Smart Materials and Structures

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Delamination imaging in composites using cross-correlation method by

non-contact air-coupled Lamb waves
To cite this article before publication: Lingyu Yu et al 2023 Smart Mater. Struct. in press https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/acf178

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Page 1 of 16 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - SMS-115169.R1

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3 Delamination imaging in composites using cross-correlation method
4
by non-contact air-coupled Lamb waves

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7 Lingyu Yu*, Wenfeng Xiao, Hanfei Mei, Victor Giurgiutiu
8 University of South Carolina, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia SC
9

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10 Abstract: This paper presents a cross-correlation damage detection technique using damage
11 scattered waves of all directions cross-correlate with the incident waves for delamination imaging
12 in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plate. The presented imaging can not only
13
14
detect the delamination but also precisely quantify the damage with locations and sizes. First, a
15 CFRP composite sample with interlaminar delamination by inserting the Teflon layer is designed
16 and manufactured in house using the hot-press machine. And a three-dimensional (3D) model of

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17 composite sample is simulated using the finite element method. Next, the cross-correlation
18 imaging algorithm is introduced in detail, and the cross-correlation imaging proof-of-concept
19 study is conducted with the simulated Lamb waves in the composite sample. Finally, a fully non-
20
contact air-coupled transducer and scanning laser Doppler vibrometer system with a single-mode
21
22 Lamb wave method is established to actuate and sense the interrogating Lamb waves in the
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delaminations imaging and quantification.
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structure. The imaging method is experimentally implemented for the one delamination and two

Keywords: CFRP composites, delamination detection, cross-correlation imaging, Air-coupled

transducer, single-mode Lamb wave method, finite element modeling
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29 1 Introduction
30
31 Composite materials have received extensive attention and have been widely used in various
32 industries due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility.
33 However, unexpected damage can occur in composites due to impact events or due to stressing of
34
the material during off-nominal loading events. Delamination is the most common and dangerous
35
36 failure mode for composite structures, because it occurs and grows in the absence of any visible
37 surface damage, making it difficult to detect by visual inspection [1]. Such hidden delamination
38 damage must be detected and evaluated before it becomes critical [2-4]. Developments of reliable
and quantitative techniques to detect delamination damage in laminated composites are imperative
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40 for safe and functional optimally designed next-generation composite structures.
41 Among various NDE methods, ultrasonic Lamb waves have been proven effective for damage
42
detection in plate-like structures due to their ability to inspect a large area while maintaining
43
44 sensitivity to small defects in the structure[5-12]. Lamb waves propagate in-between the upper and
45 lower surfaces of plate-like structures and interact with structural discontinuity in the propagation
46 path. Such features allow for Lamb waves NDE, in contrast to point by point excitation and sensing
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47 pairs over the entire area of interest, to have excitation just at a single location. Advances in Lamb
48 wave-based NDE technologies over the last decade have demonstrated the feasibility of detecting
49 and locating damage in composite structural components using various Lamb wave detection
50
51
algorithms [13-18]. However, compared to Lamb waves in isotropic materials and the complex
52 damage scenarios, wave propagation in composite structures presents additional complexity for
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53 efficient damage identification [19-21].

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56 *
57 Corresponding author: yu3@cec.sc.edu
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3 Lamb wave excitation and sensing are critical for Lamb-wave damage detection in SHM/NDE.
4 Non-contact transducers have attracted many interests in recent years since they do not need to use

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5 liquid or solid couplant. This feature makes it relatively convenient for installation while avoid
6
introducing issues such as contamination of host structure and bonding layer degradation [22].
7
8 Several non-contact Lamb wave excitation methods including electromagnetic acoustic transducer
9 (EMAT) [23-25], pulsed laser (PL) [26-27], and air-coupled transducer (ACT) [28-36], as well as

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10 sensing method using laser Doppler vibrometer [30,43] or laser interferometers [37] have been
11 reported. Among them, air-coupled transducers have emerged as a promising non-contact method
12 for Lamb waves SHM/NDE [22]. Piezoelectric ACT works on the piezoelectric principle and uses
13 air as the couplant to transduce the waves into solids with a certain stand-off distance to the
14
15
structure surface [38]. It actuates Lamb waves based on Snell’s law and can be controlled to
16 achieve single-mode excitation or sensing [22,30]. Castaings et al. [39] conducted ACT generation

