Work & Heat Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq, 2.0, c#a, resus, ries Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ ME 203: Engineering Thermodynamics http: //zahurul . buet .ac.bd/ME203/ © © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 1/13Work in Mechanics Ss le----- > m m —eo— <—_@—-> —-F F —-F FAF if AF —- 0: quasi-static process The product, W = Fs of force F' and displacement s is defined as the work done by the force F and against the force —F. The scalar quantity, work, is defined as the scalar product of force and displacement: W=F-s Thermodynamic work is limited to mechanical work but can be generalized to include all forms of work (i.e. mechanical, electrostatic, electrical, magnetic, etc.) &) © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUBT) Work && Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 2/13Thermodynamic Work & Heat Work is performed by a system on its surroundings during a process if the only effect external to the system could be the raising of a weight. Heat is energy in transition from one body or system to another solely because of a temperature difference between the systems. e The magnitudes of heat and work depend on the arbitrary selection of boundaries between interacting systems. These are not. properties, and it is improper to speak of heat or work ‘contained’ in a system. e Heat and work transfers are the only mechanisms by which ener; can be transferred across the boundary of a closed system. 6 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUBT) Work & Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 3/13Copper Rotating plate shaft Electric generator System Insulation boundary qo1o © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat @ ‘ME 203 (2022-23) o 4/13Comparison of Heat & Work er ae + = ig (@) (0) An ezample of the difference between heat and work. ¢ Heat and work are both transient phenomena. Systems never possess heat or work. © Both heat and work are boundary phenomena. Both are observed only at the boundary of the system, and both represent energy crossing the boundary. ¢ Both heat and work are path functions and inexact. diferentials 0 © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) ‘Work && Heat ME 203 (2022-23) «5/13An energy transfer can be heat or work, depending on system selection. System boundary Electric oven Heating element Toa, Energy generated in the heating element is transferred due to temperature difference between the heating element and the air inside oven ~» heat interaction © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat System boundary Electric oven Heating element 08, Energy transfer is not caused by temperature difference between the oven and the surroundings, rather is caused by electrons crossing boundary ~~» work interaction } ME 203 (2022-23) 6/13———ST lll isd Work & Heat: Sign-Convention System, boundary soos (a) Closed system (b) Open systemWork General Work Expressions e Thermodynamic work is generalized to include all forms of work, and a generalized force F), and generalized displacement dd, can be identified: Wr = | Fy, ddx e A general system could have many possible work modes, so a general work expression is: W=Wo+Wy+Wyet+--=) WM ¢ W, = shaft work: rotary useful work ¢ W, = boundary work: due to expansion/compression of system ° W; = flow work: interaction required for the mass to cross CS ° Wy = electrical work © en. © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) ‘Work & Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 8/13Work Flow Work a | (@) Before entering () Afier entering Flow work, Wy is associated with mass: crossing the CS, and represents the work that must be done by fluid outside the control volume to push m across the control volume boundary. © Wy, =—(PA;)L; : as displacement against PA; ° W;,e=+(PAe)Le : as displacement along PA. © = Wy = Writ Whe =—P(Vi— Ve) © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Work & Heat ‘ME 203 (2022-23) 9/13‘Work Moving System Boundary Work ¢ Force acting on an element dA of CS = PdA ¢ Work performed as dA recedes by a distance dz = (PdA)dz © Work done = 5W, = J f PdAdx = Pf [ dAdz = Pav A A 3W,=PdV > Wy=J? Pav dV is the change in volume represented by the volume enclosed &) between the full and the broken curves in figure. © Dr. Md, Zahurul Haq (BUBT) Work & Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 10/13Expansion & Compression Work [— System boundary ‘Area =A Average pressure at the piston face = pWork 2Po Po E Wy =3P,V, Wing = 4 Wia+ War =2PoVo+0=2P,Vo Win + Wey =0+ Po Vo = PoVo Work done by a system depends not only on the initial and final stat but also on the intermediate states => path function. © © Dr. Md, Zahurul Haq (BUET) ‘Work & Heat ME 203 (2022-23) 12/13Work Process involving a change in volume with W =0 It i} It i} | Gas} Vacuum | System It i} L | boundary fy Gas qoaa (a) (b) e Work can only be identified at the system boundary. e If gas & vacuum space is considered as system: no work is done as no work can be identified at the system boundary. e If the gas is the system: there is a change in volume, but no resistance at the system boundary as the volume increases, and so no work is done in the process of filling the vacuum. © Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUEBT) Work & Heat ‘ME 203 (2022-23) © 13/13