Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gen Ed 5 Purposive Com Module
Gen Ed 5 Purposive Com Module
COMMUNICATION
This unit deals with Communication, particularly its nature, types and levels. It also
covers the various elements of communication. As you proceed with the lessons, you will
also be apprised of the so-called communication barriers. Along the way, you will get
information on what listening is and its kinds. Importantly, at the same time, you will be
made to understand communication as a process as well as the different principles and
ethical standards of communication.
Learning Objectives:
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________________
Imagine a world without communication? Do you think this is possible? What would
most likely happen if there is no communication among humans? You will most certainly
say this is not possible at all. The truth is, human beings are gifted with speech, making
them capable of speaking and expressing their thoughts and feelings.
Assuming that you were taken back in time during the past, what would you ask or
say to the following persons/personalities:
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1. Jesus Christ-- during His time on earth with His disciples.
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2. Dr. Jose Rizal – before he was executed at Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896.
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Lesson Proper
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The Types of Communication
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
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2. ORAL COMMUNICATION
3. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
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4. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Intrapersonal Communication
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2. Interpersonal Communication
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4. One-to-group Communication
5. Mass Communication
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6. Computer-Mediated Communication
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7. Context - refers to the surrounding or environment that helps shape the
interaction between individuals.
Physical context is the physical environment where the communication
takes place.
Social context refers to the relationship the participants hold for each other.
Psychological context has to do with the mood and emotions of the
communicators at the moment of communication.
References
Adler, Ronald B. and Rodman G. (2009) Understanding human communication, New
York:Oxford University Press
McCroskey and Wheeless, L.R. Introduction to Human Communication, Boston: Allyn &
Bacon
https://www.google.com/search?q=levels+of+communication+ppt&oq=Levels+of+&aqs=c
hrome.0.69i59j69i57.12434j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
a. Definition No. 1
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b. Definition No. 2
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c. Definition No. 3
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d. Definition No. 4
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e. Definition No. 5
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Make your mind work by expressing your answer to the given questions below:
2. Argue: There are more advantages and only a few disadvantages of the computer-
mediated communication.
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Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
The Tower of Babel narrative in Genesis 11:1–9 is an origin myth meant to explain
why the world's peoples speak different languages. It is said that the Tower of
Babel represents the pride of mankind wanting to reach the heavens and be their own gods.
It represents the unification of all people in error. Because of their pride, which is a sin, the
same sin that caused Lucifer to rebel, God divided them by making them speak different
languages. Because of this, mankind could no longer understand each other, thus forcing
them to go separate ways according to the language they spoke. In effect, there was a
barrier – language barrier – that hindered them from understanding one another. This
explains why there are English, Russian, Chinese, Australian, Japanese, Filipino, etc. which
are distinct and unique languages spoken in the different parts of the world.
2. Assume that you’re a Filipina candidate in the Miss International beauty pageant
who was luckily included in the final 5. Just before you were asked to answer the
final question, you felt so nervous that you seem to be not ready for any
question. Would you ask an interpreter to translate Filipino to English? Or you
would still answer in pure English? Why?
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Lesson Proper
Simply put, a barrier is a hindrance. Thus, communication barriers are factors that
hinder clear and understandable communication between the sender and the receiver.
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1. Physical Barriers to Communication
They are the foremost obvious barriers to effective communication. It
include barriers like closed doors, vehicular noise, faulty equipment used for
communication, closed cabins, etc. Sometimes, during an outsized office, the
physical separation between various employees combined with faulty equipment
may end in severe barriers to effective communication.
2. Perceptual Barriers
Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a truth which
we must consider during the communication process. All the messages or
communique must be easy and clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diverse
interpretational set.
3. Emotional Barriers
The emotional IQ of an individual determines the convenience and luxury
with which they will communicate. A person who is emotionally mature are ready to
communicate effectively. On the opposite hand, people that let their emotions take
over will face certain difficulties.
A perfect mixture of emotions and facts is important for effective
communication. Emotions like anger, frustration, humor, can blur the decision-
making capacities of an individual and thus limit the effectiveness of their
communication.
4. Cultural Barriers
As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have
people from several parts of the planet. Different cultures have a special meaning for
several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets,
and therefore the general behavior will change drastically from one culture to a
different.
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Hence it's a requirement that we must take these different cultures under
consideration while communication. This is what we call being culturally
appropriate. In many multinational companies, special courses are offered at the
orientation stages that permit people realize other cultures and the way to be
courteous and tolerant of others.
5. Language Barriers
The barrier is one among the most barriers that limit effective
communication. Language is that the most ordinarily employed tool of
communication. The fact that every major region has its own language is one among
the barriers to effective communication.
As per some estimates, the dialects of every two regions change within a few
kilometers. Even within the same workplace, different employees will have different
linguistic skills. As a result, the communication channels that span across the
organization would be suffering from this.
Thus, keeping this barrier in mind, different considerations need to be made
for various employees. Some of them are very proficient in a certain language and
others will be okay with these languages.
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What is listening?
Listening is one of the macro-skills that every student must develop. Usually, people
seem to think that hearing and listening are basically the same thing. However, it should be
noted and understood that hearing and listening are NOT the same thing. How do these two
terms differ? Hearing is only a simple reception of sound. On the other hand, listening is
the process of making evaluation and judgment of the thought. Hearing is done with the
ears; listening is through the mind, more than just the ears. Hearing is passive; listening
is active.
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What is Effective Listening?
Improves relationships
Improves our knowledge
Improves our understanding
Prevents problems escalating
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Saves time and energy
Can save money
Leads to better result
1. IGNORING
2. PRETEND LISTENING
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3. SELECTIVE LISTENING
4. ATTENTIVE LISTENING
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5. EMPHATIC LISTENING (also called MIRRORING)
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How to be a good listener
1. Listen
Don’t interrupt
Let the speaker finish
Concentrate on what's being said and the way it's being said
Make notes, if this helps
Show the speaker that you are listening
2. Question
Check understanding
3. Summarize
Paraphrase what the speaker has just told you
References
https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-correspondence-and
reporting/communication/barriers-in-communication/
https://work.chron.com/gender-barriers-communication-6858.htmlR
https://www.doncrawley.com/the-five-levels-of-listening-how-to-be-a-better-listener/
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Answer the following questions:
1. Differentiate
a. hearing and listening
b. attentive and emphatic listening. Give examples for each.
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2. What is selective listening? Cite specific instances when you resort to this level of
listening.
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Perform the following task. Then answer the questions that follow:
Listen to the video (on YouTube) of the famous speech of Martin Luther King.
2. If you were to deliver your own speech on the same title (I Have a Dream), what
would your dream or dreams be for the Philippines?
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Express your answers to the following questions:
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Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
If you were asked the question: “How did communication begin?” what would be
your answer?
How about answering this question: “Who do you think was the very first who
started to communicate? With whom and for whom?”
Even long before the first human (Adam) was created, God said, “Let there be light;
and there was light.” (Genesis 1:3) That was the start of communication. In that Biblical
verse, God spoke those very first words. In addition, God said, in Genesis 1:26, God said,
“Let us create man in our image, after our likeness.” Bible scholars agree that in said verse,
God the Father was referring to Jesus as the other one aside from Him who refer to the
pronoun “us”.
Lesson Proper
The communication process is comparatively simple and is split into three basic
components: a sender, a channel and a receiver. The sender will initiate the
communication process by developing a thought into a message. This is also known as
encoding. The sender will then convey the message through a channel or medium, or a
scheme of delivery, think of things like e-mail, telephone conversations, direct messages,
personal discussion, or even a text message. The message then interchanges through the
channel to the receiver, who finalizes the communication process by interpreting and
assigning meaning to the message, which is also known as decoding.
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The Basic Principles of Communication
Communicating helps people from various cultures to feel better about themselves
and about their world. Even a simple greeting they receive from people around them gives
them immeasurable pleasure and makes them feel like they are part of the mobile and ever-
changing world. Communication stimulates social interconnection and closeness.
