and satisfaction show no
significantly different in most findings. Hence, this
led researchers to discover the gender difference in
relationship satisfaction. In light of these findings, the
researcher developed the third research objective, "to
examine the difference in relationship satisfaction
among male and female undergraduate students in
private universities and colleges in Klang Valley".
Following this research objective, the researcher
aimed to formulate an answer to the research
question, "is there any significant difference in
relationship satisfaction among male and female
undergraduate students in private universities and
colleges in Klang Valley?".
Additionally, the theoretical framework that
was used in discussing gender differences is gender
role theory. The premise of gender role theory is that
socially classified males and females often hold
various responsibilities within societal structures and
are assessed according to different standards of
behaviour (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009). More so than in
the past, gender differences are viewed as being
fewer, however, its impact is still present in current
society. Besides, females are expected to be more
modest and selfless than males, and traits like
patience and sensitivity are often correlated with
females (Streck et al., 2022). To elaborate, females
are encouraged to hide their success as it will lead to
social comparison (Roberts et al., 2020). Thus, it can
be explained that females perceive lower self-esteem
than males due to their gender. Furthermore, most
findings indicate no difference between genders in
relationship satisfaction. However, a study
demonstrates that relationship satisfaction among
females is more dependent on external factors. For
instance, it is associated negatively with age, the
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
number of children, and the duration of the
relationship (van Scheppingen et al., 2018). This can
be attributed to the gender role, as females are often
thought of as a role that involves caring for a family.
Besides, a male's relationship satisfaction is
correlated with a partner's emotions (Fitzpatrick &
Lafontaine, 2017). Hence, gender roles did affect the
self-esteem among males and females to different
degrees and might or might not affect their
relationship satisfaction.
Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of this Study
Method
Research Design
This study used quantitative research to collect and
evaluate numerical data. It can identify trends and
averages, formulate hypotheses, examine causal
relationships, and extrapolate findings to larger
populations (Bloomfield & Fisher, 2019). The present
study used quantitative research to examine the
questionnaire scale to evaluate the relationship
between the independent variable (self-esteem) and
the dependent variable (relationship satisfaction)
between genders. Moreover, this research utilized a
correlational research design, as it is a
non-experimental study that demonstrates two or
more variables and analyzes the statistical
relationship (Jhangiani et al., 2019). The relationship
between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction
correlated examined whether there is a significant
relationship in this research. Besides, this study
conducted a cross-sectional study, examining data
from one specific point in time. This study chose
participants based on certain variables and specific
interests (Setia, 2016). Thus, it is consistent with this
study's objective to gather data on participants'
relationship satisfaction and self-esteem from a
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
4
specific period.
Participants
This study was conducted in several colleges and
universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia, and collected
103 participants. This study's population is students
pursuing undergraduate programs aged between 18
and 25. Besides, all of the participants fulfilled the
criterion of they had been in a relationship as this
research is to investigate relationship satisfaction.
Sampling Procedure
The data from this research was collected from a
non-probability sampling method. The sample
population is chosen by a non-systematic procedure
that does not ensure that each subject in the target
group has an equal chance to participate (Elfil &
Negida, 2017). To elaborate, participants are based on
the accessible demographic the researcher identifies.
Moreover, the convenience sampling technique is an
approach to the non-probability sampling method
(Elfil & Negida, 2017). The researcher decided on the
sample elements based on convenient accessibility
and proximity. It allowed the researcher to collect
data in a simple, affordable, and convenient way
(Stratton, 2021). To elaborate, the researcher
collected the data from various universities in Klang
Valley in a few months using Google Forms. This
technique benefited the researcher disseminated the
questionnaires via various social media platforms and
attained a large variety of respondents among
undergraduates in all private universities in Klang
Valley without spending too much time and
contributing a considerable cost.
Instruments
The first questionnaire used in this study to
examine participants' self-esteem is Rosenberg
Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) by Rosenberg (1979). The
RSES consists of 10 items, a self-report measure of
global self-esteem. This scale measured one's total
impression of being a valuable and deserving
individual. It has administered on a 4-point Likert
scale ranging from strongly agree, agree, disagree,
and strongly disagree. In the calculation of the RSES,
it is important to note that negative items (2, 5, 6, 8,
9) are reversed scores, researchers have totalled up
the score of ten things, and the higher scores indicate
higher self-esteem. The positive items from this
instrument are "On the whole, I am satisfied with
myself.", "I am able to do things as well as most other
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION 5