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17 and reception of pure A0 mode for single side inspection of the delamination defects in composite
18 materials. Zhang et al. used ACT and laser vibrometer for delamination detection using
19 wavenumber based analysis and imaging methods [40]. Kažys et al. [41] studied the pure A0 mode
20 inspection of the impact type damages theoretically and experimentally, both B-scan and C-scan
21 results were obtained with the damage was successfully detected. In addition, detailed pure A 0
22
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mode Lamb wave interactions with damage have been studied.
However, challenges are associated with ACT Lamb waves for SHM/NDE in composite
structures. One is the high loss of ultrasound energy at the air and structure interface due to the
impedance mismatch [44]. If both ACT actuation and sensing are used, the loss could be significant
and affect the application efficiency [30-33]. A solution is to replace either the actuation or sensing
with a different type such as a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV). The SLDV remotely
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29
measures surface velocity or displacement over a spatially dense grid and provides high-resolution
30
31 imaging sequences of wave propagation based on the Doppler’s effect [43]. For composites, the
32 general anisotropic behavior and complicated Lamb wave features have posed challenges for
33 Lamb waves SHM/NDE techniques. In composites, Lamb waves propagate at various velocities
34 in different directions. Besides, Lame wave attenuation due to material damping is strong and
35 anisotropic [10].
36 Moreover, signal processing and damage imaging techniques are of great importance in
37
38
establishing Lamb wave-based damage inspection [45]. Different approaches have been developed
based on the measurement of wave interactions with damage [46-55]. The cross-correlation
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40 imaging method uses back-scattered waves and incident waves to generate the images. The
41 imaging condition was defined based on the concept that if both source waves and the receiver
42 waves were extracted separately, these two wavefields would be kinematically coincident at the
43 discontinuities [30], and the magnitude of the cross-correlation values at the discontinuities would
44 be much larger than that of the remaining locations where it would be small or near zero. Zhu et
45
46
al. [56] developed a fast-real-time imaging method of multiple damage sites by cross-correlating
the back-scattered waves and incident waves in the frequency domain. He and Yuan [57]
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47
48 developed a zero-lag cross-correlation (ZLCC) imaging technique, using forward waves and the
49 back-scattered waves to image structural damage in composites quantitatively. This ZLCC method
50 utilizes all the input frequencies and the dispersion effect was compensated automatically. Later,
51 an enhanced imaging condition for composite damage imaging was developed which can provide
52
enhanced imaging for multi-site damage as compared to the ZLCC method [64]. The authors have
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54 explored cross-correlation using the full scattered wave method but only have applied it to metallic
55 plates for crack detection [60,61].
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3 In this paper, a cross-correlation based imaging method is developed for delamination defect
4 nondestructive evaluation and quantification in laminated composites. Compared to previous work

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5 reported in literature, this cross-correlation imaging uses the scattered waves in all directions in
6
the algorithms for Lamb waves in composite structures. Experimentally, a fully non-contact Lamb
7
8 wave system is established by judiciously combining an air-coupled transducer for actuation and
9 a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer for sensing to use single A0 mode for inspection. The paper

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10 is organized into five sections including this one (Section 1). Section 2 presents the preparation of
11 the quasi-isotropic CFRP composite sample with single and two delamination cases. To provide
12 guidance for the imaging algorithm development in this sample, Lamb wave modeling is
13 conducted using finite element method. Sections 3 introduces the scattered waves cross-correlation
14
15
imaging algorithm, and the simulation Lamb waves are adopted for the preliminary validation of
16 the imaging algorithm. The experimental application of the delamination detection is performed

