Ge109 21 22

1
GE 109
SELF- INSTRUCTIONAL LEARNING MODULE
2021-2022
PAUNANG SALITA
2
A few Genuine Filipinos perform and fulfil these.
This course counts on you!
These practices are not of genuine Filipino.
Napakasaklap ng sinapit ng bayang ito, ang daming pinapasan, pasaway at pinapalamong hindi tunay
na Filipino.
3
4
Minamahal kung mag-aaral:
Si Jose Rizal, ang ating pambansang bayani ay ni lackdown sa Dapitan ng mahigit kumulang
apat na taon. Bagaman, sa gitna ng matinding kalungkutan, pangungulila at hirap naging produktibo
pa rin. Tayo pa kaya?!
MATUTO, PAGNILAYAN, MAGMAHAL-Jose Rizal
Buksan, basahin at pag-aralan ang mga aral na nilalaman ng AKLAT sa gayon maiwasan ang pag
KALAT at maiwasan ang pagiging LATAK (pasaway /walang silbi/basahan)
Sisirin ang LAWA ng aklat para mapunan ang WALA.
Buksan ang MATA at ISIP sa katotohanan para makamtan ang TAMA. Piliting mamuhay sa LIWANAG
wag parang IPIS na NALIGAW sa kadiliman.
Sa tamang GABAY kuha mo ang tamang BAGAY.
Sa kagustuhan nating lahat na mag-WAGI at mag-ANI ng magandang kinabukasan, gaya ni Rizal,

ayusin ang bawat GAWI (ugali), makinig sa PAYO ng INA sa gayon maiiwasan ang mapaso sa APOY.
Alalahanin palagi na ang ALAS ng tao ay na sa kanyang ASAL, siya ay may kaaya-ayang LASA sa
LIPUNAN kasi bihira siyang mag ka SALA.
Panatilihin ang pag-INGAT, palaging puma GITNA sa labis at kulang.
Dibale ng PAYAT o PATAY ang luho at karangyaan basta’t malusog at buhay naman ang kinabukasan.
TIBA kung ang pag-BATI ay BAIT.
Sa kinalalagyan natin ngayon tayong lahat ay kinakailangang mag ALAY para magkaroon ng tunay na
LAYA. Ang SIKAT ay may TIKAS (elegante) sa SAKIT.
Kailangan natin ang TIBAY ng loob sa pagsunod sa BATAS upang tayo ay may SABAT (huli) at di
maparusahan ng BITAY.
Bawat SAGLIT ay pahalagahan sapagkat ito ay may kasamang sangkap sa buong escala ng
kaLIGTASan.
Gawin nating BAKAL anomang BALAK meron tayo.
Pag-ibayuhin natin ang ating mga matuwid at ma-katuturang PAKAY at sabayan PAYAK
(mapagkumbaba) na YAPAK.
Mapapalitan ang SILIK (kahinaan) ng LIKSI (lakas at bilis) sa pagtugon sa mga hamon ng buhay kung
tayo ay LISIK (dilat, gising, at may kamalayan) sa pag-unawa sa SIKIL
(ikot/pagkasunod-sunod/progreso) ng ating kasaysayan.
MALAY ang kinakailangan natin ngayon hindi LAMAY.
LAKAS at hindi SAKAL.
ITAAS ang antas ng GILAS AT SIGLA upang buong husay magampanan ang mga ATAS at tungkulin.
Manalig at maniwala tayo sa BANAL para manaig tayo sa LABAN.
Sa anomang gawain natin sa araw-araw, gawin nating SALAD ang DASAL. Dalas-DALASAN natin ang
DASALAN.
Pinakamainam sa kalagayan natin ngayon ang magiging bestfriend si GOD hindi lang laging si DOG.
Manawari ay patnubayan tayong lahat ng POONG MAYKAPAL.

5
JULIUS E. PELONIA #09061708700

Teacher/Facilitator juliuspelonia@mariancollege.edu.ph
Learning approaches in Historical Studies:
1. Husking-breaking-grating-squeezing=Coconut Milk
(Knowledge and Wisdom of History)
2. See-Judge-Act
3. AEC (Assertion/Evidence/Commentary)
4. Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis
5. COVID Strategy
Engage so that you will learn.
6
COMPONENTS OF THE SELF-INSRUCTIONAL LEARNING MODULE
The Self-Instructional Learning Module on (GE 109) R.A. 1425 Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings use a
format with the following basic components.
1. Learning objectives
2. Topics
3. Materials
4. Activities
5. Assessment
6. Sources and references
7. Printed documents, articles, song lyrics
Basic considerations for recipients:
1. Start your day with a PRAYER and end it with a PRAYER. (Do…….do.)
2. Keep safe and healthy.
3. Be normal with new normal.
4. Be wired always with the current situation.
5. Secure a place where you can be you.
6. Let us work for progress together.
7. Me ilang parte sa modyul ang ginamitan ng wikang Filipino, maliban sa ito ay ang nababagay, ito
rin po ay nagpaalala na ang wikang Filipino ay pwedeng-pwede rin gamitin sa pag-papahayag,
pag-paliwag at pagtugon sa mga gawain na hininging gawin sa modyul na ito.
8. Some songs intented for reflection and activity accompaniment have also been included in
some of the modules. In the same way, other songs that the recipient feels are more
appropriate and or effective may be added or used instead of those recommended on the
modules.
9. In the activities, the recipient is free to use his or her discretion to allot a particular time
constraint, as he or she deems best or necessary.
10. Other instructional aids, materials and relevant activities may be employedto enhance the
manner of attaining the intents of the modules.
11. Written activity outputs and assessment should be submitted in the designated drop box.
12. If you see that there are some discrepancies or technical errors of this Self-Instruction Learning
Module, immediately informed the designer, so that corrections can be made.
13. Welcome and accommodate if ever there are some changes, adjustments, supplements and
developments to this module.
14. For you requests, negotiations, complains, doubts and queries keep in touch with this number
09061708700.
CONTENT
A. Paunang Salita------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1-3
B. Mungkahi at Paalala-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
C. Learning Approaches----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
D. Components of the GE 109 Module-----------------------------------------------------------------------6-7
I. Module 1- R.A. 1425 Rizal Law ----------------------------------------------------------------------------8-13