Communication is a two-way process of open handedly giving and receiving pieces of
information through a number of channels. Whether a person speaks offhandedly to
another person, conducting a lecture in a conference or meeting, writing an article or
preparing an official report, the following basic principles are deemed necessary to
consider:
1. Know your target audience;
2. Know the purpose of your engagement in communication;
3. Know your topic very well;
4. Anticipate objections from your listeners;
5. Present your viewpoints to your listeners well;
6. Achieve credibility with your audience;
7. Follow through on what you say;
8. Communicate a little at a time;
9. Present pieces of information in various ways;
10. Develop real and useful ways to get feedback from the receivers; and
11. Utilize varied or multiple communication techniques.
References
http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-communication process.html
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
1. Give and explain each of the five (5) steps involved in the process of communication.
Step 1: ______________________
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Step 2: _______________________
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Step 3 _______________________
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4. “Communication stimulates social interconnection and closeness.” What do you
understand by this?
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Express freely your thoughts based on the given title of the essay:
2. If you were to write a letter to God in the midst of this COVID 19 health issue, what
would you tell Him?
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Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Take a careful look at these images. What idea or message do they convey to you?
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Lesson Proper
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There are also the so-called fundamentals and principles of ethical
communication as presented below:
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References
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+are+the+ethical+standards+of+communication&
rlz=1C1RLNS_enPH842PH842&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=GrHNyEgV43x9EM%253
A%252CeK9-etYvJMz1NM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSkr97CcIW1zHJPUH-
Qtn1gtkewVg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR0u3_zqvpA
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
2. There are at least nine (9) Principles of Ethical Communication. Discuss each of
them and cite particular instances or situations where such principle is applied.
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UNIT II. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Overview
This unit deals with Communication and Globalization, particularly the impacts of
globalization on communication. It also covers the effects of globalization on global
communication. As you proceed with the lessons, you will also be apprised of the impacts of
globalization on global communication. Along the way, you will get information on what
globalization is.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
1. What is Globalization?
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Lesson Proper
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
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4. Time Differences
Connecting with people on the opposite side of the globe is now much easier than it
had been a couple of years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it
effortless to share information with those in different time zones and locations. Global
communication is directly suffering from the method of globalization, and helps to extend
business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both
globalization and global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political
and economic elements of the globe.
Globalization has made it possible, for example, for somebody in Japan to know how
someone within the U.S. goes about their day. With television and films, cultural barriers are
getting less prevalent. Being able to speak effectively and regularly with colleagues or
friends across the earth helps people understand each other’s cultures a touch better.
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Impacts of Globalization on global communication
1. Availability of Information
The availability of information could be a major effect of the process of
globalization. The World Health Organization, in its works focused on the cultural
dimensions of globalization, has expressed the view that with the spread of
companies delivering Internet, satellite television and mobile services, the cost of
such information technologies drop.
2. Business Conduct
Globalization has influenced global communication by devising new
techniques for business conduct. Long distance travels are not any longer necessary
for business people should they require a gathering with a partner overseas.
Internet technology makes it possible to exchange information and conduct video
conferences. Additionally, enhanced communication allows businesses to market
their products more efficiently within the international market.
3. Social Awareness
The availability of data, which could be a direct effect of the development of
worldwide communication systems, has led to increased social awareness of
individuals across the globe. Information technology and networks enable them to
share opinions, views, work on projects and research different areas. These are
among the most reasons why the method of globalization is creating a way of a
worldwide society. For example, through the use of communication, many students
from the developing countries enroll in university degree in the developed world.
Education is only a single sector of social awareness.
4. The Problem
Despite its quick spread and continuous development, global
communication has not reached the bulk of individuals on all continents. The World
Health Organization indicates that at least 70 percent of all people in Africa will
never make a single phone call or use of internet. This points out the need of a more
extensive application of communication technologies as part of the process of
globalization.
References
https://bizfluent.com/info-8232542-effects-globalization-global-communication.html
Bernales, R., et al (2018) Purposive Communication: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
https://www.globalization101.org
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/opinion/sunday/the-flight-from-
conversation.html.
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Direction: Think about the concepts you have just learned about communication and
globalization. Summarize in your own words the thing you understood from this chapter.
Complete the dialogue box below.
In communication, it…
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Direction: Now that you have better understanding about communication and globalization
write your ideas about its Advantages, Disadvantages, and Impacts.
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
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Activity 4
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
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Activity 5
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
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UNIT III. LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
Overview
This unit deals with Local and Global Communication. It also covers the world of
diversity, global community, cultural awareness and sensitivity, and political correctness.
Along the way, you will get information on what culture is and its connection to
communication. Importantly, at the same time, you will be made to understand the different
barriers in intercultural communication.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
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Lesson Proper
In a global environment, the power to speak effectively are often a challenge. Even
when both parties speak the same language, there can still be misunderstanding due to
ethnic and cultural differences.
Always do remember…
A WORLD OF DIVERSITY
Our world is a world of diversity according to Parapak (1995). For many centuries,
the people of the world were separated by mountains and seas. They rarely saw each other;
their lives were practically unrelated, they developed and lived their own unique cultures.
People in a very particular locality developed their own particular way of life, their own
language, their religion and thus became referred to as a tribe, an ethnic group or a
particular group of individuals who established a nation of their own.
GLOBAL COMMUNITY
Refers to the people of the globe, considered as being closely connected by modern
telecommunications.
Examples:
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CULTURAL AWARENESS AND SENSITIVITY
Involves accepting those differences without insisting your own culture is best, or
that everybody should do it your way (Sherman, 2018).
Cultural awareness & sensitivity guidelines:
1. Have a transparent sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity.
2. Bear in mind that in order to learn about others, you need to know and be prepared
to share your own culture.
3. Be aware of your own discomfort once you encounter differences in race, color,
religion, sexual orientation, language, and ethnicity.
4. Be aware of the assumptions that you hold about people of cultures different from
your own.
5. Remember of your stereotypes as they arise and develop personal strategies for
reducing the harm that they cause.
6. Remember of how your cultural perspective influences your judgments about what
appropriate normal or superior behaviors and values are.
7. Accept that in cross-cultural situations, there are often uncertainty, which
uncertainty can cause you to anxious. It can also mean that you do not respond
quickly and take the time needed to get more information.
8. Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where you'll be able to study
differences and build relationships; and
9. Understand that you will likely be perceived as a person with power and racial
privilege (or the opposite), and that you may not be seen as unbiased or as an ally.
GENDER SENSITIVITY
What is gender sensitivity?
Refers to the aim of taking account and/or understanding the societal and cultural
factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination.
What is gender-sensitive language?
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POLITICAL CORRECTNESS
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WHAT IS CULTURE?
FUN FACT!
Always do remember…
In communication, RESPECT
begets RESPECT.
DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE
1. Individualism versus Collectivism
This dimension of culture refers to how people define themselves and their
relationships with others. In individualism, the interest of the individual prevails
over the interest of the group while in collectivism, the interest of the group prevails
over the interest of the individual.(Hofstede, 1997).
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3. Power Distance
Power distance is defined as to which less powerful members of institution
within an area expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. In high power
distance cultures, children are expected to display respect for those of higher status.
Cultures with high power distance have power and influence concentrated in the
hands of a few than distributed throughout the population.
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which people in a culture feel
threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. Hofstede (1997) explains that this
sense is expressed through nervous stress and during a need for predictability or a
necessity for written or unwritten rules.
1. Anxiety
The first barrier is high anxiety. When you're anxious due to not knowing
what you are expected to do, it's only natural to concentrate on that feeling and not
be totally present in the communication transaction.
2. Ethnocentrism
The next barrier to effective intercultural communication is ethnocentrism,
or negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own
culture. To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one’s culture.
Everything in a culture is consistent to the culture and makes sense if you
understand that culture.
Another name for ethnocentrism is the anthropological concept of cultural
relativism. It does mean that we try to understand other people’s behavior in the
context of their culture before we judge it.