people." Examples of negative items include "I entire survey took approximately 10 minutes to
certainly feel useless at times.". The RSES complete.
demonstrates a high test-retest reliability over short
durations, a coefficient of .82, and a 0.50 over a long
period (Zeigler-Hill & Shackelford, 2020).
Data Analysis
The software IBM Statistical Package for the Social
The Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32)
Sciences Statistics 26.0 was conducted in this
developed by Funk and Rogge (2007) is the second
research to analyze the descriptive statistics from the
instrument applied in this study. This instrument
survey results and investigate the correlations among
consists of 32 items. It is designed to measure an
study variables. Moreover, descriptive analysis of the
individual's satisfaction in a romantic relationship.
data reporting measures of central tendency such as
This scale consists of various response scales and
mean, median, mode, and variation have been
formats, and the items are responded to on a six- or
examined by the researchers (Cresswell, 2015). The
seven-point scale. For example, item 1 is a
descriptive statistics were calculated for every
seven-point scale which scores from 0 = extremely
participant on the demographic data, level of
unhappy to 6 = perfect. Besides, item 2 to 32 is rated
self-esteem, and degree of relationship satisfaction
from sic-point scales. To elaborate, items 2 - 4 rate
scores. Furthermore, inferential statistics were
from 5= always agree to 0 = always disagree.
performed in this study to analyze data descriptions
Furthermore, there are some scales with scores
and derive inferences and conclusions from the
reversely, such as item 5 is from 5 = all the time to 0
relevant data. (Thomas & Klika, 2019). Pearson's
= never. However, item 6 is reversed scoring, and
Correlation Coefficient was utilized to examine the
item 7 - 18 scale from 5 = not at all true to 0 =
relationship between self-esteem and relationship
entirely true. However, the scoring was reversed in
satisfaction, as it can measure the correlations
items 10 & 15. Moreover, in items 26 to 32,
between two variables (Schober et al., 2018).
participants will request to rate their feelings on two
Furthermore, the Independent Samples t-Test was
extremes of their relationships, such as item 26, one
operated to examine whether there is a statistically
extreme represented interesting, and the other
significant difference between the two independent
represented boring. In addition, the scoring for this
groups (Mishra et al., 2019).
instrument is the sum of all points from the items,
ranging from 0 to 161. The higher scores indicate
higher levels of relationship satisfaction, and scores Results
below 104.5 imply significant relationship This section includes the analysis of the data
dissatisfaction. Moreover, CSI-32 displayed an collected in the current research. It consists of the
excellent internal consistency as Cronbach's α of the frequency of participants’ demographic information,
whole scale was 0.96 and higher than .70 in each descriptive statistics of the study variables, the
subscale (Forouzesh Yekta et al., 2017). normality test, the finding of the bivariate Pearson’s
product-moment correlation coefficient, and the
Data Collection Procedure independent sample t-test.
Table 1 demonstrates the frequency of
This study has obtained approval from the research
participants’ demographic information, which
ethics review committee from TARUC. The
includes gender and age. A total of 103 undergraduate
researcher developed a set of online questionnaires
students participated in this study. The respondents
via Google Forms and distributed them to participants
are made up of 46 males (44.70%) and 57 females
through different social media platforms such as
(55.30%).
Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and email. This
In relation to age, participants who are aged
questionnaire includes informed consent,
21 reported the highest number which is 24 (23.30%).
demographic information, Rosenberg Self-Esteem
This is followed by the participants who are aged 22
Scale (RSES), and the Couples Satisfaction Index
with 21 (20.40%), participants who are aged 19 and
(CSI-32). A consent form was presented to the
23 recorded the same amount of respondents with 17
participants before the questionnaires, and the
(16.50%) and 12 (11.70%) of respondents aged 20.
responses were collected anonymously. By
There is only one (1.00%) participant at the age of 18.
responding to the survey and engaging in the research
project, the participants have been deemed to have
granted their consent to participate in the study. The
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION 6