1.1. Decree of Emelio G. Aguinaldo 1898
1.2. Ra 1425 (1956) And Its History
1.3. Excerpts from The Statement of The Catholic Philippine Hierarchy on the Novels Of Dr. Jose
Rizal: 1956
1.4. To The Philippine Youth (A La Juventud Filipina)
II. Module 2-TOPIC: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT------------13-20
II.1. Summary Of Spanish Colonization Of The Philippines

II.2. The nineteenth Century As A Century Of Change
II.3. Video/Printed Synopsis: Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?
7
III. Module-3- RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION

Rizal’s Nature and Nurture--------------------------------------------------------------------------------21-25
III.1. A Tribute To My Town.
III.2. Sa Aking Mga Kabata
III.3. “The Moth before the Flame”.
IV. RIZAL AND EDUCATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------25-32

IV.1. The Intimate Alliance Between Religion And Education (Allianza Intima Entre La Religion Y La
Educacion)
IV.2. Education Gives Luster To Motherland (Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria)
V. Module 5-RIZAL IN OTHER LANDS----------------------------------------------------------------------32-35

V.1.Excerpts from Rizal’s Travel Diaries And Letters
V.2. To the flowers of Heidelberg (Flores De Heidelberg)
V.3.Song of the Traveller (Canto Del Viajero)
VI. Module 6-RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT--------------------------------------------36-41

VI.1. Brindis Speech Of Rizal-The Toast In Restaurante Inglis, Madrid (1884)
VI.2. Rizal’s Speech Delivered At The Café Habanero (1891)
VI.3. When Heroes Bleed: The Love-Hate Relationship of Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
VII. Module 7-RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND DEATH----------------------------------------------------------41-47

VII.1. Excerpts From The Constitution Of La Liga Filipina (1892)
VII.2. Rizal,S Manifesto (1896
VII.3. Additions To My Defense (December 26,1896)
VII.4. Lyrics of Pual Anka’s Song “My Way”
VIII. Module 8-RIZAL AND THE NATION: SELECTED ESSAY ---------------------------------------------48-58

VIII.1. Letter Of Rizal To The Young Women Of Malolos
VIII.2. The Philippines A Century Hence.
VIII.3. The Indolence Of Filipinos
IX. Module 9-Annotation Of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos De Los Islas Filipinas-----------------------58-67

IX.1. Rizal’s annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos De los Islas fillipinas.
X. Module 10-NOLI ME TANGERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------67-95

X.1.Pag-pakilala ng Noli Me Tangere
X.2.Ang Buod (summary) ng Noli Me Tangere
X.3.Talaan ng Mga Kabanata buod 1-64
X.4.Mga Tauhan
X.5.Mga Kabanata Buo
XI. Module 11-RIZAL AND POLITICS: EL FILIBUSTERISMO----------------------------------------------95-111
XI.1. Pagpakilala ng El Filibusterismo
XI.2. Buod (Summary) ng El Filibusterismo
XI.3. Talaan Ng Mga Kabanata
XI.4. Mga Tauhan
XI.5. Mga Kabanata Buod
XII. Module 12- Mi Ultimo Adios ------------------------------------------------------------------------------111-117

XII.1. Mi Ultimo Adios
XII.2. Quotes About Rizal
8
I. MODULE 1
OBJECTIVES:
 The students will able to understand and appreciate the motives that shaped the development
of the Rizal course.
 Critically assess the effectiveness of the Rizal Law
TOPIC: R.A. 1425 Rizal Law
MATERIALS:
1.1. Document 1 –Decree of Emelio G. Aguinaldo 1898
1.2. Document 2 -Full Text of Ra 1425 (1956) And Its History
1.3. Document 3 - Excerpts from The Statement of The Catholic Philippine Hierarchy on the Novels
Of Dr. Jose Rizal: 1956
1.4. Document 4- To The Philippine Youth (A La Juventud Filipina)
Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1
1. Read documents 1.1., 1.2., @ 1.3.
2. While reading these materials, try to re-visit the motives that shaped the development of the
Rizal course.
3. Answer the following questions:
 Is Rizal just an “invented hero?
 What are the arguments or claims for or against, the Rizal law?
 How relevant are the arguments of those in favor and against R.A. 1425 today?
 Reflecting on your secondary education, how effective was the Rizal Law in instilling
patriotism among secondary school students?
 What may be done to improve the way R.A. 1425 is implemented?
Activity 2
1. Read documents 1.4.
2. Answer the following questions:
 What message does Rizal give the Filipino youth in the poem?
 How does this message strike students in the context of the Rizal course that they have to
enroll in today?
 How effective is the Rizal Law in instilling patriotism among the youth?
ASSESSMENT:
1. Why is Rizal Law necessary in the college curriculum?

