Carbon source: releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Examples
of carbon sources include the burning of fossil fuels like gas, coal and oil,
deforestation and volcanic eruptions.

Carbon sink: absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

• Processes that absorb it are called carbon “sinks”.

• Forests, soil, oceans, the atmosphere, carbonate rocks and fossil
fuels are important stores of carbon.
• Natural sinks for atmospheric CO2 include photosynthesis, forests,
oceans and freshwater bodies, fossil fuels and carbonate rocks.
Carbon intensity : The amount of emissions of carbon dioxide
per unit of gross domestic product GDP.

• The total emissions, continued to fall until about 1983, after

which total emissions started to increase again, but more slowly
than GDP.
• Globally energy efficiency has levelled off and carbon intensity
slightly increased in the early 2000s.

• Reducing the carbon-intensity of energy supplies, with desirable

effects on air pollution and acid rain, can be achieved through
increasing the share of lower carbon emitting fuels, more
energy efficient fossil fuel technologies, and renewable energy
technologies.
 Energy intensity: (energy per unit GDP)

Energy intensity: The ratio of energy use to economic

output. At the national level, energy intensity is the ratio of
total domestic primary energy use or final energy use to
Gross Domestic Product.

Carbon neutrality means having a balance between emitting

carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon
sinks. Removing carbon oxide from the atmosphere and then
storing it is known as carbon sequestration.
• National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) is a
Government of India's programme launched in 2008 to
mitigate and adapt to the adverse impact of climate change.
• The action plan is designed and published under the guidance
of Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change (PMCCC).
• The National Climate Change Plan gathers all local efforts on
one platform and establishes a unified framework to measure
emissions and provide reports.
• It seeks to establish an integrated system for monitoring,
reporting and verifying the application of world's best
practices.
A nationally determined contribution (NDC) or intended
nationally determined contribution (INDC) is a non-binding
national plan highlighting climate change mitigation, including
climate-related targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions.

India officially submitted of two of the four targets

• These two targets are to reduce its emissions intensity by
45% below 2005 levels by 2030
• To increase the share of non-fossil power capacity to 50% by
2030.
Climate justice: connects the climate crisis to the social, racial and
environmental issues in which it is deeply entangled. It recognizes
the disproportionate impacts of climate change on low-income
and BIPOC communities around the world, the people and places
least responsible for the problem.
 Adaptation of climate change
• Resillient Infrastructure:Developing
infrastructure that can withstand extreme
weather events, such as stronger hurricanes or
more intense droughts,to ensure continuity in
essential services .
• Community Education and
Awareness:Empowering communities with
knowledge about climate risks and providing
education on adaptive measures,fostering a
proactive approach to change .
 Adaptation of climate changes

• Ecosystem-based Approaches: Preserving and

restoring ecosystems like wetlands and forests, which
act as natural buffers against climate impacts and
contribute to biodiversity
• Water Management Strategies: Implementing
sustainable water management practices ,including
efficient irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting,to
cope with changing precipitation patterns
• Crop Diversification : Encouraging farmers to diversify
crops to adapt to altered growing conditions,enhancing
food security in the face of climate variability .
 Mitigation of climate change
• Sustainable Agriculture : promote practies that reduce
emissions from agriculture ,such as precision farming
,Agroforestry,and improved livestock managment
• Green Transportation: Encourage the use of electric
vechicles ,public transportation ,and other low-
emission alternatives to reduce the carbon footprint of
the transporataion sector .
• Green building design : Implement eco-system
building practices ,including energy –efficient designs
and materials ,to reduce emissions from the
construction and operation of buildings .
 Mitigation of climate changes
• Renewable Energy Transition: Shifting from fossil fules to
renewable energy sources like solar and wind power to
reduce carbon emissions and combat global warming .
• Energy Efficiency Measures : Implementing technologies
and practices that enhance energy efficiency across
industries ,transportation ,and buildings ,decreasing overall
energy consumption.
• Carbon Capture and storage :Develop deploy CCS
technologies to capture carbon dioxide emissions from
industrial processes and power plants ,preventing them
from entering the atmosphere .
• Afforestation and Reforestation : Plant trees on a large
scale to absorb carbon dioxide and restore forests,acting
carbon sinks.
 Mitigation of climate change
• International cooperation : collaborate
globally to set emission reduction targets
,share technology ,and support developing
nations in adopting sustainable practices.
• Mitigation strategies aim to limit or prevent
the emission of greenhouse gases,mitigating
the impact of climate change and fostering a
more sustainable future.