3. Stereotype
The word stereotyping was first used by journalist Walter Lippman in 1992
to describe judgements made about others on the basis of their ethnic group
membership. Today, the term is more broadly used to confer with judgements made
on the premise of any group membership.
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4. Prejudice
Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a specific
group, race, religion, or sexual orientation (Rothenerg, 1992). Persons within the
group are viewed not in terms of their individual merit but in line with the
superficial characteristics that make them a part of the group.
References
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
As NEUST student, how will local and global communication in multicultural setting be
applied to:
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Direction: Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast intercultural communication and
cross-cultural communication.
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Activity 4
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Modified True or False. Write T if the sentence is TRUE, Change the underlined word/s to
make the sentence true if it is otherwise.
_________1. High anxiety centers your focus on your feelings instead of the communication
situation.
_________2. Prejudice is commonly used to refer to negative or positive judgements made
about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.
_________3. Culture is generally viewed as geographical in nature.
_________4. Communication creates culture
_________5. Stereotype refers to the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race,
religion, or sexual orientation.
_________6. To be prejudiced is to believe that one’s culture is superior to another.
_________7. Relationship among individuals in a society are not important in creating a
culture.
_________8. The word ethnocentrism was first used by Walter Lippman in 1992.
_________9. Ethnocentric bias refers to how people see other cultures as less of a standard or
just a variant of a standard culture.
_________10. Another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism.
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Activity 5
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
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UNIT IV. TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION
Overview
This unit gives you an idea of how communication technologies work, such as the
Internet, multimedia, email, telephone, and other means of communication-based on video
and sound.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Gather around 5 people in your home and ask them about their most recent
technology purchase and why they purchased that particular product. List down the
common reasons given by these people. How do their choices reflect the media generation
where they belong? Write down your findings below.
Lesson Proper
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technological devices as relational technologies to emphasizes the relational functions and
implications of their use in society and within specific groups.
The views governing the use of these technologies are developed mostly by how
technology is used and discussed by other members of these organizations. Technological
progress plays a significant role in the identification of generations' perceptions and
experiences.
1. people's thinking,
2. sense of experience,
3. and perceptions of reality
People born in the era of print media perceive the world differently from those born
after the technology was introduced. Learning has taken bipolar opposites in favor of the
Internet and digital products as media generations born into a digital world now
undervalue printed books and traditional television. In the same way, differences image
with the use of relational technology also show considerably.
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According to her, social media-originated as a way to interact with friends and
family that was later adopted by companiesthat wanted to take advantage of a popular new
communication method to reach out to clients.
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The IT-Services (ITS) are also known as technology services.
References
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.
1._____________________________________refer to cell phone, Ipods, and other technological devices
that are used to establish functional relations in a society or group.
2. In this era of advancement, personal and relational identities are created and maintained
through the use of, _____________________________________
5. Media scholars Gary Gumpert and Robert Cathart have maintained that the traditional
notion of separating generations according to time can be replaced by separating
generations according to their_____________________________________
61
Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:__________________
Directions: Answer the following questions comprehensively. Give examples to support your
claim.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the relationship between the use of technological devices and services and the
status of the users of these devices.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Does the use of technological devices help improve or destroy human relations? Justify
your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Which do you think is more effective traditional printed materials or digital books? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
62
UNIT V. ONLINE ACTIVITY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF
IDENTITIES
Overview
This unit gives you an idea of the proper ways to communicate using screen names,
email addresses, and online content in an online and offline setting.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: The advent of social networks and online communication has increased
chances/opportunities to fool people in a cyber environment than when taking to the same
people face-to-face. In a group of five, discuss which is more pardonable deceitfulness
online or deceitfulness when talking with someone face-to-face? Present your argument in
class/online.
Group members
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5. ______________________________________
Lesson Proper
63
Several factors contribute to the construction of identities by communicators in an
online setting. They help shape communication styles that take place on the Internet
(McMahan & Duck, 2010).
Screen Names
Social media can be a useful tool for businesses, bringing benefits such as engaging
with your audience and boosting traffic on websites. However, disadvantages can also arise,
including the resources needed and negative feedback (Nibusinessinfo, 2020). Usernames
tend to be the convention of choice when it comes to identifying an online community,
giving people the option of identifying themselves as they choose (O'Keefe, 2011).
Examples of screen names
shyguy21
toughgrl17
People can choose a screen name on positive features as a natural extension of the
self. Nevertheless, in an anonymous and non-threatening environment, they may select
unrepresentative traits to develop untapped aspects of the person and test those
characteristics.
The construct of social networks enables us to create (at least in part) our identity
that is different from what happens in physical reality. In the material fact, we construct our
identity within a diverse environment and social constraints: the physical environment and
the social structure/status where we belong. Contrastingly, in the digital reality, social
networks, for instance, are platforms (as in the case of Facebook) that enable users to take
advantage of assuming identities apart from the real truth/reality.
E-mail addresses
Email addresses related to identity building have three main parts, all of which can
pass on personal information to others:
username(sometimes a person’s screen name)
the domain name, and
the top-level domain
The username comes before the @ symbol, and immediately after the @ symbol
comes the domain name. And the top-level domain goes after the dot (.).
Potential employers may reject a job applicant whose contact details include an
email address such as LazyBug93. The domain name may reveal providers of services,
professions, or affiliations. Domain names often show an Internet provider for a person who
can be selected based on how people want to portray themselves to others (Yango, et al.,
2018).
64
The top-level material spearing at the end of the email addresses also reveals
personal information to others, according to Yango, Et al., (2018). Such codes as.edu, .gov,
.mil,.org may also indicate a link to or environment with education, government, military, or
organization to others. Email addresses from countries other than the U.S. come with a two-
digit country code such asas.ph,. uk, which provides additional information about their
owners.
The Internet, especially for younger generations, has become both an instrument
and a self-expression site. Personal webpages, blogs, and posting of original pictures, videos,
mash-ups, and other individual creations enable people to share and display their self 's
thoughts, interests, and other traits. While internet users of all ages do these activities,
younger people use the Internet more than adults for self-expression. More than half of
teenagers online are thought to be creators of content. These internet users developed or
maintained an online website or blog, or shared creative work (Lenhart and Madden, 2005,
as mentioned in Duck & McMahan, 2010).
Personal webpages and blogs in which the creator only discloses the information he
or she wishes allows selective self-expression and identity performance. These sites may be
dedicated to specific self-aspects such as activities involving people, relationships, and
interests, or they may display multiple self-aspects.
A social networking site is an online platform that enables users to create a public
profile on the website and interact with other users. Usually, social networking sites have a
new user input a list of people they share a connection with and then allow them to confirm
or deny the connection. Once the links have established, the new user can search the
connection networks to make more connections. A social networking site is also known as
social networking or social networking website (Techopedia, 2020).
References
65
Nibusinessinfo. (2020, May 29). Nibusinessinfo. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
nibusinessinfo.co.uk: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-
disadvantages-using-social-media
O'Keefe, P. (2011, January 20). Managingcommunities. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
managingcommunities.com:
https://www.managingcommunities.com/2011/01/20/usernames-vs-real-names-on-your-
community-pros-and-cons/
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5569/technology-services
66
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Answer the following questions correctly
1. What do your screen name and email addresses tell others about you?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do Web pages and blogs and other social networking sites modify the way
people construct their identity and self-disclosure?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How does your off-line personality differ/compare with your online identity in
social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, IG or blogs?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
67
UNIT VI. MEDIATED COMMUNICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON
PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Overview
This unit gives you an idea to deepen your conversation in mediated communication
skills and their impact on personal relationships.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Get a screenshot of any ot your social media interface. Paste it here. Based on
your interface, answer the following questions about how you communicate in a mediated
situation.