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17 in Section 4. Non-contact ACT-SLDV Lamb wave system is used to generate single-mode Lamb
18 waves for the delamination imaging and detection. Section 5 summarizes the findings in the paper
19 and outlines areas envisioned for future work.
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22 2 Sample preparation and finite element modeling
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2.1
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Preparation of quasi-isotropic CFRP plates with delamination
To investigate the subject study in composite structures, two 3-mm thick quasi-isotropic
carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plates with a stacking sequence of [-
45/90/45/0]3s were manufactured in house using the hot-press machine at the authors’ institution
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29 with IM7 12K/CYCOM 5320-1 prepreg. The delamination was created by inserting circular Teflon
30 films during the ply layup process. The thickness of the Teflon film was 50 μm. Two cases of
31 delamination were created independently in these two samples. Case 1 is a single delamination
32
(25-mm diameter) between plies 20 and 21 (Figure 1a), and case 2 is two overlapping delamination
33
34 of different diameters placed at different pliers. One delamination (25-mm diameter) is added
35 between plies 20 and 21 and the other one (20-mm diameter) between plies 16 and 17 (Figure 1b).
36 The manufacturing setup and curing cycle used for creating the specimens are given in Figure 1c
37 and Figure 1d.
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3 Case 1 Case 2
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(c)

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Figure 1. The interlaminar delamination of (a) case 1, (b) case 2. Experimental setup and curing cycle of
the specimen manufacturing [4]: (c) hot press machine, and (d) curing cycle.

After manufacturing, ultrasonic C-scan inspection was conducted to image and verify the
creation of simulated delaminations by Teflon inserts in the composite plates [4]. A 10 MHz, 25.4-
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mm focused transducer was utilized for the inspection. The ultrasonic C-scan results of case 1 and
30
31 case 2 plates are shown in Figure 2. From the C-scan images, both the size and shape of the
32 delaminations can be observed. In the C-scan of case 1 (Figure 2a), one 25-mm delamination image
33 is observed clearly. For case 2 (Figure 2b), a solar eclipse type image is observed with 20-mm
34 insert shadowing over the image of the 25-mm one, as it blocks the ultrasonic wave to penetrate
35 and to arrive at the 25-mm insert. The results confirmed the simulated delaminations at a single or
36 multilayer locations have been successfully manufactured for further usage.
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38 Case 2
Case 1
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44 25-mm 20-mm and 25-mm
45 delamination overlapping delaminations
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47 (a) (b)
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Figure 2. Ultrasonic C-scan inspection results [4]: (a) case 1 delamination; (b) case 2 delamination.
49
50 2.2 Finite element modeling of composite samples with delamination
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52 Three-dimensional (3D) multi-physics finite element (FE) models using ANSYS software
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53 were utilized to simulate Lamb wave propagation and interaction with the delaminations in the
54 subject CFRP composite plates in order to understand the wave-delamination interaction
55
mechanism. The lamina was created and meshed with the SOLID185 structural solid elements.
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3 The delaminations were modeled by detaching the nodes at the adjacent layers where the nodes at
4 both layers have the same coordinates but are not being merged. Non-reflective boundaries (NRB)

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5 were implemented around the 3D FE CFRP plates which eliminate boundary reflections and thus
6
allow for the simulation of guided wave propagation in an infinite medium [4]. COMBIN14
7
8 spring-damper elements were utilized to construct the NRB. The excitation source in the modeled
9 plate is set as the origin of a defined Cartesian coordinate. The delamination center is located at x

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10 = 70 mm at each composite plate for each case.
11
12 Delaminations
40 mm NRB
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15 30 mm
16 30 mm 54 mm 47 mm

NRB
NRB

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17 Excitation
18 Delaminations
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20 NRB SOLID185
COMBIN14 spring-damper element structural solid element
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delamination cases [4].
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Figure 3. Multi-physics finite element model of the quasi-isotropic composite plate with two different

To actuate the waves in the model, a circular strain field [4] is used to generate an
omnidirectional Lamb wave propagation as shown in Figure 3. The stain field is implemented by
applying an excitation signal of three-count Hanning window modulated tone burst with a center
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29 frequency of 120 kHz. The out-of-plane velocity of Lamb wave propagation is then extracted on
30 the surfaces and the obtained time-space wavefields are given in Figure 4a, b, and c for pristine,
31
32
case 1, and case 2 delaminations, respectively. It is noted that there are only incident waves in the
33 pristine wavefield (Figure 4a). However, in the delaminated plate (case 1 and case 2) wavefield,
34 there are scattered waves that are introduced by the delamination damage. No significant
35 difference in the scattered waves can be noted between case 1 and case 2. To image and quantify
36 the delaminations, the cross-correlation imaging algorithm will be implemented. The
37
38
Incident Incident Incident
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39 waves waves
40
waves
Incident
41 waves Scattered Scattered
42 waves waves
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45 (a) (b) (c)
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47 Figure 4: The simulated 2D wavefields at 60 μs of (a) pristine case, (b) case 1 delamination, and (c) case 2
48 delamination
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51 3 Cross-correlation imaging method for delamination detection
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53 3.1 Cross-correlation imaging algorithm