Table 1

Frequency of Participants' Demographic Information (N = 103)

Variable Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Gender

Male 46 44.70 44.70

Female 57 55.30 100

Age

18 1 1 1

19 17 16.50 17.50

20 12 11.70 29.10

21 24 23.30 52.40

22 21 20.40 72.80

23 17 16.50 89.30

24 6 5.80 95.10

25 5 4.90 100

Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of the
variables in the present research. The variable of
self-esteem has received a minimum score of 10 and a
maximum score of 40. It also collected a mean score
of 26.7476 with a standard deviation of 5.6702. In
terms of relationship satisfaction, it has collected a
minimum score of 44 and a maximum score of 156. It
also received a mean score of 112.4854 with a
standard deviation of 27.9523.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics of the Study Variables
Table 3 displays the result of the normality test of the
present research. The value to prove a normal
univariate distribution for both self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction is between the range of -2
and +2 (George & Mallery, 2010). Based on the
analysis, self-esteem and relationship satisfaction
have obtained a skewness of -.129 and -.574
respectively. Meanwhile, the kurtosis values for both
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction are .176 and
-.465 respectively. These data indicate that there is
univariate normality for both self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction as the skewness and kurtosis
fall within the range between -2 and +2.
Table 3

Min Max Mean SD Results of Skewness and Kurtosis

Self-Esteem 10 40 26.7476 5.6702
Variables Skewness Kurtosis
Relationship 44 156 112.4854 27.9523
Satisfaction Self-Esteem -.129 .176

© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION 7

Relationship -.574 -.465

Satisfaction Levene’s T-test for
Test Equality of
for Equality Means
of Variances
Table 4 demonstrates the analysis of the correlation
between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. A F Sig. t df Sig.
bivariate Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was (2-tailed)
calculated to investigate the size and duration of the
Self- Equal .196 .659 1.788 101 .077
linear relationship between self-esteem and Esteem variances
relationship satisfaction. The results show that the assumed
correlation between both variables is positive and
Equal 1.810 99.922 .073
moderate, whereby r(101) = .392, p =.00 < .05. variances
Hence, according to research objective 1, the result not
indicates that there is a significant positive assumed

relationship among both variables whereby higher

self-esteem is associated with higher relationship Table 6 displays the analysis for gender differences in
satisfaction among undergraduate students in Klang relationship satisfaction between male and females
Valley. undergraduates students. The 46 male participants
yielded a mean score of 117.6304 (SD = 26.0916),
Table 4 and 57 female respondents have a mean score of
108.3333 (SD = 28.9275). Based on the analysis,
Pearson correlation between self-esteem and Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances demonstrates
relationship satisfaction (N = 103) that equal variances are assumed (F = .577, p = .449
> .05). T-test for equality of means demonstrates that
t(101) = 1.693, p = .093 > .05. Hence, based on the
Relationship research objective 3, it can be concluded that there is
Satisfaction no statistically significant difference in relationship
satisfaction between male and female undergraduate
Self-Esteem Pearson Correlation .392** students in Klang Valley.
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.00
Table 6
N 103
Gender and Relationship Satisfaction
Table 5 shows the analysis for gender differences in
self-esteem between male and females Levene’s T-test for
Test Equality of Means
undergraduates students. The 46 male participants for Equality
yielded a mean score of 27.8478 (SD = 5.2534), and of Variances
57 female respondents have a mean score of 25.8596
F Sig. t df Sig.
(SD = 5.8811). Based on the analysis, Levene’s Test (2-tailed)
for Equality of Variances demonstrated that equal
variances are assumed (F = .196, p = .659 > .05). Relationship Equal .577 .449 1.693 101 .093
Satisfaction variances
T-test for equality of means demonstrates that t(101) assumed
= 1.788, p = .077 > .05. Hence, based on the research
objective 2, it can be concluded that there is no Equal 1.712 99.713 .090
variances
statistically significant difference in self-esteem not
between male and female undergraduate students in assumed
the Klang Valley.