1. What does the interface say about you and your personality?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
68
2. How does the interface show your relationship with your friends or followers in the
social medium?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Lesson Proper
Shared Experience
Cell phones also allow individuals to engage in shared experiences, even when they
are physically separated. Direct voice, picture, sound, and video transmission gives people a
sense of experiencing an event or occasion. A person who is in disagreement with a
romantic partner maybe in simultaneous contact with a friend who offers guidance,
support, and then shares the experience. Cell phones make this shared experience happen
anywhere, and their multimedia capabilities make it more authentic (McMahan & Duck,
2010).
69
Characteristics of Online Communication
Immediate delivery
It is interactive
Individuality
It helps build communities
Entertainment And Enjoyment
References
70
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: With the same screenshot of your social media interface, ask your classmate to
answer the same questions about you. Let your classmates write down their responses
here.
2. How does the interface show the owner's relationship with the friends or followers
in the social medium?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What do the posts in this social media account say about the person?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
71
Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
72
UNIT VII. ONLINE ACTIVITY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF
IDENTITIES
Overview
This unit can help you identify some of the most critical and relevant principles in
online activity and identity building, particularly in mediated communication and its impact
on personal relations.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: If you could design a personal web page, what details would you include? What
kind of impression would you like your viewing audience to perceive about you in your web
page? Post a web page design here and briefly explain the details in your page.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
73
Lesson Proper
Disinhibition
In online communication, where we don'tsee, hear, or sometimes even know the
target of our remarks, the tendency to transmit in censored message scan be especially
significant.
1. In online communication, where we don't see, hear, or sometimes even know the
target of our remarks, the tendency to transmit uncensored messages can be
especially significant.
2. A growing body of research shows that, when using mediated channels,
communicators are often critically more direct than face to face contact.
3. Communicators sometimes take disinhibition to the extreme, and even vicious e-
mails, text messages, and website posts blast off angry. The common expression for
such outbursts is flaming.
74
On November 14, 2012, an ugly confrontation between a lady guard and a lady
passenger in LRT 2 Santolan station went viral on a different social media platform. The
irate train commuter is Paula Jamie Salvosa, also tagged "Amalayer" ('m a liar!) by the
netizen. She was repeatedly berating on the lady guard identified as Sharon Mae Casinas in
an altercation that led to cyberbullying by the netizen on Salvosa. She became the target of
memes and parody videos that make fun of her or demonize her. Another train commuter
uploaded Salvosa's video, and it uncontrollably spread like wildfire. Her situation has
shown the ugly side of social media and the disinhibition of social media or online
communication as a tool for bullying rather than healthy discussion (Yango, et al . , 2018).
Permanence
Apart from common decency, their durability is the risk of hostile e-messages-or
any inappropriate mediated messages. Blurring out a private thought or lashing out in
person maybe bad enough, but your indiscretion is not permanently recorded. By contrast,
a regrettable text message, email, or web posting can be archived virtually forever. It can be
recovered and transmitted in ways that only in your worst dream scan be imagined. The
best advice is to take the same approach within-person mediated messages: think twice
before you say something you might regret later.
References
75
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Analyze your communication behavior. Find out how much you interact in a
mediated communication situation. Observe your activities for a day. Record every occasion
in which you are involved in a mediated communication (cell phone, telephone or
computer-school work, or social media function). Based on your findings, answer the
following questions.
a. School-related work
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Family communication
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
76
3. How would you evaluate your use of mediated communication in relation to its
usefulness? Do you spend more time on mediated communication than needed? Is the time
your spent on mediated communication proportionate to your other tasks for the day?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
77
UNIT VIII. CHOOSING THE OPTIMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Overview
This unit gives you an idea of what principles to emphasize when choosing the
various platforms in optimum channels of communication.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Analyze your communication behavior. Find out how much you interact in a
mediated communication situation. Observe your activities for a day. Record every occasion
in which you are involved in a mediated communication (cell phone, telephone or
computer-school work, or social media function). Based on your findings, answer the
following questions.
Face-to-face
Teleconferencing
Written
Communication
78
Lesson Proper
Face-to-face communication
Some of them are one-to-one meetings, scheduled, or spurred by the moment.
Others involve small groups of people, gathering together either spontaneously or
informally. In large groups, where one or more speakers make presentations to an audience,
another face-to-face communication takes place. Whatever the setting and the number of
people, all types of face-to-face communication possess the same qualities..
Teleconferencing
Face-to-face meetings may be desirable, but distance often makes the impractical.
Its promoters bill teleconferencing as the next best thing to meeting in person since it
allows participants in two or more locations to see and speak with each other.
It often allows you to contact a recipient who would not be able to reach them in
person.
Telephones, as well as one-to-one contacts, can be a useful tool for group
communication.
Audio conferencing allows a group of geographically separated people to speak via
telephones.
You can use voice mail most effectively if you follow these tips:
Know the schedule of the person you're trying to reach.
Leave the name of the person for whom the message connected.
Identify yourself.
Leave your phone number, especially if you want to be called back quickly.
Organize your message in advance.
Keep the message as short as possible.
Speak slowly and clearly.
79
Oral communication is no perfect medium despite its advantages. Possibly the most
considerable disadvantage of speech is its transience. All communication is fragile, but the
spoken word is especially prone to be forgotten or misunderstood. Listeners quickly forget
much of what they hear-halt of the message almost immediately and halt the remaining two
days later. Thus, a customer might forget three of the five product features you mentioned,
or your boss might forget precisely why you need more staff support and only remember
the amount of money you requested.
Even if they remember a verbal message, it will likely be distorted by listeners. With
each storytelling, specific details drop out, facts and figures change. Receivers may even
invent variations on the truth to make the story more exciting or to make it fit their idea of
what ought to have happened. The farther the message travels in space and time from its
original sender, the higher the distortion.
Written communication
Written communication comes in a host of different forms. Letters, memos, bulletins, and
reports are standard features in the careers of almost everyone.
Like any communication medium, electronic mail can use well or poorly. The
following guideline can help you take advantage of this medium and avoid unnecessary
problems.
1. Don't use email: For off-the-record correspondence. "Delete" may only mean that a
message disappears from your screen, and not from the server's archives.
Information you thought was erased may show up years later, creating legal or
personal problems.
2. For personal messages, at least not at work. A message misdirected can lead to
embarrassment and humiliation. Furthermore, a recipient can forward your private
thoughts to others without your permission or knowledge.
3. If there is any chance, your tone will be misunderstood to be critical, sarcastic, or
humorous. Email text lacks the richness of vocal, or even handwritten messages.
Your attempt at cleverness might be misinterpreted.
80
4. When you are angry or in a hurry, once you've sent a message, it usually can't be
retrieved. You may regret your careless or impulsive words later. To avoid personal
discussions, that would be better-handled face-to-face or in a phone call.
5. To pass along information you are not sure is accurate (e.g., canceled meetings,
changed deadlines, budget figures).
Do use e-mail:
1. To be part of networks that will give you essential information. It means sharing
information useful to others as well as seeking information from them.
2. To shrink hierarchy and expedite team projects. Email can help you reach essential
people and save time otherwise spent in meetings.
3. To solicit or send information quickly and easily to a large number of people. With a
few strokes, you can reach a high number of addresses virtually around the globe.
4. To create a professional image. Use correct spelling and grammar. Messages can be
informal, but they should never contain inaccuracies.
E-mail etiquette:
1. Always include the subject field with a concise, informative heading.
2. Don't ramble in emails relating to business. Keep your communications clear and as
brief as possible.
3. When you need to communicate about more than one issue, use separate messages.
It makes it easier for the recipient to keep track of and respond to each one.
4. Only send copies of your messages to people who are likely to care about it.
Bombarding receivers with what they regard as junk email may cause them to
disregard essential messages when you send them.
References
81
Dollarhide, M. E. (2019, May 2). Investopedia. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
investopedia.com: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-media.asp
Johnson, T. (2016, November 12). medium. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from medium.com:
https://medium.com/@tarynjohnson/social-currency-constant-connection-and-the-
algorithmic-experience-identity-relationships-in-173e6e30a21b
Nibusinessinfo. (2020, May 29). Nibusinessinfo. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
nibusinessinfo.co.uk: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-
disadvantages-using-social-media
O'Keefe, P. (2011, January 20). Managingcommunities. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
managingcommunities.com:
https://www.managingcommunities.com/2011/01/20/usernames-vs-real-names-on-
your-community-pros-and-cons/
Techopedia. (2020, May 29). Techopedia. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from Techopedia.com:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5569/technology-services
82
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: What communication channel is best to use in the following situations? Explain
your choice.