54
For Lamb wave propagation, when the incident waves interact with damage or defect, these
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waves will be partially reflected and refracted due to the geometric discontinuity and generate
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3 scattered waves [33-38]. In such a scenario, the damage acts as a new wave source and propagates
4 scattered waves outward in all directions [24-33], including those directly back to the source (a.k.a.

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5 back-scattered waves). Cross-correlation imaging is a method that defined based on the concept that
6
if both incident waves and the damage scattered waves are extracted separately, these two
7
8 wavefields kinematically coincident at the discontinuities, and the magnitude of the cross-
9 correlation values at the discontinuities will be much larger than that of the remaining locations

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10 where it will be small or near zero [58-61]. In literature, most of the reported cross-correlation
11 imaging work used incident waves to cross-correlate with the back-scattered waves only for
12 damage detection. It depended solely on the back-scattered wave for damage imaging, thus might
13 reduce its effectiveness when the back-scattered wave was insignificant. Rather, scattered waves in
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all-direction (including back-scattered) contain more information of the interaction with the damage
16 and usually are stronger than back-scattered wave only. If used, there can be the potential of

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17 improved image likelihood, enhanced resolution as well as more inference of the damage.
18 In this paper, a 2D cross-correlation imaging method that uses scattered waves of all directions
19 to correlate with the incident waves is developed for delamination imaging for laminated
20 composites. The imaging algorithm is expressed as
21 T
22 I ( x , y )   vincident ( x, y , t )vscattered ( x , y , t )dt
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0

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where vincident ( x, y, t) is the incident wave wavefield w.r.t. time variable t, and spatial variables x and
y, and vscattered ( x , y , t) is the scattered wave wavefield. I ( x , y ) is the cross-correlation value at the
point ( x , y ) . With the cross-correlation of all data points ( x , y ) calculated, an image of the
(1)
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29 structure being inspected could then be generated by plotting the cross-correlation values that are
30 taken as the image’s pixel values at all data points.
31 As seen in Eq. (1), to implement the imaging method, the essential step is to obtain the incident
32 waves and the scattered waves. The frequency wavenumber filtering technique has been reported
33 and used as a promising method to separate and extract various wave modes, as well as scattered
34 waves for damage detection [30,38, 43]. It is adopted in this work to extract the desired incident
35
36
and scattered wavefields. For this purpose, the original Lamb wave wavefield in the time-space
37 domain is first converted to the frequency-wavenumber domain, through a three-dimensional
38 Fourier transform (3DFT) method:
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39   
j ( 2 ft  k x x  k y y )
40 V ( f , kx , ky )     v( x , y , t ) e dxdydt
41
   (2)
42 where V ( f , k x , k y ) is the transformed frequency wavenumber spectrums w.r.t. frequency f and
43 wavenumbers kx and ky for x and y. Next, the incident waves and scattered waves filtering process
44
in the wavenumber spectrum is performed and expressed as the product between the frequency
45
46 wavenumber spectrum V ( f , k x , k y ) and the filter function F( f , kx , k y ) , as described in [24]:
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47 VF ( f , k x , k y )  V ( f , k x , k y ) F ( f , kx , k y )
48 (3)
49 where VF ( f , kx , ky ) is the filtered frequency-wavenumber component. Finally, inverse 3DFT is
50 applied to convert the filtered spectrum back to the time-space domain resulting in the cross-
51
52
correlated wavefield v( x , y , t ) . Details of the frequency-wavenumber filtering process can be
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53 found in [57].
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3 3.2 Delamination imaging using simulated Lamb waves
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The simulated Lamb waves acquired with the finite element method for all pristine and

