DIODE

NAME
L-2/T-2
Classification of materials
Intrinsic Semiconductor

• At room temperature
very few conduction
electrons
• Hole can’t move outside
of valence band
• If e- moves then hole
creates
 Extrinsic Semiconductor

n type semiconductor p type semiconductor

• Majority carrier e- • Majority carrier hole

• n>>p • p>>n
p-n Junction

• Diffusion
• Immobile ionized charge
• Built in potential
• At equilibrium diffusion force equals to
electric force
 Biasing
Reverse Biasing Forward Biasing
• Majority carrier doesn’t
contribute to junction • Move hole and e-
current
• Reduced depletion
• Minority carrier produce layer
low junction current
• At a certain voltage
• Increased depletion acts like a conducting
layer path

• E increase, so speed of
minority carrier

• Collision with intrinsic Si

occurs

• More minority carrier

produces and
breakdown occurs
I-V Characteristics

0.0259 V at T = 300 K

Considering two points on the curve

Modeling Diode Forward Characteristics

• Ideal Diode Model

Modeling Diode Forward Characteristics

• Constant Voltage Drop Model

Modeling Diode Forward Characteristics

• Piecewise Linear Model

Modeling Diode Forward Characteristics

• Exponential Model
✓ Graphical Analysis

✓ Iterative Analysis
Modeling Diode Forward Characteristics

• Small Signal Model

 Diode Circuit Analysis
1. (Assuming ideal diode, constant voltage drop & PWL model)
Diode Circuit Analysis

2.
Diode Circuit Analysis

2.
Diode Circuit Analysis
3. Assume 0.7V drop across the diode. 5. Find the value of V, I

4. Here Vs is a sinusoid with 48V p-p. Find the fraction of cycle

the diode conducts. Assume 0.7V drop across the diode.
Diode Circuit Analysis
3. Assume 0.7V drop across the diode. 5. Find the value of V, I

4. Here Vs is a sinusoid with 48V p-p. Find the fraction of cycle

the diode conducts. Assume 0.7V drop across the diode.
Application of Diode
• Logic gates

Logical OR Logical AND

Zener Diode
Zener Diode
 Rectifier
❑ Application of Rectifier

• Half Wave Rectifier Transfer characteristic Input and output plot

Expression of output
𝜃 −𝜃
We get conduction for 3602
𝑜 fraction of the
1

cycle, where 𝜃1,2 are found from:

𝑉𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉𝐷
 Rectifier
• Center Tapped Full Wave Rectifier
Transfer Characteristic
Vs Vs-VD

-Vs

Input & Output

plot
 Rectifier
• Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
-VD

0
Vs-2VD |vs(t)|– 2VD; |vs(t)|>2VD
vo(t) =
0; otherwise

MATH : For the bridge rectifier circuit use the

constant-voltage-drop diode model to find
(a) the average (or dc component) of the
Input & Output output voltage.
plot (b) the peak diode current
(c) PIV
Where, Vs is a 12-V (rms) sinusoid, VD =0.7 V,
and R = 100 Ω
Rectifier
• Peak Rectifier
 Clipper/Limiter Circuit
One side Limiter/ Two side Limiter/ Hard Limiter/ Soft Limiter

1.
0.7 V ; Vin>0.7
Vo =
Vs ; else

2. 3.
 Clipper/Limiter Circuit

4.
5.7 V ; Vin>5.7
Vo =
Vs ; else

5.
Clipper/Limiter Circuit
6. Clipper circuit with Zener diode

7.
Transfer
Characteristics?
Clipper/Limiter Circuit

Transfer
Characteristics?
Clamper Circuit

▪ Positive
Clamper

▪ Charging &
discharging
 Clamper Circuit
3. 4.

5.
Self Study

➢ Do analysis for positive

clamper with negative
bias & negative clamper
with positive bias
Clamper Circuit

Self Study

➢ Do analysis for positive

clamper with negative
bias & negative clamper
with positive bias