Table 5 Discussion
The present study examines the relationship
Gender and Self-Esteem between self-esteem and satisfaction among
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
undergraduate students. The finding showed that
there exists a positive correlation between both
variables. This illustrates individuals with higher
self-esteem will experience greater relationship
satisfaction. The result of the present study is
congruent with previous research (Luciano & Orth,
2017; Wang & Zhao, 2017; Wang et al., 2019).
Self-esteem could lead to poor well-being, which also
affects relationship satisfaction as it is one of the
predictions for relationship satisfaction (Jaffar et al.,
2021). According to Sciangula and Morry (2009),
self-esteem positively influences relationship
fulfillment, suggesting that individuals with high
self-esteem are more likely to maintain a more
satisfactory and longer relationship successfully.
To justify these findings, self-verification
could be the theory to explore why individuals with
higher self-esteem experience higher relationship
satisfaction. Self-verification introduces individuals'
desire for others to see them as they do (Talaifar &
Swann, 2017). The researcher assumes the view of
self from the theory can serve as the representative
for the variable of self-esteem as individuals’
interpersonal performance is motivated by validation
from others. To elaborate, individuals with higher
self-esteem have more positive perceptions of
themselves and are more likely to interact with others
confidently and receive compliments easier (Kille et
al., 2017; Sheikh, 2016). Besides, they know their
worth and can express their true self to their partner,
which leads to a satisfactory relationship. Hence, the
notion of self-verification helps explain when
individuals perceive themselves as worthy, capable,
and decent, they will experience better general
well-being, which brings about higher self-esteem
and leads to greater relationship satisfaction.
Furthermore, the study also aimed to examine
the difference between males and females in
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction. The findings
showed that there is no significant gender difference
in self-esteem. This finding is in line with several past
studies (Cross et al., 2021; Donnellan et al., 2007;
Galambos et al., 2006). Despite that, several studies
yielded contradictory findings whereby it was
reported that males experience greater self-esteem
than females (Amin Wani, 2017; Yadav et al., 2022).
The present study's results show no significant
difference between male and female respondents.
This outcome is congruent with a few past studies
that implied no gender differences in relationship
satisfaction (Gala & Ghadiyali, 2020; Kretz, 2019;
Sadikaj et al., 2016).
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
8
Gender role theory is one of the factors to
explain the present findings. This theory proposes
individuals who are socially allocated to the male and
female genders usually perform different
responsibilities in societal systems and are evaluated
according to different standards of behavior
(Littlejohn & Foss, 2009). Individuals learn the
appropriate behavior throughout their lifespan and
behave in a particular way, such as females being
perceived as more modest and males being seen as
harsh (Streck et al., 2022). However, gender
differences are becoming less distinct nowadays.
Females in urban areas have more chances to pursue
higher education, discover more opportunities, and
develop their careers (Jain & Dixit, 2014). To
elaborate, the Department of Statistics Malaysia
(DOSM) (Department of Statistics Malaysia Official
Portal, 2021) stated Malaysia had reached a 70.7% of
overall gender equality, which is seen as a good
improvement in the gap between males and females.
For example, females are not restricted by house
chores, and serving the family is a priority. Thus, the
differences in self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction between genders could be lesser and
show no significant difference due to this factor.
Moreover, the sample size could be another
contributor to these findings, as it may be impossible
to extrapolate the results from a sample that is too
small. When the sample size is too small, the result
will not reach statistical significance and may
undermine the results' reliability (Button et al., 2013).
Besides, since the confidence in the results is more
likely to improve with a larger sample size, the
probability of obtaining a significant finding also
increases. This is predicted because a larger sample
size should more closely reflect the entire group's
behavior (Button et al., 2013). However, the present
study collected only 103 respondents, which can
consider a small sample size. Thus, the sample size
could influence the findings of the second and third
objectives, where there is no difference between
genders in self-esteem and relationship satisfaction,
as this is not a big study that collects more data to
predict overall behaviors.
Conclusions
The present research was intended to examine the
correlation between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction, as well as to investigate the difference in
self-esteem between male and female undergraduate
students among universities in Klang Valley. The
results illustrated that there was a significant positive
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
relationship between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction among undergraduate students whereby
higher self-esteem is associated with greater
relationship satisfaction. The results implied there
was no statistically significant difference in
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction between
male and female undergraduate students.
Limitations of the Study
There are several potential limitations of the
present study that should be addressed. Firstly, this
study has an insufficient sample size as it only
collected 103 responses which are considered a small