4. Notifying the manager of a local business that you still haven’t received the refund
you were promised.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Reminding your busy boss about a long overdue reimbursement for out-of-pocket
expenses.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
83
6. Apologizing to a customer for a mistake your company made.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Getting your boss’s reaction to the idea of giving you more responsibility.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
84
UNIT IX. MULTIMODAL ADVOCACY
Overview
This unit gives you an idea of what to include in multimodal advocacy that includes
analog and digital solutions that use all the communication means available to address any
existing needs or problems.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions:
1. Survey your community and identify a social cause that you would like to advocate
for.
2. Determine the appropriate media that you will use in your community.
3. Develop a framework for your advocacy.
4. Create a short video focusing on any of the following:
a. Good governance
b. Responsible citizenship
c. Disaster preparedness
d. Environmental preservation
e. Poverty reduction, etc.
85
Lesson Proper
Multimodal Advocacy
Look at the picture and state what immediately comes to your mind.
From a practical point of view, this may look like an ordinary graphic representation of two
puppets, one of which was cut off from its strings. However, the image symbolizes a more
profound message intended to be analyzed by the audience who sees it. Notice that the
puppet on the left resembles a man who is about to beat the woman (represented by the
puppet on the right) with a stick. The hand with scissors above the two puppets represents
the effort to end the violence, which is about to transpire.
The image above is an example of an advocacy campaign. Advocacy is a strategic
series of actions aimed at influencing those holding governmental, political, economic, or
private power to implement public policies and practices that benefit those with less
political power and less economic resources-usually the group affected.
A successful advocacy campaign begins with asking questions. Before you start your
advocacy work, it is vital that you
a. inquire about what the real issues or problems are and that you explore the reasons.
b. These issues or problems exist at a more profound social level, not just in your
organization or the community you belong to.
86
Jumpstarting your advocacy:
Developing your message - Your message of advocacy is what you choose to say about
your problem and its solution and who you are. You'll need the information to back up your
arguments to develop a message. To do this, you should:
1. Know your audience
2. Know your political environment and moments (controversies, issues, fears, etc.)
3. Keep your message brief and straightforward
4. Use real-life stories and quotes
5. Use accurate, convincing language, and active verbs
6. Use crystal clear facts and numbers
7. Adapt the message according to the medium you will use
8. Let your audience reach their conclusions
9. Encourage viewers to take action
10. Present a possible solution
Delivering your message - The delivery of messages involves careful attention to how the
information is transmitted and to whom or what the message is to convey.
Choosing the right medium - Your choice of a medium for delivering the message depends
on who you're talking to, what you want to say, your purpose, and your ability to work with
that medium.
The use of media includes the use of formal and informal media channels to broaden your
message reach. For your message to be noticed,
1. your advocacy must be "newsworthy."
2. making your advocacy newsworthy depends on how the message is packaged and
who delivers it,
3. and whether you can persuade media that it is newsworthy. The aim is to extend
your message.
On the other hand, you can pursue your advocacy using traditional and digital media
provided that you have the resources to do so.
1. Press release - The press release is intended to attract journalists to cover a future
event or one that has just taken place.
2. Radio and television programs - Public education programs designed to change
attitudes and behaviors often depict a familiar human story and illustrate
alternative ways to see and solve typical problems.
3. Theater and songs - Street theater and songs can reach people from all walks of
life. They are especially helpful in situations where mass media only reaches a
fraction of the population.
4. Pamphlets, comic books, and photos - Simple brochures and other materials can
help push your advocacy forward. They can be cheap and will probably attract an
audience, depending on the literacy levels, where information is scarce. The
challenge is educating and entertaining content and design.
You can use the example framework below to organize your advocacy campaign:
87
Cause Target audience Message Medium
References
Dollarhide, M. E. (2019, May 2). Investopedia. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
investopedia.com: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-media.asp
Johnson, T. (2016, November 12). medium. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from medium.com:
https://medium.com/@tarynjohnson/social-currency-constant-connection-and-the-
algorithmic-experience-identity-relationships-in-173e6e30a21b
Nibusinessinfo. (2020, May 29). Nibusinessinfo. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
nibusinessinfo.co.uk: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-
disadvantages-using-social-media
O'Keefe, P. (2011, January 20). Managingcommunities. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from
managingcommunities.com:
https://www.managingcommunities.com/2011/01/20/usernames-vs-real-names-
on-your-community-pros-and-cons/
Techopedia. (2020, May 29). Techopedia. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from Techopedia.com:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5569/technology-services
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/681380618610927236/
88
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
89
UNIT X. COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF
TECHNOLOGY
Overview
Technology has greatly affected humanity in its everyday dealing. Nowadays, the
use of electronic devices and computers in learning is also maximized. More than ever,
technological elements like emails, telephones, handphones and computers are being
utilized both in communication and learning.
Learning Objectives
differentiate the various aids and strategies using tools of technology; and
apply the strategies in making digital slides.
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Direction: Kindly enumerate three (3) useful functions of technology in your everyday
dealing.
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
90
Lesson Proper
Communication Aid
A communication aid assists people to stay connected more effectively with people
they need to communicate with. Communication aids also known as AAC (Augmentative
and Alternative Communication) devices which pertain to techniques scaffolding and
replacing spoken communication. Signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards,
books, as well as voice outputs are some of the examples.
Unaided communication and aided communication are the two main types of
Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Unaided communication includes body
language, gesture, vocalization and signing while aided communication utilizes equipment
which usually used for electronic communication. Best examples are smart phones and
iPhone gadgets which increasingly being maximized to help people communicate.
Communication Tools
1. Flipchart a large pad paper that a rest on easel allowing the speaker to record text or
drawings with markers during the speech.
2. White Board and Chalk board these materials can also help you achieve the same
outcome as a flipchart on an ease.
3. Document Camera captures and display images, including 3D visual materials.
4. Video showing a video clip can elicit an emotional response from the audience and
improve their recall of your speech.
5. Handouts are papers printed with relevant information.
6. Prototype a model represents the object in detail useful for describing and
explaining scientific topics.
91
7. Sound Recording sounds like visual images can stimulate mental images, triggering
the imagination and setting a mood.
8. Digital slides commonly known as PowerPoint which permits a presenter to display
information in multi-media slide shows.
9. Real Time Web Access involves the use of web technologies and practices.
1. Keep it simple
2. Stress only key ideas
3. Display what you can say
4. Use larger icons
5. Minimize the presence of pictures
6. Combine diversity with consistency
7. Use big letters
References
https://www.aacknowledge.org.uk/page/what-communication-aid
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-communication-strategies-definition-types-
examples.html
92
Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Direction: Kindly design a PowerPoint template using the concept of 1-6-6 means 1 main
idea - 6 bullet points - 6 words per bullet while 7-7 means 7 lines - 7 words.
Kindly paste here the screened capture of the PowerPoint template. Thank you!
93
Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
2. _________________ uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images,
animations, video and interactive content.
4. _________________ a large pad paper that a rest on easel allowing the speaker to record text
or drawings with markers during the speech.
.9. ____________________ two main types of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication)
system 10. ___________________
94
Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Utilizing the strategies in using the tools of technology and the tips in making
PowerPoint presentation, kindly record a 10-minute presentation about one of the topics
below:
1. Education
2. Mass Media
3. Health
4. Economy
5. Sports
Script:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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UNIT XI. COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
Overview
This lesson explains how to select the suitable purpose for a message: inform,
persuade or goodwill because it is important to plan about what message you want to
convey and how you want to express it.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Direction: Kindly craft a script which will illustrate the situation below.