2. What benefits will you get in studying Rizal’s life, works and writings?
REFERENCES:
Balbin, Alfonso and company. Engaging Jose Rizal. 2018. chap. 1, pgs. 5-17
https://wccpilgrimage.org/en/steps/how-will-you-move-your-pilgrimage-forward/resources/the-see-judge-act-
method/@@images/file
http//:www.gov.ph/1956/06/12.R.A.1425
https://dimasalang.weebly.com/ra-1425.html
https://prezi.com/4e9ilekkl8zl/ra-1425/
https://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/rzpoem1.htm
http://cbcponline.net/statement-of-the-philippine-hierarchy-on-the-novels-of-dr-jose-rizal/
https://dimasalang.weebly.com/ra-1425.html
Document 1.1.
Decree of Emelio G. Aguinaldo 1898

9
In recognition of the aspirations of the Filipino nation and in proclaiming its noble and patriotic
sentiments, I hereby decree.
Article 1. In memory of the Filipino patriots, Dr. Jose Rizal and the other victims of the past
Spanish domination, I declare the 30th of December as a national day of mourning.
Article 2. On account of this, all national flags shall be hoisted at half-mast from 12:00 noon on
December 29, as a sign of mourning.
Article 3. All offices of the Revolutionary Government shall be closed during the whole day of
December 30.
Given in Malolos, December 20,1898

Signed) Emilio Aguinaldo
Declaration of Rizal as a national hero by Pres. Aguinaldo of the First Philippine Republic (1898)
Document 1.2.
THE RIZAL LAW
a) The Rizal Law is about implementing rules to educate people about the Life, Works, and Writings of
our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, especially his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. This is
to give the students and the future generations an ample background and for them to understand
about how Jose Rizal hands over his life for our country.
B) REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE
RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
c) WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication
to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose
Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped
the national character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the
youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation
by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic
conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and
universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation
shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith
measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and
printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days
from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a
disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall
promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision
contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take
effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.
10
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their
libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in
English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for
required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrolment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause
them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok
organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine
hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious
doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated
out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes
of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
HISTORY
Senate bill 438 known as Rizal Bill which was first authored by Senator Claro M. Recto – requiring the
inclusion in the curricula of all private and public schools, colleges and universities the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo – is considered as
one of the most controversial bills in the Philippines. Normally, before the bill was approved and
implemented in all schools and was signed into a law known as Republic Act 1425, it had been brought
to the Upper and Lower House of the Congress for deliberations. But what made it controversial is that
the bill was not just fiercely opposed by people from Legislative Arm but also by the Catholic Church
due to the inclusion of compulsory reading of Rizal’s novels in which according to them, catholic
dogmas are humiliated.
Senator Recto brought the bill to the Senate and Senator Jose B. Laurel Sr. who was then the Chairman
of the Committee on Education sponsored the bill that consequently led to exchange of arguments
from the Congress. The bill was headedly opposed by three senators namely Senator Francisco Rodrigo
who was a former Catholic Action President, Senator Mariano Cuenco and Senator Decoroso Rosales
who was the brother of Julio Rosales, an archbishop. Other oppositors were from Lower House namely
Congressmen Ramon Durano, Marciano Lim, Jose Nuguid, Manuel Soza, Godofredo Ramos, Miguel
Cuenco, Lucas Paredes, Congressmen Carmen Consing and Tecia San Andres Ziga. The Catholic Church
was indirectly included in the debates and played a major role for the intervention of signing of the bill
into a law. Allied with the church in battle against Rizal Bill were the Holy Name Society of the
Philippines, Catholic Action of the Philippines, Legion of Mary, Knights of Columbus and Daughters of
Isabela.
Oppositions argued that the bill would go against freedom of conscience and religion, The Catholic
Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) submitted a pastoral letter to which according, and Rizal
violated Canon Law 1399 which forbids or bans books that attack or ridicule the catholic doctrine and
practices. Oppositors argued that among the 333 pages of Noli Me Tangere, only 25 passages are
nationalistic while 120 passages are anti-catholic. While upon scrutiny of thetwo novels by some
members of catholic hierarchical, 170 passages in Noli Me Tangere and 50 in El Filibusterismo are
against catholic faith. Furthermore, oppositors pointed out that Rizal admitted that he did not only
attack the friars who acted deceptively on the Filipinos but also the catholic faith itself. They suggested
11
a reading material for students as to what they called Rizalian Anthology, a collection of Rizal’s literary
works that contain the patriotic philosophy excluding the two novels.
Of course, Recto and Laurel defended the bill and argued that the only objective of the bill is to keep
the memory of the national hero alive in every Filipino’s mind, to emanate Rizal as he peacefully fought
for freedom, and not to go against religion. Senators Lorenso Tanada, Quintin Paredes and Domocao
Alonto of Mindanao also defended Rizal Bill which was also favored by Representatives from the House
namely Congressmen Jacobo Gonzales, Emilio Cortez, Mario Bengson, Joaquin Roxas, Lancap
Lagumbay and Pedro Lopez. Other supporters of the bill were Mayor Arsenio Lacson call anti-rizal bill
“bigoted and intolerant” and walked out of a mass when the priest read a pastoral letter from the