sample size. The sample size is essential in
quantitative research to draw a valid conclusion. The
results will be more accurate in the larger sample size
as it will affect the confidence level of the results.
Hence, the sample size caused a challenge to
establishing significant relationships in the data in the
present study.
Besides, the data were collected using a
non-probability sampling method as there are times
time constraints. Non-probability sampling has the
disadvantage of making it difficult for the researcher
to determine if the population is adequately
represented (Galloway, 2005). This issue might
compromise the validity and generalizability of the
findings. In addition, this method largely depends on
judgment because there are no clear guidelines or
criteria for choosing samples. This may result in bias
and prejudice regarding the subject and prevent the
researcher from achieving the expected result
(Glasgow, 2005).
In addition, another limitation is the
researcher could include more variables while
investigating the relationship satisfaction among
undergraduates. Most of the respondents were
Chinese, which leads to the present study being
unable to examine the relationship between different
ethnicities. Malaysia is multicultural, and other races
might have various attitudes toward relationships.
Research suggests cultural contextscontextes will
affect individuals' relationship satisfaction in terms of
communication behaviors (Erol & Orth, 2014). Thus,
the absence of examining the variable on the
correlation between ethnicities could be another
limitation in the present study.
Recommendations for Future Research
Based on the limitations stated above, there
are a few recommendations for future research.
© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
9
Firstly, the researcher can increase a larger sample
size to analyze the significant relationship between
variables with sufficient data. For example, the
researcher should collect responses from different
states in Malaysia among undergraduates to obtain
ample data on this population. Thus, the researcher
will be able to examine the relationships between the
variables more adequately. Besides, the researcher
could develop a longitudinal study and use a
probability sampling method to collect data.
Probability sampling allows the calculation of each
unit's selection probability, the generation of accurate
estimates, and the drawing of statistical conclusions
about the population (Cumming, 2010). This
sampling method enables the researcher to save time
in collecting data and reduce the cost while also
lowering the sampling error of estimates for survey
variables (Acharya et al., 2013). In addition, the
researcher should collect more detailed demographic
data for more complex and structured investigation
results. To elaborate, besides analyzing the
correlation between genders in self-esteem and
relationship satisfaction, researchers can analyze the
relationship between ethnicities in both variables. For
instance, studies suggest couples from various
ethnicities experience different communications in
intimate relationships, which will also affect
relationship satisfaction (Mustafa et al., 2012). Thus,
the researcher believes it is important to include
another variable, ethnicity, to study the correlation
between ethnicity and relationship satisfaction among
undergraduates in the future study.
Implications of the Study
The present study highlighted the correlation
between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction, as
well as the gender difference in both variables among
undergraduates in Klang Valley. The findings of this
study illustrate convincing statistical results that
individuals who are having higher self-esteem will
experience greater relationship satisfaction. The
actions to enhance self-esteem among undergraduates
are important as it will contribute to positive effects
on overall well-being and academic performance
(Neto & da Conceição Pinto, 2014; Zayed, 2016). To
elaborate, universities are urged to conduct mental
health campaigns such as talks, workshops or
activities on campus to encourage the students to
raise awareness and enhance their self-esteem.
Besides, teachers are encouraged to foster a pleasant
and supporting environment for students to feel fully
supported, encouraged, and recognized in the
SELF-ESTEEM AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
10
classroom to enhance their self-esteem (Zhao et al.,
2021). For instance, institutions should enable
enabling students the opportunity to undertake
leadership roles, aiding them in identifying and
clarifying their values and relationship expectations
(McWhirter, 1997).
Besides, individuals that encounter
relationship issues should receive counseling from
appropriate associations association or establish
certain interventions together which do not take into
account self-esteemaccountin account of self-esteem
which could improve their relationship satisfaction.
To elaborate, young couples should develop
mindfulness, emotionally focused therapy, and
behavioral couples therapy together to enhance their
satisfaction in a relationship (Barnes et al., 2007;
Greenman & Johnson, 2013; Halford, Sanders, &
Behrens, 1994). Nonetheless, including self-esteem,
while undergoing these interventions may help to
increase the effectiveness of increasing relationship
satisfaction. Furthermore, the researcher investigated
the correlation between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction to fill a gap in the previous studies that
were conducted in foreign countries on the same
variables. The present study reproduces the
correlation between self-esteem and relationship
satisfaction but aims attention to Malaysian
undergraduates, where there is not much research on
this topic before in Malaysia.
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© Department of Social Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management
and Technology
 APPENDICES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY
KUALA LUMPUR CAMPUS