Myleen is the manager of a fashion and apparel company. She needs to accomplish
three work-related assignments for the day. First, to orient Marvin, the newly hired master
cutter of the company about his job descriptions. Second, to convince Melai, the apparel
designer, to not transfer to other companies for a similar job with a much high salary rate.
Lastly, to offer a promotion to Gale by making him the new supervisor and also offer him
congratulations.
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Lesson Proper
Informative Messages
The main purpose of informative message is to inform. At a workplace, exchanges of
vital information are always done among the employees because great number of business
communications are in fact “informative” messages. Business communication has a
professional tone and information is always unbiased, can be short or long, casual and it
promotes understanding and ideas.
Informative messages can utilize electronic medium of communication: IMs, chats,
emails, presentations, memos, blogs, podcasts, press releases, and reports.
Below are the guidelines:
Social media is now flooded with informative messages. Information about the
news, products, and other related issues are all over social media and can be easily accessed
anytime. An example of a brief informative message is a tweet and the advantage of using it
is it can reach a large audience. It is now used in advertising and marketing of products but
for formal approach in communicating sending an email is still highly recommended and
more appropriate.
Persuasive Messages
Goodwill messages are meant to build good rapport. The purpose of these messages
is to build goodwill without any hidden business scheme. A goodwill message thanking a
customer for his/her business would NOT include an announcement about an upcoming
sale because a goodwill message extends appreciation and doesn’t aim to influence.
Goodwill messages are usually used at a workplace wherein it inspires harmonious
relationship among the employees. Thank-you, congratulatory, and sympathy notes add an
important, feel-good human. The goodwill message makes both sender and receiver feel
better about each other.
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References
https://nmcomm.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/4/3/23432904/goodwill.pdf
https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/communicationatwork/chapter/8-5-goodwill-
messages-and-recommendations/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-businesscommunicationmgrs/chapter/what-is-
an-informative-message/
https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/professionalcomms/chapter/4-7-persuasive-
messages/
Price, D. (2005). How to communicate your sales message so buyers take action now!
Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?How-To-Communicate-Your-Sales-Message-So-
Buyers-Take-Action-Now!&id=89569.
Winston, W., & Granat, J. (1997). Persuasive advertising for entrepreneurs and small
business owners: How to create more effective sales messages. New York, NY: Routledge.
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Kindly search for the speech, “I Have a Dream” authored by Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. Take time to read the speech and answer the questions under Activity 2
Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
2. Do you think the speech accomplished the purpose of the message? What
specifically was the purpose of the speech?
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Internalize a situation where you are invited as a guest of honor for a ceremony. Kindly pen
one among the three discussed genres of a message. It can be an informative message,
Persuasive message or Goodwill message. Kindly choose one only. Use 100 - 150 words to
express your thoughts.
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UNIT XII. COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
Overview
To be employed is everyone’s goal and to be in a workplace where harmony and
growth are prevalent. Communication is a vital skill in the workplace for companies to work
efficiently and productively. Professionals can experience increased morale, productivity,
and commitment if they can communicate up and down a company’s communication chain.
Specifically, superiors who spend time and energy to create open communication lines will
quickly create trust among subordinates, resulting in productivity, performance, and overall
morale.
Learning Objectives
Setting Up
Name:_____________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Read the following quotes then explain by giving a scenario for each.
The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn’t being said. - Peter F.
Drucker.
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Good communication is just as stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after. -
Anne Morrow Lindbergh
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Communicate in a respectful manner – don’t just tell your team members what you
want, but explain to them why. - Jeffrey Morales
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Lesson Proper
The importance of strong and significant communications runs deep within the
workplace. In Corp Vision in Reality: (2020) enumerated five important reasons include:
1. Innovation
When employees have the chance to express their opinions and ideas without
hesitation, they are more likely to present their ideas without fear of ridicule or retaliation.
Being innovative relies on this, and a workplace that promotes communication promotes
innovation.
2. Growth in Communication
3. Effective Communication
When executives are strong communicators, they can better manage their teams.
When you are a strong communicator, it is much simpler to delegate activities, manage
conflicts, motivate, and build relationships (all-important responsibilities of an
administrator).
Effective communication not only talks to people but gives them the opportunity to
talk to each other. Strong communication channels are essential.
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4. Team Building
Creating effective teams requires communication and mutual cooperation. One will
be successful in establishing effective teams by implementing effective strategies such as
those listed below to improve communication. This will build morale and employee
satisfaction and eventually performs well in the workplace.
The following elaborate some key areas where organizations can build and improve
communication between their teams.
A. Include everyone
Do not close any communication lines. Search and actively promote progress
reports and project updates. This is especially important when it comes to personnel who
works in different places.
B. Listen and show empathy
Communication is a two-way process and if you do not listen and do not encourage
dialogue with the other party, no job or person can survive for a long time. Listening shows
respect and allows you to become familiar with the extraordinary problems that you may
have to solve as an employer.
A professional gives comprehensible and accessible goals for teams and individuals
that define exactly what is required for a particular project and that all the member of the
team is aware of the goals and objectives of the project, the department, and the workplace
as a whole.
Make sure your message is clear and accessible to the intended audience. To do this,
it is important that you speak clearly and politely – to convey your message clearly without
confusion or offense.
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Once you have created your message, you need to make sure whether it is the best
possible format. While face-to-face communication is the best way to build trust with
workmates, it is not always an option. Give yourself a time to decide if the information
provided on a printed copy works better than an email or whether a general note can
suffice.
One of the most common communication media in the workplace is the usage of
visuals like graphs, illustrations, images, and the like to become more effective. You will be
asked to present for a meeting and you are going to make your slides is one of the scenarios
in the workplace.
Asynchronous Task!
Directions: Go to YouTube and watch the given videos on the link which will help you to
prepare your slides in nailing a presentation. Enjoy!
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XF34-Wu6qWU
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuB7IhWZnJs
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgvlzAbcJ6A
As mentioned, your body language and facial expressions play an important role in
how effective or ineffective you are at communicating with team members. Eye contact
makes people feel acknowledged as they talk and listen. A relaxed posture and gestures
with your body parts encourage employees to feel comfortable in a meeting. Rehearse the
things you are going to say in front of a full-length mirror so you can see if what your body
language says matches up with your words if there is a need. Your workmates will receive
your words more positive facial expressions and body language do not put them on edge or
the defensive.
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3. Phone Conversations.
Nowadays, the use of the phone is a common part of almost every working day.
Some people enjoy talking to team members by phone. Others dislike it so much that they
put it off until the last minute. If the staff you lead are located at different places, the phone
and the internet will be vital communication tools. Positively impact for effective
communication using the phone is achievable by doing three simple things. Smile while you
talk (in an appropriate conversation, of course); it sounds silly, but it gives your voice a
friendlier tone. Jot down all the details before the conversation and use them to ensure you
cover all points and no details will be forgotten. Lastly, speak clearly and slowly so your
words will be understood.
4. Written Communication.
Emails, memos, and notes, and the like are common forms of written
communication. Among the four communication styles, this is the one that can lead to the
most misunderstandings. Keep in mind that the receivers of the message read between the
lines or feel that there are implied messages or emotions in written forms of
communication. This should and can be avoided in the workplace situation. Before you send
an email or distribute a memo or post an important notice on the staff bulletin board, have
an objective pair of eyes read it first.
Communication between you and the team will always be a work in progress.
Activity
Direction: “There is no exercise better for the heart than reaching down and lifting people
up.” –John Holmes
You were asked by your friend to make a recommendation letter for his or her OJT,
make him/her one.
Recommendation Letters
A recommendation letter is just one of many communication letters being prepared in
the workplace. It should contain the relationship between the applicant and the person
whose recommendation is given.
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must convey necessary messages every day to many different people. Ready Training
Online: (2020) enumerated five barriers to be aware of.
1. Lack of Clarity
2. Inconsistency
Be aware of how you communicate with individual team members in the course of a
day, week, or month. You may have several shifts, with part-time and full-time employees
who need the same level of communication.