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6 delaminated cases presented in Section 2.2 are processed as a proof-of-concept imaging study. The
7 resulted wavenumber spectra at the excitation frequency of 120 kHz obtained by applying the
8 3DFT given in Eq.(2) on the time-space wavefield are presented in Figure 5a, b, and c for the
9 pristine, case 1 and case 2, respectively. Theoretical dispersion curves of A 0 Lamb wave mode at

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10 the 120 kHz are also plotted for mode identification. Figure 5a shows that in the pristine plate, the
11
12
wavenumber components match well with the A0 mode and are the only mode present in the waves.
13 However, in the spectra for case 1 and case 2 delaminations, there are additional higher
14 wavenumbers in addition to the A0 mode wavenumbers. These higher wavenumbers are introduced
15 by the presence of the delaminations.
16 To obtain the incident waves and the scattered waves for cross-correlation imaging, filters that

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17 keep desired associated wavenumbers while eliminating the rest shall be designed. In this study, a
18
bandpass filter has been designed for acquiring the incident A 0 waves by retaining the positive A0
19
20 wavenumbers. The filter at 120 kHz is shown in Figure 5a with the bandpass filter along the 0
21 direction is given in the callout, with the wavenumbers passband being centered about the
22 theoretical A0 wavenumber. When incident wave excited, it propagates forward in the positive x
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direction, therefore, the bandpass filter is applied along the positive x-axis direction. For the
scattered waves which are associated with higher wavenumbers beyond the A 0, a highpass filter
has been designed as shown in Figure 5b. At 120 kHz, the highpass filter along the 0 direction at
ky = 0 within the range of 0 rad/mm ≤ kx ≤ 1.5 rad/mm is given in the callout in Figure 5b. When
waves interact with the delamination, the scattered waves will propagate in any random direction,
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29 therefore, the highpass filter is applied in all directions.
30 Incident Incident
31 Incident waves waves
32 A0 waves A0 A0
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36 Higher Higher
37 wavenumbers wavenumbers
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39 (a) (b) (c)

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A0 A0
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45 kx(rad/mm) kx(rad/mm)
46 A0
A0
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50 120 kHz 120 kHz
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52 (d) (e)
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54 Figure 5: The wavenumber spectra at 120 kHz of (a) pristine, (b) case 1, and (c) case 2 delaminations, (d)
55 the bandpass filter for incident wave filtering, and (e) the highpass filter for scattered wave
56 filtering
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3 With the designed filters, incident and scattered wavenumber spectrum are obtained. At 120
4 kHz, they are presented in Figure 6a and Figure 6b, respectively. The filtered spectra are then

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5 converted to the time-space domain using inverse 3DFT to obtain the corresponding wavefield
6
data. The time-space wavefields at 60 µs during the propagation are presented in Figure 6d and e,
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8 respectively, with the original unfiltered wavefield presented in Figure 6c for comparison. The
9 results demonstrate that both the incident waves and the scattered waves are successfully separated

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10 and obtained from the original wavefield.
11
12 Incident
13 waves
14 A0
15 A0
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18 Higher
19 wavenumbers
20 (a) (b)
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Incident
waves

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waves
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Incident

Scattered
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Figure 6: Filtered wavenumbers of (a) incident wave and (b) scattered wave for case 1 delamination; (c)
31
the original unfiltered wavefield, (d) the filtered incident wavefield, and (e) the filtered scattered
32
33 wavefield at 60 μs
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35
The cross-correlation imaging algorithm is applied for the case 1 delamination inspection
36 using the filtered wavefields. The result is presented in Figure 7a. It shows that the delamination
37 imaging matches very well with the simulated delamination damage. The cross-correlation image
38 of case 2 the two modeled overlapping delaminations (of 20-mm and 25-mm diameters,
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39 respectively) are plotted in Figure 7b. It is noted that the contour of the 25-mm delamination is
40 precisely imaged and similar to the single case given in Figure 7a. However Figure 7b presents
41
extra orange and yellow pixels at the area where the 20-mm delamination is arranged to
42
43 overlapping with the 25-mm one. The extra pixels indicate stronger scattered waves that are caused
44 by the additional 20-mm delamination compared to case 1. Overall results of both cases show that
45 cross correlation imaging can be used for delamination evaluation in laminated composites with
46 Lamb wave inspection and has the potential to evaluate the severity of delaminations (doubled
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47 overlapped delamination in this study).