Archbishop denouncing the Rizal Bill and General Emilio Aguinaldo with groups like the Knights of
Rizal, Women Writers of the Vernacular, Philippine Veterans Legion, College Editors’ Guild and
Philippine School Teachers’ Association.
Excitement and intense scenes were eventually arisen in settling the Rizal Bill. One of which was the
debate of Cebu Representative Ramon Durano and Pampanga Representative Emilio Cortes that ended
with a fistfight in Congress. Bacolod City Bishop Manuel Yap threatened to campaign against pro-Rizal
bill legislators and to punish them in future elections. Catholic Schools Representatives threatened to
close down their schools if the Rizal Bill was passed. Recto told them that if they did, the State could
nationalize the catholic schools. When there was a proposal to use the expurgated novels as textbooks
and put the original copies under lock and key in the school libraries, Recto rejected this amendment
and expressed:
“The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools…would bot out from our minds
the memory of the national hero…this is not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal…now that
Rizal is dead and they can no longer attempt at his life, they are attempting to blot out his memory.”
Due to apparently never-ending debate on the Rizal Bill, approved amendments were formulated
through ideas of three senators. Senator Laurel’ created an amendment to the original bill in which,
other that Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, works written by Rizal and works written by others
about Rizal would be included and reading of the unexpurgated revision of the two novels would no
longer be compulsory to elementary and secondary levels but would be strictly observed to college
level. Senator Lim suggested the exemption to those students who feel that reading Rizal’s novels
would negatively affect his or her faith. Senator Primicias created an additional amendment that
promulgates the rules and regulations in getting an exemption only from reading the two novels
through written statement or affidavit and not from taking the Rizal Course. According to historian
Ambeth Ocampo, no student has ever availed of this exemption. After the revised amendments, the bill
was finally passed on May 17, 1956 and was signed into law as Republic Act 1425 by President Ramon
Magsaysay on June 12 of the same year.
Document 1.3.
EXCERPTS FROM THE STATEMENT OF THE CATHOLIC PHILIPPINE HIERARCHY ON THE NOVELS
OF DR. JOSE RIZAL: 1956
We present these to all Filipinos, especially to the law-giving bodies of our Government, for calm study
and fair consideration. They are Our expression of the Catholic stand concerning the novels of Dr. Jose
Rizal, NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO:
I. We, the Catholic Philippine Hierarchy, in Our name and in the name of millions of faithful Filipino
Catholics, wish on this occasion to restate our unshakable loyalty to our fatherland, as well as to the
lawfully constituted authorities of the country.
Faithful Catholics wish to be second to none in love and veneration for our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal,
whose patriotism remains for us a noble inspiration.
III. We assert that he is our greatest patriot and our greatest national hero, not however for what one
day he wrote against our religion and which at the end he retracted “with all his heart”, but for what he
did on behalf of the welfare of our country.
12
IV. The novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were doubtlessly written as an expression of
Rizal’s ardent and generous love for our dear Philippines, and there are many beautiful passages in
them showing this; and we are in favor of propagating these passages and encouraging our young
generation to read and learn them.
V. But unfortunately these novels were written when Dr. Jose Rizal, estranged for a time from our faith
and religion, did contradict many of our Christian beliefs.
VI. This in no way implies that we must reject him in order to remain loyal to our faith. It only means
that we have to imitate him precisely in what he did when he was about to crown the whole work of his
life by sealing it with his blood: we ought to withdraw, as he courageously did in the hour of his
supreme sacrifice, “whatever in his works, writings, publications and conduct had been contrary to his
status as a son of the Catholic Church.” A dying person’s last will is sacred. Taking into account Rizal’s
last will, we must carry out for him what death prevented him from doing, namely, the withdrawal of all
his statements against the Catholic faith.
VII. It is our conviction that to disregard our national hero’s last will expressed in his Retraction as well
as his Last Farewell, is, far from revering his memory, bringing it into contempt.
VIII. It is true, as the Explanatory Note to the proposed Bill No. 438 – 3rd C.R.P. says that “to praise Rizal
without taking the trouble to study that which elicits our praises is to be hypocritical”. Hence we
suggest that a Rizalian Anthology be prepared where all the patriotic passages and the social political
philosophy of Rizal not only from these two novels but from all the rest of his writings, letters, poems
and speechesbe compiled. It is not only in the two novels but also in his other writings are the patriotic
teachings of Rizal to be found. In order to compile an Anthology of the kind we suggest, we have
already organized a committee which is making the necessary studies.
IX. Our objection then to the Bill proposed is not an objection against our national hero or against the
imparting of patriotic education to our Children.
X. Our Constitution (Art. 3, Section 1 (7) guarantees the free exercise of religion. The Supreme Court of
the United States has decided that the American school children belonging to a certain sect cannot be
compelled to salute the American flag because said act is offensive to their religious belief. (West
Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319, U.S. 624). On this basis, We believe that to compel
Catholic students to read a book which contain passages contradicting their faith constitutes a violation
of a Philippine constitutional provision.
XI. We, the Catholic Philippine Hierarchy maintain that these novels do contain teachings contrary to
our faith and so, We are opposed to the proposed compulsory reading in their entirety of such books in
any school in the Philippines where Catholic students may be affected. We cannot permit the eternal
salvation of immortal souls, souls for which We are answerable before the throne of Divine Justice, to
be compromised for the sake of any human good, no matter how great it may appear to be. “For what
does it profit a man, if he gains the whole world, but suffer the loss of his own soul?”18
Given this 21st day of April in the year of Our Lord, 1956. Manila, Philippines
For the Philippine Hierarchy:
(Sgd.)+RUFINO J. SANTOS, D.D.
Archbishop of Manila
President, Administrative Council
CWO
Document 1.4.
To The Philippine Youth