Higher-ups need to do their part to close the communication gap with their
subordinates who have limited English proficiency. For instance, a leader can learn some
key phrases in Spanish, or invest in training to help their ESL employees communicate more
effectively in English.
4. Not Enough Listening
Communication is a two-way street. Listen as much as you can, if not more than you speak.
Encourage feedback, and practice active listening. Do not interrupt when others are
expressing their ideas, repeat key points, and ask for clarification when needed.
At the start of your Purposive Communication subject, you learned about the different
elements of communication. In this lesson, you will learn about the different components of
communication in the work field.
Effective communication requires all components working together perfectly for
“shared meaning,” a favorite definition of communication. It is important when questions
are asked and answered.
Components of Communication
There are five components to any communication and a sixth that is the overall
environment of the workplace in which the back-and-forth takes place (Heathfield, 2020).
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Practice it here!
Directions: Illustrate below a scenario showing an individual sending a message in the
workplace. Explain it by giving a caption on the lines provided.
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The context is important in how the message is delivered by the sender of the
message. Context involves nonverbal communication such as gestures, body language, facial
expressions, and elements such as the tone of voice. Most of the context for a message is
only available when the receiver can see and hear the message sender properly. Email and
IM emoticons/emojis, for example, are a poor substitution as the sender formulates them
without input from the receiver.
Another element to consider context is the emotions that are involved in the
communication circle. Is the sender angry? Is the receiver indifferent to the content of the
communication or contemptuous of the sender? Keep in mind that normal human emotions
affect whether a message is successfully shared.
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Practice it here!
The receiver must listen carefully and intently, ask questions for clarity, and
paraphrase to ascertain that they share meaning with the sender. If the receiver trusts the
sender, the chances for effective communication increase. For instance, a listener might say,
"I think what you said is that you are feeling disrespected. Is this the message you were
giving me?"
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Practice it here!
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The delivery method should be selected based on the medium that it is most
effective to convey the meaning of the message. Since communication methods are so
diverse and the dawn of computers and mobile devices, decisions about the delivery
method have become more intricate. The delivery method must satisfy the communication
needs of both the sender and the receiver for shared meaning to occur.
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Practice it here!
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Practice it here!
Directions: Compose a body of an apology letter for your superior about the mishaps you
incurred during a presentation.
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6. Environment and Communication
When you ask valid questions to your team, you build rapport and inspire
confidence. Questions form another portion of the foundation for workplace communication
that shares meaning between communicators.
Practice it here!
Directions: In conclusion, how are you going to increase the effectiveness of communication
in the workplace?
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References
Miller: (2020) 4 Different Types of Workplace Communication and How to Improve in Each
Area, Sandler Training Retrieved from https://www.sandler.com/blog/4-different-types-
workplace-communication-and-how-improve-each-area/
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: In your previous lesson, you learned the five importance of good communication
in the work place, as soon to be employee/employer, how are you going to practice good
communication to achieve significant outcomes in the workplace? Explain and give a
scenario in each.
1. Innovation
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2. Growth in Communication
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3. Effective Communication
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4. Team Building
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5. Giving a Voice to All
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Your supervisor designated you as the annual retreat coordinator; one of its jobs
is to present to the company a proposal of the itinerary. Make a proposal to be presented to
the company of the places you proposed. Use a PowerPoint presentation. You may send
your slides to the email account of your supervisor (teacher).
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: You were assigned to become a team leader in your company, explain the
following tips discussed on how to make them work as the leader of your department.
A. Include everyone
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C. Define Objectives and Expectations
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D. Send your message clearly
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UNIT XIII. COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Overview
English though having many varieties, has become the major international language
for research and publication and medium of communication in the global field. Therefore,
university student need to have a good receptive command of English if they want to be
successful in their academic endeavors and professionals soon.
Learning Objectives
write and present an academic paper using appropriate tone, styles, conventions
and reference style;
employ strategies on how to espouse awareness of audience and context in
imploring ideas; and
identify the different opportunities in communication through research.
Setting Up
Name:______________________________________________________ Date:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________
Directions: Answer the following questions with all honesty and sincerity.
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Lesson Proper
Though Academic writing is done in the scope of academic field, it suggests that
everyone is included in the scope of the said setting whether you are academician,
professional in various sectors, or be it if you are a student. For academician, it is their
guiding compass in writing researches, while for professionals in various fields, it helps
them prepare their script, dialogue, presentations before facing their colleagues for a
meetings. For students, it helps them to present their researches in a standard and orderly
manner.
Unlike the other types of writing, academic writing is formal in nature. It follows
certain standards, rules, styles, and conventions which give information among readers
which may lead them to persuasion and entertainment.
Academic writing will help a student a lot. It will allow him or her to develop
analytic thinking and it teaches him or her to clearly convey complicate ideas concisely and
in well-structured format.
Paragraph Structure
A paragraph is a group of connected and related sentences that discuss one (and
usually only one) main idea. A paragraph can be one sentence to ten sentences. How long or
short a paragraph is unimportant; nevertheless, the paragraph should be long enough to
develop a main idea clearly.
All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some
paragraphs also have concluding sentences.
The topic sentence expresses the main idea of the paragraph. It not only provides
the topic of the paragraph, but it also limits the topic to one specific area that can be
discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph.
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Always keep in mind that a topic sentence is a complete sentence and is neither too
general nor too specific.
Examples:
Too specific
1. Love is self-seeking.
Too general
2. Love is interpreted by many in different ways.
Incomplete
4. Is field with color red.
Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain or prove the
topic sentence by giving information about it. One of the biggest problems in student in
writing is that student writers often fail to support their ideas adequately. They need to use
specific details: examples, statistics, and quotations.
Writing Technique Questions
1. What is the main idea of this paragraph?
2. What examples does the writer use to support this idea? Put brackets [ ] around
them.
3. What words and phrases introduce the examples? Circle Them.
As the whole world is facing the Pandemic COIVD-19, where the conventional way of
teaching-learning process, students and teachers meet personally at the four corners of the
classroom has suspended due to the enhance community quarantine (ECQ), the action of
the government to prevent, control and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, the educational
landscapes of both basic education and higher education institutions have been changed,
like the contact hour requirements for the completion of a subject or a degree program; the
learning delivery mode during the extended ECQ will depend on available resources of the
institutions and students; and the considerations in students’ learning assessments. These
challenges that the key players in the educative process are facing right now appear as the
demands of Education 4.0/Industrial Revolution 4.0 which have to be realized and met.
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The concluding sentence gives a hint the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader
with important points to remember. It is customary for stand-alone paragraphs. However,
paragraphs that are parts of a longer piece of writing do not need concluding sentences. For
single paragraphs, especially long ones, a concluding sentence is very helpful.
A concluding sentence serves two purposes:
You may want to begin your concluding sentence with one of the signals in the list
below. You may also end a paragraph without a formal signal or perhaps by using an
expression like those in the column on the right.
End-of-Paragraph Signals Followed by a Comma
Finally, Lastly,
In brief, Therefore,
In conclusion, Thus,
In short, To sum up,
End-of-Paragraph Signals Not Followed by a Comma
Another element of a good paragraph is coherence. The Latin verb cohere means
“hold together.” For coherence in writing, the sentences must hold together; that is, the
movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be no
sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one.
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4. Arrange your ideas in logical manner
The easiest way to achieve coherence is to repeat key nouns frequently in your
paragraph. Read the model paragraph about apple to see how it uses this technique to
smooth the flow of sentences. The key noun in this paragraph is apple. Circle the word apple
and the pronouns refer to it.
Apple
Apples are a popular fruit it contains antioxidants, vitamins, dietary fiber, and a
range of other nutrients. Because apples have varied nutrient content, they may help
prevent several conditions. Apples come in a variety of shapes, colors, and flavors and
provide a range of nutrients that can benefit many different aspects of a person’s health. For
example, they may help reduce the risk of cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and
several other conditions. Moreover, Apples are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, all of
which benefit health. They also provide an array of antioxidants.