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10 Higher intensity pixels
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Figure 7: Cross-correlation imaging of (a) simulated single 25-mm delamination, (b) simulated double
15
delamination showing higher intensity pixels.
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18 4 Experimental delamination detection
19
20 4.1 Non-contact single-mode ACT-SLDV Lamb wave in composite
21
22 The noncontact ACT-SLDV NDE system was adopted using an ACT for Lamb wave
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actuation and SLDV for sensing [60]. The ACT-SLDV schematic setup is shown in Figure 8a. An
x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system was defined in the plate with the ACT actuation point on the
plate defined as the origin O. The ACT used in this study is a resonant type spherical focusing
ACT with a nominal resonant frequency of 120 kHz and a focal length (d) approximately 25 mm.
It actuates single-mode Lamb wave at a specific incident angle θ (w.r.t to the normal direction of
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29 the plate surface) based on Snell’s law [61]. On the sensing side, the laser head of the SLDV system
30 was placed normally to the plate surface for out-of-plane velocity measurements of the wave
31 propagation. A point-by-point rectangular scanning grid with 0.5 mm spatial resolution is used for
32 the SLDV multi-dimensional Lamb wave scanning. The laboratory experimental setup of the
33
system is given in Figure 8b.
34
Trigger ACT
35 Airscan actuation system SLDV
36 control system
37
38 Data
Actuation acquisition Airscan system

Scanning grid
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39 y
signal
40 Laser head
41 x
42 z Laser beam
43
y
44 θ Specimen
45 d x Laser head
46 O Crack
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47 Scanning grids SLDV control system

48 (a) (b)
49
50 Figure 8: (a) The overall ACT-SLDV schematic setup and (b) laboratory experimental setup with the
51 coordinate illustrated on the specimen being inspected and the red dot is the ACT actuation center.
52 Here, non-contact ACT actuation is conducted on the other side.
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54 Air-coupled transducer incident angle θ can be controlled so to excite or sense a certain single-
55 mode Lamb wave based on Snell’s law and the Lamb wave phase velocity [22,30]. In the
56 composite, the theoretical incident angles of the fundamental A 0 and S0 modes in all directions at
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3 the 120 kHz ACT resonant frequency are calculated with the phase velocities and they are plotted
4 in Figure 9a. For S0 mode, it is noted that the incident angles of all directions are always smaller

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5 than 5˚. For A0 mode, the incident angles of different directions are different. In 0˚ direction, the
6
incident angle is about 15˚. In our study, A0 mode is selected for delamination detection for the
7
8 reasons of configurable incident angle setup and dominant out of plane motion around 120 kHz.
9 To obtain the optimal excitation of the desired A 0 Lamb wave in the 0˚ direction in the composite

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10 plate with maximum strength, we experimentally obtained and evaluated the ACT actuated Lamb
11 waves at incident angle from 10˚ to 20˚ with 1˚ interval. The signal strength is represented by the
12 peak-to-peak values of the signals. The signal strengths of all incident angles are extracted and
13 plotted in Figure 9b. The ACT Lamb waves are found to achieve a maximum peak-to-peak value
14
15
at 15° incident angle, which is consistent with the theoretically calculated incident angle. Therefore,
16 the incident angle for A0 mode Lamb wave is experimentally tuned at 15°.

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17 Maximum strength
18 °
19 A0 °
20 °
21
S0
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(a)
an (b)
θ = 15°

Figure 9. Optimal incident angle tuning for A0 mode Lamb wave in the composite. (a) The theoretical
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29 incident angles in the composite sample at 120 kHz, (b) the signal strength tuning at different
30 incident angles.
31
32 Using the configured ACT-SLDV system, the 1D time-space Lamb wave wavefield in the
33 pristine area of the composite specimen along a line of propagation is first collected and shown in
34 Figure 10a. It is seen that the Lamb waves are actuated in the plate by the non-contact ACT. To
35 further analyze the characteristics of the waves in composite, its frequency-wavenumber spectrum
36 is obtained by the 2DFT method as given in Figure 10d, plotted with the theoretical wavenumber
37
38
spectrum. Through comparison, single-mode A 0 Lamb waves actuation in the composite specimen
is verified.
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5 Wave-damage interractions Wave-damage interractions
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9