RESEARCH ETHICS REVIEW SUBMISSION FORM

(for human research only)

SECTION I: DETAILS OF APPLICANT

Name of Applicant Cheah Shin Yee

Student I.D. 20WJR10325

Name of Supervisor Mr.Ooi Jian Wei

SECTION II: DETAILS OF THE RESEARCH

Self-Esteem and Relationship Satisfaction: A Correlational Study
Project Title Among Undergraduate Students in Private Universities and Colleges in
Klang Valley

1. To investigate the relationship between self-esteem and

relationship satisfaction among undergraduate students in private
universities and colleges in Klang Valley.

2. To examine the difference in self-esteem among male and

Research female undergraduate students in private universities and colleges in
Objective(s) Klang Valley.

3. To examine the difference in relationship satisfaction among

male and female undergraduate students in private universities and
colleges in Klang Valley.
 Survey via questionnaire developed using Google Forms

Method of Data 1. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (10 items) - (Rosenberg,

Collection 1965)
2. Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-32) (32 items) - (Funk &
Rogge, 2007)
100 undergraduate students recruited from private universities and
colleges in Klang Valley.
Participants
 Informed Consent Form
Research Studies by Students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities of Tunku
Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology Informed Consent

Hello, my name is Cheah Shin Yee. I am a final year student pursuing Bachelor of Social
Science (Honours) in Psychology programme at Tunku Abdul Rahman University of
Management and Technology.

You are invited to participate in a research study titled "Self-Esteem and Relationship
Satisfaction: A Correlational Study Among Undergraduate Students in Private Universities and
Colleges in Klang Valley."

Please take your time to read the information below to understand the nature of this research
study before deciding whether to take part in this study.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this research study is to have a deeper understanding on the correlation between
self-esteem and relationship satisfaction among undergraduate students in private universities
and colleges in Klang Valley.

Research objectives
1. To investigate the relationship between self-esteem and relationship satisfaction among
undergraduate students in private universities and colleges in Klang Valley.
2. To examine the difference in self-esteem among male and female undergraduate students in
private universities and colleges in Klang Valley.
3. To examine the difference in relationship satisfaction among male and female undergraduate
students in private universities and colleges in Klang Valley.

Eligibility to Participate
To be eligible to participate in this research study, the following criteria must be fulfilled:
1. You are aged between 18 to 25.
2. You are currently a student pursuing an undergraduate programme (e.g. diploma, foundation,
bachelor’s degree).
3. You are currently enrolled in a private university/college in Klang Valley.
4. You are in a romantic relationship.

Procedures
After the participants read and understand this informed consent form, individuals will begin
to provide some demographic information in Section A.

Participants will then start answering the questionnaires in Section B and Section C.
In Section B, the first administered instrument would be the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
(RSES) which consists of 10 items.
In Section C, participants will be required to respond to the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-
32) which consists of 32 items.