Transition signals are expressions such as first, finally, and however, or phrases
such as in conclusion, on the other hand, and as a result. Other kinds of words such as
subordinators (when, although), coordinators (and, but), adjectives (another, additional),
and prepositional (because of, in spite of) can serve as transition signals.
Transition signals are like traffic signs; they tell your reader when you are giving
similar idea (similarly, and, in addition), an opposite idea (on the other hand, but, in
contrast), an example (for example), as a result (therefore, as a result), or a conclusion (in
conclusion).
Transition signals give paragraph coherence because they guide your reader from
one idea the next.
Transition Words
• Addition
• Introduction
• Reference
• Similarity
• Identification
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Adversative Transitions
• Conflict
• Emphasis
• Concession
• Dismissal
Replacement Causal (not casual) Transitions
• Cause/Reason
• Effect/Result
• Purpose
Consequence Sequential Transitions
• Numerical
• Continuation
• Conclusion
• Digression
• Resumption
• Summation
Additive Transitions: These show addition, introduction, and similarity to other ideas
Addition
Indeed Also And Or Too
Nor further Moreover furthermore In fact
alternatively What is more In addition actually Much less
On the other Either (neither) As a matter of besides Additionally
hand fact
Not to mention Not only but
also
Practice it!
1. Indeed
2. Alternatively
3. Additionally
4. Besides
5. Moreover
6. As a matter of fact
7. Not only but also
8. Moreover
9. Furthermore
10. On the other hand
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Introduction
Such as For example As, particularly Including As an
illustration
Like In particular For one thing To illustrate For instance
Specially Notably By way of
example
Practice it!
Reference
Speaking about Concerning Regarding The fact that
As for On the subject of Considering With regard to
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences
1. Speaking about
2. As for
3. Concerning
4. regarding
5. considering
6. the fact that
7. with regard to
Similarity
Similarly In the same way By the same In a like manner Equally,
token likewise
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Practice it!
Identification
That is Namely Specifically Thus
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences
1. That is
2. Namely
3. Specifically
4. Thus
Adversative Transitions
These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal
Conflict
But however In contrast By way of While
contrast
Yet When in fact Whereas Conversely Though, Still
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. But
2. Yet
3. However
4. When in fact
5. in contrast
6. whereas
7. by way of contrast
8. conversely
9. while
10. though
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Emphasis
Even more Above all Indeed More Besides
importantly
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. even more
2. above all
3. indeed
4. more importantly
5. besides
Concession
But even so However Nevertheless Nonetheless
Despite this On the other Admittedly Even though
hand
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. but even so
2. despite this
3. however
4. on the other hand
5. nevertheless
6. admittedly
7. nonetheless
8. even though
Replacement
At least Rather Instead
Practice it!
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Causal Transitions
Cause/Reason
For the reason Being that For In view of
Because Seeing as As Owing to
Due to the fact In that For as much as
that
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
Condition
On the condition Granted that If Provided that
that
In case In the event that Providing that As/so long as
Unless Given that Only if Unless
Practice it!
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Result/Effect-
As a result Consequently Hence For this reason
Thus Because of this In consequence So that
Accordingly So much so that So Therefore
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. As a result
2. thus
3. accordingly
4. consequently
5. because of this
6. hence
7. in consequence
8. for this reason
9. so that
10. therefore
Purpose
For the purpose With this With this in In the hope that
of intention mind
To the end that In order that For fear that So as to
Unless Given that In order to So that
Practice it!
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Consequence- something that happens as a result of a particular action or
set of conditions.
Under those then In that case If not
circumstances
That being the If so Otherwise
case
Practice it!
Sequential Transitions
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. In the first
2. To begin with
3. Initially
4. At first
5. To start with
6. For a start
7. First of all
8. Secondly
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Continuation- something that starts where something else ends and adds
to or continues the first part.
Subsequently Afterwards Eventually Next
Before this Previously After (this) Then
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
1. subsequently
2. before this
3. afterwards
4. previously
5. eventually
6. after this
7. next
8. then
Practice it!
Practice it!
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Resumption – an act of starting something again after it has stopped.
To get back to Anyhow Anyway First of all
the point
To return to the To resume At any rate At any rate
subject
Practice it!
Directions: Use the following transitional words into meaningful sentences.
Practice it!
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Logical Orders
In addition, using transition signals and repeating key nouns and pronouns, a fourth
way to achieve coherence is to place your sentences in some kind of logical order.
An essay should have unity and coherence, just as a paragraph does. Keep in mind
that Transition signals and the repetition of key nouns link paragraphs into a cohesive
whole. Your choice of one kind of logical order over another will usually depend on your
topic and your purpose. Put unison two or more different logical orders in the same
paragraph.
Always keep in mind to arrange your ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a
reader accustomed to the English way of writing,
The following are examples of logical order in English are chronological order,
logical division of ideas, and comparison/contrast.
• Chronological order is ordered by time—a sequence of events or steps in a process.
• In the logical division of ideas, a topic is divided into parts, each part is discussed
separately.
• In a comparison/contrast paragraph, the commonness and/ or differences between two or
more items are discussed.
Now that you learned how to make a substantial paragraph, it is now the time to put them
into a meaningful and effective Essay.
An essay is a piece of writing and should have several paragraphs. It is inspired by
various purposes like entertainment, informative, and persuasive to name a few. It is about
one topic, just as a paragraph is. However, because the topic of an essay is too complex and
intricate to discuss in one paragraph, you need to divide it into several paragraphs, one for
each major point. Then you need to tailor the paragraphs together and formulate an
introduction and a conclusion. An essay should have three main parts: an introduction
(introductory paragraph), a body (at least one, but usually two or more paragraphs), and a
conclusion (concluding paragraph).
Parts of a paragraph which correspond to the parts of an essay
Restatement or summary of the main points; final comment or information An
essay introduction should consist of two parts: a few general statements to attract your
reader’s attention and a thesis statement to the state to the main idea of the essay.
Keep in mind that a thesis statement for an essay is like a topic sentence for a
paragraph: It names the specific topic and gives the reader a general. The body should
consist of one or more paragraphs. Each paragraph creates a level of the topic, so the
number of paragraphs in the body will vary with the number of subdivisions or subtopics.
The conclusion, just the process in making a concluding sentence in a paragraph, is a
summary or review of the main points discussed in the body. An essay should have unity
and coherence, just as a paragraph does. Keep in mind that Transition signals and the
repetition of key nouns link paragraphs into a cohesive whole.
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Activity
Directions: By applying what you have learned, choose two from the given following topics
and make an essay from each.
References
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Assessing Learning
Activity 1
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Identify whether the following is A. Too specific, B. Too general, C. Best topic
sentence, or D. Incomplete.
_____3 The action of the government to prevent, control and mitigate the spread of COVID-
19
_____4 The educational landscapes of both basic education and higher education
institutions have been changed, like the contact hour requirements for the completion of a
subject or a degree program.
_____5 The learning delivery mode during the extended ECQ will depend on available
resources of the institutions and students; and the considerations in students’ learning
assessments.
_____6 These challenges that the key players in the educative process are facing right now
appear as the demands of Education 4.0/Industrial Revolution 4.0
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Activity 2
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Write two or three topic sentences for each of the following topics. In other
words, give three controlling idea for the same topic.
Example:
Topic: Cell phones
COVID-19
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ECQ
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ayuda
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Social Distancing
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unity
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 3
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Make a paragraph ending with concluding sentences. Use each of the following
signals below.
1.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Finally,_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In brief,____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In conclusion,_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The evidence suggests that… _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
There can be no doubt that… _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 4
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Logical Division of Ideas: Realizations you have during the pandemic, COVID-19
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 5
Name:______________________________________________________ Score:__________________
Course/Year/Section: ___________________________________ Date:___________________
Directions: Make a synthesis paper about the development of the vaccine for COVID-19.
Include at least 10 In-Text Citation, and these citations must appear in the Reference list.
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