By Dr. José Rizal
(English version of “A La Juventud Filipina”)
Hold high the brow serene, Of your grace be seen,

O youth, where now you stand; Fair hope of my fatherland!
Let the bright sheen Come now, thou genius grand,
And bring down inspiration;
13
With thy mighty hand, Thou, who now wouldst rise

Swifter than the wind's violation, On wings of rich emprise,
Raise the eager mind to higher station. Seeking from Olympian skies
Come down with pleasing light Songs of sweetest strain,
Of art and science to the fight, Softer than ambrosial rain;
O youth, and there untie Thou, whose voice divine
The chains that heavy lie, Rivals Philomel's refrain
Your spirit free to blight. And with varied line
See how in flaming zone Through the night benign
Amid the shadows thrown, Frees mortality from pain;
The Spaniard'a holy hand
A crown's resplendent band
Proffers to this Indian land.
II. MODULE 2
OBJECTIVES:
 The student will be able to weigh up the link between the individual and society.
 Appraise the link between the individual and society
 Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes the occurred in the 19 th
century.
 Understand Rizal in the context of his times
 Analyze 300 plus years of Spanish control; why and how did it happened?
 Examine/reexamine the different breed of political patronage in the Philippines.
TOPIC: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT
MATERIALS:
II.1 Summary Of Spanish Colonization Of The Philippines
II.2 The nineteenth Century As A Century Of Change
II.3 Video/Printed Synopsis: Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?
II.4 Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Read and reflect the documents belonging to the following topics. Also include viewing the
recommended videos on this topic.
1. 2.1. Doc. The Summary Of Spanish Colonization Of The Philippines
2. 2.2. Doc.The nineteenth Century As A Century Of Change
3. 2.3. View the video or read the synopsis of GANITO KAMI NOON, PAANO KAYO NGAYON?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganito_Kami_Noon,_Paano_Kayo_Ngayon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XObgYHOrlBs/guerrerodos tuloyanglaban
Questions to answer:
1. Isa ka bang Tunay na Filipino? Patunayan mo.

2. Ano ang iyong batayan o panuntunan sa isang tunay na Filipino? Ipaliwanag mo.
3. Ano sa palagay mo ang pinaka-una at pinakamahagang hakbang upang makamit ang tunay na
kalayaan?
Activity 2:
Watch or View to more videos. After watching or viewing the videos, go back and review the responses
or answers that you've given in the short essays. Check whether your responses or answers are accurate
or not. If not, then make it accurate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8ZCS3CYimQ/PanunmpangWatawat
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnNEmq-cP4A/Whowasthefirstfilipinoinhistory
1. Sapat ba ang binigay mong tugon na ikaw ay tunay na Filipino?