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12 (a) (b) (c)
13 1-mm A0
14 0.5-mm A0 0.5-mm A0
15 A0 A0 A0
16 S0

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17 S0 S0
18 -S0 -S0 -S0
19 -A0 -A0 -A0
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21
22
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(d) (e)

an (f)

Figure 10:1D time-space wavefields of (a) pristine, (b) single delamination, and (c) double delaminations,
and their frequency-wavenumber spectra in (d), (e), and (f) respectively.

The time-space wavefield of ACT actuated Lamb waves in the composites of single
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29 delamination case and double delamination case are also collected by the SLDV scanning as given
30 in Figure 10b and c, respectively. Wave-delamination interactions are readily noted in the
31 wavefields for both cases. Their frequency-wavenumber spectra are presented in Figure 10e and
32 plotted with theoretical dispersion curves of the composite specimen. Wave reflections,
33 represented by negative wavenumbers, are also observed in delaminated cases. Additional
34
35
theoretical dispersion curve of A0 wave mode for 0.5 mm thick composite plates is also plotted
36 which matches well with part of the new wavenumber components for the delaminated cases.
37 Moreover, for the case of two delaminations, it is seen that new wavenumbers of additional1-mm
38 sub-laminates are also present.
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40 4.2 Delamination imaging and detection
41 To detect possible damage in the composite plate, the cross-correlation imaging is applied. To
42
use cross-correlation imaging, 2D time-space wavefields are needed and obtained by measuring
43
44
the Lamb waves over a rectangular grid with a spatial resolution of 1 mm using the SLDV. The
45 resulted 2D wavefield of the single delamination and double delaminations plates are given in
46 Figure 11a and b, respectively. Strong scattered waves in the delamination regions can be observed
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47 for both delamination cases. This is consistent with previous studies which show that the multiple
48 reflections occur within the delamination area resulting a considerable amount of ultrasonic energy
49 being trapped in the delaminated region [4]. However, it is difficult to estimate the size of the
50
delamination in composites solely with the wavefield images. Moreover, the cases of the single
51
52 delamination and double delaminations are hard to distinguish by directly comparing the Lamb
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5 Incident Incident
6 waves waves
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Scattered Scattered
9 waves waves

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11 (a) (b)
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13 Figure 11: The collected 2D wavefields of (a) single delamination, (b) double delaminations
14
15 To implement the cross-correlation imaging, the incident waves and the scattered waves shall
16 be filtered using the wavenumber filtering method introduced earlier in section 3.2. With the

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17 bandpass filter and the highpass filter, the incident wavenumber and scattered wavenumber are
18 first obtained, then the filtered spectra are converted to the time-space domain using inverse 3DFT
19 to obtain the corresponding wavefield data. For the single delamination, the filtered incident
20
21
wavefield and scattered wavefield of 60 μs are given in Figure 12a and b, respectively.
22
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Scattered
waves

25.1 mm
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30 (a) (b) (c)
31
32 Figure 12: The incident waves and scattered waves filtering results of case 1 of a single 25-mm delamination
33 in (a) and (b) respectively, and (c) the cross-correlation imaging result.
34
35 Through comparing to the original unfiltered wavefield presented in Figure 11a, the filtered
36 wavefields demonstrate that both the incident waves and the scattered waves are successfully
37 separated and obtained from the original wavefield. Finally, by cross correlating the filtered
38 incident waves with the scattered waves, the imaging of the single delamination is generated as
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39 shown in Figure 12c. It is observed that the delamination is imaged with its size and location match
40 very well with that of the actual delamination.
41
42
The cross-correlation imaging method was further applied to the inspection of double
43 delamination experimental data. Same to the single delamination imaging process, the incident
44 wavefield and the scattered waves are firstly filtered (as shown in Figure 13a and b) and then
45 correlated to generate the image as shown in Figure 13c. A good agreement of size and location
46 between the imaged and actual delamination is observed. Besides, by comparing the pixel values
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47 to those of the single delaminations, it is noted that in the image of double delaminations (Figure
48
13c), the intensity at the overlapping area is stronger compared to the intensity for the single
49
50
delamination case (Figure 12c). This is consistent with the result presented in section 3.2,
51 demonstrating the cross-correlation imaging potential to evaluate the severity of the delaminations
52 caused by overlapping additional delaminations.
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4 Higher intensity pixels