Duration
This test may take approximately 10 minutes to complete.
Discomfort and Risks
There are no foreseeable physical or psychological risks allied with your participation in this
study and we do not anticipate any discomfort in this study. However, if you decide to
participate but feel any discomfort while answering the questions, you may stop participating
at any time and you may decide not to answer any specific question.

Benefits of Participation
Please be informed that there are no direct benefits to you for participating in this study.
However, your participation may lead to contribution to the existing literature, provide a new
insight and will allow us to expand our knowledge on the relationship between self-esteem and
romantic relationship satisfaction among undergraduate students with the use of appropriate
tests and assessments. Implication of this study may also be useful to practitioners in the
relevant fields.

Confidentiality
Participants' answers will be kept confidential and anonymous, and stored electronically in a
file that will not include any personal information about you. There are no individual identities
that will be used in any report or publication resulting from this study to ensure confidentiality
and protect the identity of the research participants. The researcher will maintain the
confidentiality of the research records or data, all data collected will be used strictly for the
study and will be properly disposed of upon the completion of this project. Besides, findings
from this research will be presented in aggregate form with no identifying information to ensure
confidentiality.

Voluntary Participation and Rights to Withdraw

Participants are giving permission and taking part is entirely voluntary and will not have any
impact on you. Participants do note that you are free to withdraw at any point during the survey,
and your data will not be collected or used subsequently. There will be no penalties if you
withdraw from this study halfway.

Contact Information
This research project has been reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Social Science in
TARUC.

Thank you for taking the time to read this information. Please do not hesitate to contact me
with any other questions or queries about this study. My contact details are below.

Name: Cheah Shin Yee

Email: cheahsy-wj20@student.tarc.edu.my

Acknowledgement
I am willing and agree to participate in this research after reading the informed consent form.
• Yes
• No
Questionnaire
 Coursework Declaration Form

Semester: 202209 Course Code & Title: BHPY3004 Psychology Project 2

Declaration
I/We confirm that I/we have read and shall comply with all the terms and
conditions of Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology’s
plagiarism policy.

I/We declare that this assignment is free from all forms of plagiarism and for all
intents and purposes is my/our own properly derived work.

I/We further confirm that the same work, where appropriate, has been verified by
anti-plagiarism software Turnitin.

Name Signature Date

1 Cheah Shin Yee CSY 28/12/2022
 Cheah Shin
Yee_BHPY3004_Turnitin
by Shin Yee CHEAH

Submission date: 28-Dec-2022 05:28PM (UTC+0800)

Submission ID: 1987065347
File name: Cheah_Shin_Yee_BHPY3004_Turnitin.docx (33.14K)
Word count: 1772
Character count: 10081
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Cheah Shin Yee_BHPY3004_Turnitin
ORIGINALITY REPORT

21 %
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Hollie Speer, Nathan M D’Cunha, Nenad
Naumovski, Andrew J McKune. "Sex, Age, BMI,
2%
and C-Reactive Protein Impact the Odds of
Developing Hypertension—Findings Based on
Data From the Health and Retirement Study
(HRS)", American Journal of Hypertension,
2021
Publication

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repo.uum.edu.my
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Daniel M. Downs, Shaan James, Gloria Cowan.
"Body Objectification, Self-Esteem, and
2%
Relationship Satisfaction: A Comparison of
Exotic Dancers and College Women", Sex
Roles, 2006
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psychmethods.blog.yorku.ca
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Kathrin Schaffhuser, Jenny Wagner, Oliver
Lüdtke, Mathias Allemand. "Dyadic
<1 %
longitudinal interplay between personality
and relationship satisfaction: A focus on
 neuroticism and self-esteem", Journal of
Research in Personality, 2014
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Phillip Ozimek, Semina Lainas, Hans-Werner
Bierhoff, Elke Rohmann. "How photo editing
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in social media shapes self-perceived
attractiveness and self-esteem via self-
objectification and physical appearance
comparisons", Research Square Platform LLC,
2022
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Lotte van Doeselaar, Anne K. Reitz. "Personal
Narratives as a Predictor of Trait Change and
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Satisfaction during the Transition from
Education to Work", Identity, 2022
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