2. Sapat ba ang batayan o panuntunan na binigay mo para sa isang tunay na Filipino?
3. Sapat ba ang tinugon mo sa pinakaunang hakbang para makamit ang tunay na kalayan?
14
ASSESSMENT:
See: Update the Political Patronage Practices in the Philippines
Judge:
 Are those Political Patronage practices democratic or domineering?
 Are those practices expressive of good governance?
Act: What the Filipinos must necessary do?
REFERENCES:
Lincoln, Abraham. Gettysburg’s Address.https//en.wikipedia.org
https//historynet.com/Gettysburg-address-text
Patronage Politics in the Philippines: The Case of the Province of La Union ...
https://julienlabonne.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/ppcrv_042015_web.pdf.Political
https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/foreign-trade
http://www.intracen.org/BB-2012-04-16-WTO-Trade-Policy-Review-The-Philippines/
Philippine lawmakers file Anti-POGO Act in bid to ban offshore gaming industry by Newsdeskasgam.com
https://www.onenews.ph/retired-sc-justice-carpio-ready-to-challenge-new-anti-terror-act-calls-it-worse-than-
martial-law
https://theaseanpost.com/article/why-philippines-needs-anti-terror-bill
https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/The-Philippines-Anti-Terrorism-Act-of-2020-Five-things-to-know
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/05/philippines-new-anti-terrorism-act-endangers-rights
https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program
https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/philippines-in-the-19th-century/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganito_Kami_Noon,_Paano_Kayo_Ngayon
2.1.
SUMMARY OF SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually harassed by
Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu), by the Dutch and the English
who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally by the frequent revolts on the part of the
natives.
When European traders, in search for a new route to the Spice Islands, stumbled into the Philippine
archipelago in 1521, they found the people living in a comparatively high state of civilization. The
natives dwelt on houses made of bamboo and palm leaves, and were properly attired at all times. They
cultivated rice, which was their staple food, fished the extensive waters around them, and brewed many
kinds of drinks, which they were very fond of. The women’s position in society was high; tribal laws and
customs recognized her equality with the men in many respects. The people practiced monogamy in
general. Codes of law governed their conduct. Punishments with varying degrees of severity were
meted out to culprits whose offenses were tried in public courts presided over by the chiefs.
Several languages were spoken, then, as now, although there was one common alphabet called
babaying, which resembled the ancient alphabet of India. Spanish historians, writing about the early
Filipinos, affirmed that there was hardly a man or woman who could not read and write. There was oral
and written literature.
Such was the state of culture of the Filipinos when Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines at
the head of a Spanish expedition searching for the Spice Islands in 1521. Magellan never completed the
journey himself; he was killed in an encounter with natives after having claimed the Philippines for
Spain.
The actual work of colonization began in 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi concluded treaties of
friendship with the native chiefs. Then he proceeded to establish a Spanish town on Cebu Island, to
convert the people to Roman Catholicism.
Spain’s foremost aim in the Philippines was to spread their religion. For this purpose thousands of
Catholic missionaries belonging to various orders came to the Philippines. The contribution of this
mission work toward the advancement of education, culture, and architecture in general was
enormous, although in later years the friars came to be considered as the opponents of the
enlightenment of the people. It was also at this point when the Spanish missionaries tried to eliminate
the ancient written literature of the Filipinos. Because of the destruction of ancient writings, in their
eagerness to erase the previous cultural records of the Philippines, only the orally transmitted literature
has survived.
Starting on a clean slate, it can be said that the missionaries encouraged the growth of literature, art,
science, and industry. The religious orders established schools and colleges, founded libraries and
museums, and set up printing presses. They also built hospitals, asylums, and orphanages to take care
of the sick and needy (including the unwanted babies sired by friars).
15
But Spain’s biggest legacy to the Philippines is Roman Catholism, which the people embraced readily
from the beginning. The missionary zeal to make the country an outpost of the Catholicism in spite of
the fact that (even with unsparing exploitation), the Philippines was a financial liability as a colony.
Whether this is true or not, historians seem to agree that the cross, rather than the sword, conquered
the Filipinos.
The colorful rituals and numerous holidays of the Catholic Church gave rise to many folk traditions.
The fiesta, or religious festival, for example, quickly became the chief occasion for the folk to gather
and perform songs and dances. Each town was assigned a patron saint on whose birthday the festival
was held. The folk have come to associate the occasion with gay colors, brass bands, and general
merrymaking. It was during these feasts, too, that the peasants indulged in such pastimes as drinking
palm wine and cock-fighting.
With the rising influence of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, there began a contention for
power between the religious and civil authorities, which proved harmful to the Filipinos. Each camp
accused the other of oppressing the people. In the conflict, the progress of the nation was retarded,
because the Spaniards spent much time and energy in quarreling among themselves instead of
governing.
One chief source of abuse, the encomienda system, was not abolished until the end of the 18th
century. By this system, pieces of territory, with their inhabitants and resources, were granted by the
Spanish king to the colonizers as a reward for services to the Crown. The encomenderos ruled like the
feudal lords of Medieval Europe, and exploited their territories to the limit. They abused, overtaxed,
cheated, and practically enslaved the Filipinos. The few priests who tried to defend the people were
helpless, and the elaborate laws framed to protect the subjects were openly flouted.
Even after the encomienda system was abolished, corrupt Spanish officials continued to exploit the
people, who still had to render forced labor and pay heavy tribute. The feudal economy remained, with
land concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and the Church itself. Attempts at reform by
sympathetic Spanish officials were quickly put down by influential personages who had their own
interests to protect. With the growth of the country’s population, poverty was widespread among the
masses; mendicancy, unknown before the coming of the Spaniards was common. The beggar by the
church gate or the frequented street corner, and the blind mendicant begging from house to house
became familiar sights.
The Spaniards ruled the Philippines for 300 years under these conditions, continually harassed by
Chinese pirates, by the Moros (Mohammedans from Mindanao and Sulu), by the Dutch and the English
who wanted to take possession of the Islands, and finally by the frequent revolts on the part of the
natives.
Reflection:
The Spaniards conquered the Philippines for 333 years. No unity, no proper government, divided
tribes. Those are some reasons on why the Spanish easily conquered our land. Results of these are, we
adapted their culture, traditions, and even their languages which we used until today. The Spanish took
advantage of the already divided up people in the Philippines and easily dominated by them. When
a Filipino tribe was planning to have a revolution, the Spanish would send another group of Filipino
tribes to conquer their fellow Filipinos, which results of creating a stronger sense of division.
If the Spaniards did not colonize our country, we can’t have our religion today, the Christianity. We all
know that they were the one who presented our today’s religion even they forced the Filipinos before,
but still we adapted it and devoted with our strong faith. Due to their power (the Spaniards), they
became abusive to the Indios which they discriminated in their own land. This results to the revolution
of the Filipinos. The Spanish showed how advanced and strong they are in terms of technologies and
how to handle a war.
2.3.
PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Social Structure
The Filipinos in the 19th century had suffered from feudalistic and master slave relationship by the
Spaniards. Their social structure is ranked into three groups:
Highest class – the people that belong in this class include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars.
They have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. They enjoyed their positions and do what
they want.
→The Spanish officials
→The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in Spain). They held the most important government
jobs, and made up the smallest number of the population.
→The Friars are members of any of certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant
orders (Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans).
16
Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos.
→ Natives – the pure Filipinos
→The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese ancestry.
Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.
→The Indios are the poor people having pure blood Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards.
Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System
The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave. The
Spaniards claimed their taxes and they worked under the power of the Spaniards. Sources of Abuses in
the Administrative System:
 There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without dedication of duty and
moral strength to resist corruption for material advancement. Through the power and authority
the Spaniards possess, they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos.
1. There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church and the state.
2. Manner of obtaining the position.
Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they had the right to appoint the different
positions. The appointment of positions is obtained by the highest bidder which is the Governor-
general of the country.
3. Term of office
Term of office or term in office is the length of time a person (usually a politician) serves in a
particular office is dependent on the desire of the King of the country.
4. Distance of the colony
The Spanish officials travelled to various places and the needs of the Philippines were ignored.
They did not put too much attention to the needs of the other people. There were inadequate
administrative supervisions, they were unable to face and solve the problems regarding to the
Philippines. There were also overlapping of powers and privileges of officials which made them
competitive.
5. Personal interest over the welfare of the State
6. They were corrupt during the 19 th century and the Alcaldias/Alcalde is considered as the most
corrupt over the other corrupts. The Alcaldias/Alcalde includes the administrators, judges and
military commandants. They usually have P25/mo liberal allowances and privileges to take a
certain percentage of money from the total amount of taxes. There were also monopoly trades
or business practices known as indulto para comerciar.
Educational System
There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in the late 19th
century. Below are the following:
7. Overemphasis on religious matters
The power of religious orders remained one of the great constants, over the centuries, of Spanish
colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders conducted many of the
executive and control functions of government on the local level. They were responsible for education
and health measures. These missionaries emphasized the teachings of the Catholic religion starting
from the primary level to the tertiary level of education.
1. Obsolete teaching methods

Their methods are out-dated.
2. Limited curriculum
17
The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the reading of Spanish
books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and Mathematics were not very much taught to the
students even in the universities. Aside from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also taught to
the students instead of Spanish.
3. Poor classroom facilities