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5 Scattered
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10 25.8 mm
11 (a) (b) (c)
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13 Figure 13: The incident waves and scattered waves filtering results of case 2 of double delaminations in (a)
14 and (b) respectively, and (c) the cross-correlation imaging result showing higher intensity pixels.
15
16

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17 5 Conclusions
18
19 This paper presented a cross-correlation imaging method for delamination inspection and
20 quantification using a non-contact ACT-SLDV Lamb wave system with a single-mode Lamb wave
21 method. The method is based on the features of guided Lamb waves’ propagation ability in-
22 between the upper and lower surfaces of plate-like structures and their interactions with structural
23
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28
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discontinuity in the propagation path. Such features allow for Lamb waves NDE, in contrast to
point by point excitation and sensing pairs over the entire area of interest, to have excitation just
at a single location as shown in the presented work. A cross-correlation imaging method using the
incident waves and scattered waves was introduced. To capture more information about the overall
dimension of the damage, the scattered waves of all directions were adopted for imaging
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29 implementation. Compared to the work published previously in metallic plates for crack detection,
30 the work in this paper is focused on detecting and evaluating delamination defects in composite
31
laminates. The anisotropic property of composites and the resulted anisotropic wave propagation
32
33
in combination with directional air couple Lamb waves actuation presented a new paradigm for
34 the effectiveness of the cross-correlation imaging method. Hence, by simulation and by
35 experiments we explored the cross-correlation imaging method in composite plates with a single
36 delamination and with two overlapping delamination, respectively. Through both simulation and
37 experimental explorations, the understanding of wave propagation and interactions with single or
38 overlapping delamination cases is obtained.
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Lamb waves interact with the delamination and cause wave scattering in all directions. Based
40
41 on multidimensional Fourier transform, a frequency wavenumber filtering method tailored to
42 separate the incident waves and scattered waves was applied. A bandpass filter with positive
43 wavenumber kx was proposed to filter incident waves only, while a highpass filter of all directions
44 was proposed to filter the scattered waves of all directions. Thus, the damage overall dimension
45 could be retained. The method was first applied and tested with simulation data, followed with
46 laboratory experimental testing. A 3-mm thick in-house quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced
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polymer (CFRP) composite plate with a stacking sequence of [-45/90/45/0] 3s was manufactured
49 with the IM7 12K/CYCOM 5320-1 prepreg. One single delamination (25-mm) and one double
50 delamination (25-mm and 20-mm) were generated by inserting Teflon films during the ply layup
51 process. With the non-contact ACT-SLDV Lamb wave system and the cross-correlation imaging
52 algorithm, both cases of single delamination and double overlapping delamination have been
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53 precisely localized and evaluated, demonstrating that the proposed method has been successfully
54
implemented for delamination inspection. The work shows that the method can be potentially used
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3 as an alternative method for composite nondestructive evaluation for delamination defects and
4 possibly the intensity evaluation.

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5 The imaging method presented here relied on the correlation between the incident waves and
6
the scattered waves induced by the defect, as well as the successful acquisition of these waves. It
7
8 is believed the damage had a good chance to be detected as long as there were sufficient scattered
9 waves caused by the damage and they could be extracted, regardless of the structural material or

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10 the defect shape. The inspection ability applies to defects sitting in between the top ply and the
11 midplane as explored previously in [65]. For practical applications, the previous study
12 recommended performing the inspection on both surfaces. Additionally, the future work would,
13 therefore, be focused on extending its application to more complex defects with highly irregular
14
15
profiles, such as the real impact damage in the composite.
16

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17 Acknowledgments
18
19 The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)
20
under grants number DE-NE 0008959 and DE-NE 0008894.
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