1.

Construction and Interpretation of Tax Laws, Rules, and Regulations : This refers to the process
of determining the real meaning, intention, and legal effect of tax laws, rules, and regulations 1.

2. Prospectivity of Tax Laws: This principle states that tax laws operate prospectively, meaning
they apply only to transactions that occur after the law is enacted. This protects taxpayers from
retroactive taxation, unless the legislature expressly declares or implies that the law should have
retrospective effect23.

3. Imprescriptibility of Taxes: This means that the assessment and collection of taxes are not
subject to prescription unless otherwise provided by the tax law itself. The right to collect and
assess taxes is imprescriptible4.

4. Double Taxation: This is a situation where taxes are levied at two different levels on the same
source of income. This means that individuals and entities must pay taxes twice on the same
income or profit earned5.

5. Escape from Taxation:

o Shifting of Tax Burden: This refers to the redistribution of tax burden from one person
to another. For example, in the case of GST, the tax is shifted ultimately from the
producer to the consumer67.

o Tax Avoidance: This is the legal usage of the tax law to reduce the tax amount by means
that are within the law89.

o Tax Evasion: This is an illegal activity in which a person or entity deliberately avoids
paying a true tax liability1011.

6. Exemption from Taxation: This is an allowance that reduces or eliminates the taxes owed by an
individual or organization12.

7. Equitable Recoupment: This is a doctrine that allows the government to collect a tax or a
taxpayer to collect a refund of