4. Absence of teaching materials
5. Primary education was neglected
6. Absence of academic freedom
The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system was extended to the schools that
Spaniards established in the Philippines. Learning in every level was largely by rote. Students
memorized and repeated the contents of book which they did not understand. In most cases
knowledge was measured in the ability of the students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual
progress.
7. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning
In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to Spanish students. The
supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain in the Philippines as colonizers. For this
reason, the Filipinos became followers to the Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos
became cronies, to the extent that even their life styles were patterned from the Spaniards.
8. Friar control over the system
The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times. They owned different
schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary levels of education. The missionaries took charge
in teaching, controlling and maintaining the rules and regulations imposed to the students.
Economic Development and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism
The country was opened to foreign trade at the end of the 18th century which resulted in the rapid rise
of foreign firms in Manila. This stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice hemp and
tobacco. The number of families which prospered from foreign commerce and trade were able to send
their sons for an education in Europe. Filipinos who were educated abroad were able to absorb the
intellectual development in Europe.
Factors Contributed to the Development of Filipino Nationalism:
9. Opening of the Philippines to International Trade and the Rise of the Middle Class
Manila was opened to foreign trade which brought prosperity to the Filipinos and Chinese mestizo
resulting to the existence of middle class.
 Influx of European Liberalism
Ideas of the enlightened philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rosseau, masonry and the
French Revolution reached the Philippines.
Liberty, religious freedom, democracy, human rights such as suffrage, freedom of speech, press and
form associations and assemblies.
 Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869
Connects Mediterranean and red sea; shortened distance between Europe and Orient
Results: (a) Philippines became closer to Europe and Spain (b) encouraged European travelers to
come to our country (c) exodus of literal ideas from Europe to the Philippines (d) more educated and
young Filipinos were able to study abroad
 Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the Liberal Regime of Carlos Maria Dela Torre(1869-1871)
Glorious September Revolution of 1868: Queen Isabela II was overthrown resulting to the rise of
liberalism in Spain. Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano appointed dela Torre as the governor-
18
general in the Philippines (true democrat). Most liberal governor-general walked the streets in
civilian clothes and dismissed his alabaderos (halberdiers) – the governor’s security guards – and
went unescorted.
 Accomplishments:
(1) Abolished censorship of the press and allowed unlimited discussions of political problems and
proclaimed freedom of speech
(2) Abolished flogging as a punishment
(3) Curtailed abuses particularly the tribute and the polo
(4) Allowed secular priests to be assigned to vacant parishes or seminaries and created an office which
would prevent abuses by members of the regular religious orders
(5) Reformed the Royal Audiencia to bring about speedier administration of justice
(6) Decreed educational reforms, ordered the setting up of medical, pharmacy, and vocational schools
(7) Created the Council of the Philippines on December 4, 1870 which was a consultative body to study
Philippine problems and propose solutions to them.
 Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Execution of GomBurZa
(February 17, 1872)
Monarchy was restored in Spain (Prince Amadeo of Savoy, son of Victor Emmanuel I) ascended the
throne in 1870.
April 4, 1871: Isquierdo became the governor-general; “with crucifix in one hand and a sword in the
other” restored press censorship (b) prohibited all talk on political matters and secularization of the
parishes (c) disapproved the establishment of arts and trades in Manila (d) dismissed natives and
mestizos in the civil and military service.
→Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)
About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Fort San Felipe mutinied, under the leadership of Sgt La
Madrid; caused by Izquierdo’s abolition of the exemption of the Filipino workers from polo and paying
tributes; mutineers were able to kill the fort commander and some soldiers; mutiny leaders and
participants were arrested and shot to death
→GomBurZa (fought for the Filipinization of parishes and champions of liberalism and
humanitarianism)
They were charged of sedition and rebellion due to the false testimony of Francisco Zaldua (former
Bicolano soldier and was bribed by the Spanish prosecutors to implicate them as the masterminds of
the mutiny). Military Court: three priests guilty and sentenced them to die by garrote.
 Originally, Rizal’s plan was to take up priesthood and become a Jesuit father. When he heard of
the martyrdom of GomBurZa, he changed his mind and swore to dedicate his life to vindicate the
victims of Spanish oppression.
Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century
Known also as the;
 Century of age
 Age of enlightenment
 Paradise of consciousness, man conscientiously thinking and acting pro-evolution
It reached and culminated in France Revolution 1789.
Monarchy was toppled as well as establishment of a Republic.
Liberal ideas that had thundered across Europe are:
 Freedom
 Liberty and equality and;
 the belief in the sovereignty of the people in determining government
19
 Government is Democratic government (“A democratic government is a government of the

people, by the people and for the people.”-President Abraham Lincoln
Case Analysis: Seeing the past in the Present
Step 1-See
The Government of the Republic of the Philippines: Sovereignty of the people in determining
government
Is it consistent and coherently performed?
Step 2- Judge
As performed, the three prepositions “of the people, by the people, for the people” seemed to be
different.
Of becomes off
By becomes buy
For becomes poor
Some proofs:
1. Maria Rizza, the CEO of Rappler Philippines was arrested because of Freedom of Information (FOI)
2. BUILD, BUILD, BUILD PROJECT
3. Train Law
4. Debt Trap
5. ABS-CBN was stopped
6. Anti-Terrorism Law
7. Vote buying
Step 3-Action/Resolution
Condition in the Philippines in the 19th Century
Case Analysis (Seeing the Past in the Present)
Step 1-See
Colonial Order/Political System
 Political Patronage
 Partisan loyalty
 Reward or favor given to those who help them win and maintain the office or status quo.
 Nepotism /Political Dynasty/Cronyism
 Granting of favor to relatives and friends
 Appointments of friends and associate to position of authority without regard to their
qualifications
 Backer system
 Bata-bata system
Consequences:
 Corruption
 Graft
 Embezzlement
 Usury
 Backdoor deals
 Misrepresentation
 Tom Jones/Taman June
 Ghost /15-30 Employees
This explains why Spain controlled the Philippines for more than 300 plus years.
Spain controlled the native Filipinos through their native leaders at the field.
20
They were the recipients and the same time the promoters of colonial order/political System
Step 2-Judge
We were corrupted by such Political System for a very long time already.
Political Patronage tends to become a perfected Colonial Order.
Rizal described it as a Social Cancer.
Conditions in Asia in the 19th Century
CONQUEST
 Europe penetrated Asia

 Alliances(European Superpowers of the Century)
 Spain and Portugal
 Great Britain and France
 Great Britain Colonized Hong Kong (Part of China)
 Great Britain defeated China in two wars (Opium and Arrow wars)
 Great Britain and France opened China to Foreigners
 Great Britain crowning colonies
 India 1858
 Malaysia (Sepoy Mutiny)1857
 America forced Japan’s opening
 Indo-China protectors of Japan
 Filipino Troops took part in the conquest of Indo-China for France-an ally of Spain
Case Analysis (See the Past in the Present)
Step 1-See
China’s activity in the West Philippine Sea (Philippine Area of Responsibility)
Step 2-Judge
 Inform the world that China (the sleeping giant) has been awakened.
 Let the Philippines pay for what it did; taking part in the conquest of Indo-China
 Modern way of doing conquest
Step 3-Action/Resolution
 Diplomatic OPTION
 Befriend China
2.3.
GANITO KAMI NOON, PAANO KAYO NGAYON REFLECTION
Synopsis
Nicolas "Kulas" Ocampo (Christopher de Leon), a young indio, lost his house to a fire due to its
abandonment. He was forced to leave the countryside in search of a temporary refuge and then, he
finds a priest named Padre Gil Corcuera (E.A. Rocha) who is hiding from a gang of bandits. They get to
know each other, but Kulas ends up being whipped by the friars when Padre Corcuera told them that he
was abducted by Kulas. Eventually, Padre Gil forgave him and he asked Kulas to take care of his
illegitimate child Bindoy (Dranreb Belleza) in Manila. On their way to the city, Kulas and Bindoy meet a
group of traveling actors' troupe. Kulas falls in love with its group leader Matilde "Diding" Diaz ( Gloria
Diaz). But he was not given the opportunity to express his love as well as he should have been in the city
for the boy and had to act as the group moved forward.
With the boy in tow, Kulas arrived in Manila by boat. He was guided by Lim (Tsing Tong Tsai), a Chinese
trader he encountered on the way, he was in the city. Kulas went astray after he transporting the boy to
the destination, until he meets Diding again, who is married to a Spanish mestizo, Don Tibor (Eddie
Garcia).
Another misfortune happened to Kulas when the Spanish soldiers mistakenly thought he was a robber.
He was jailed but escaped with the help of a fellow prisoner, Onofre 'Kidlat' Biltao (Johnny Vicar), who
was a swarm, before being sentenced to death. Meanwhile, Manila is in the midst of turmoil because of
21
the arrival of Americans. The Spanish government collapsed, and Kulas decided to see Diding for the
last time. After a brief encounter with her, Kulas left, sharing his future and his identity as a Filipino.
III. MODULE 3
OBJECTIVE:
 The students will contemplate on character strengths development.
 Explore Rizal’s family, childhood, and early education
 Ascertain or contradict the interplay of NATURE AND NURTURE [REARING] was successful in
Rizal’s becoming a fully functioning person.
TOPIC: RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION/Rizal’s Nature and Nurture
MATERIALS:
III.1 Doc 1-A Tribute To My Town.
III.2 Doc 2- Sa Aking Mga Kabata
III.3 Doc 3 -“The Moth before the Flame”.
III.4 Writing pen/ pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Carefully read 3.1.Doc 1 -A Tribute to My Town.
Aid Questions:
 Identify which of the Four Core Filipino Values was Rizal elaborating in this particular poem?
 From those experiences, specify some of the skills or character strengths that Rizal was able
to develop in him.
 Do you think “Filipinos” must also necessarily develop such skills and character strengths in
order to prosper? Why?
Activity 2
Carefully read 3.2. Doc 2- Sa Aking Mga Kabata
Aid Questions:
 Ang salita o wika ay banal dahil ito ay kaloob ng langit. Magbigay ng sampung (10) paraan
kung paano mo gawing banal ang iyong mga salita o wika.
 Paano mapapatunayan na ang iyong wika o salita ay may pagmamahal?
 Paki Paliwanag kung ano ang mapagpalayang salita o wika.
Activity 3
Carefully read 3.3.Doc 3 -“The Moth before the Flame”.
Aid Question:
1. What is the moral lesson of the story of the moth?
ASSESSMENT
 Isipin mo na ang batang Rizal ay nabubuhay sa kapanahunan mo ngayon. Ano ang mga
mahahalagang bagay, aral o turo ang ituturo mo kay Rizal? Pwede mong isulat ang mga
bagay, aral, o turo sa pamagitan ng maikli pero matalas na kasabihan na ikaw ang may gawa.
Magsulat lamang ng Sampu.
REFERENCES
Balbin, Alfonso and company. Engaging Jose Rizal. 2018. chap. 3, pgs. 39-43.
https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/589638/what-was-the-moral-story-of-moth
https://prezi.com/bxl9rp4g-n8a/the-moth-and-the-lamp/
https://muscarilane.com/2015/05/18/the-story-of-the-moth-inspired-by-jose-rizals-original/
https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/a-tribute-to-my-town/
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2018/03/interpretation-memories-of-my-town.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_Aking_Mga_Kabata
https://www.tagaloglang.com/sa-aking-mga-kababata-jose-rizal/
https://www.slideshare.net/drhedsky0830/sa-aking-mga-kabata
22
https://www.poemhunter.com/poem/a-tribute-to-my-town/
http://www.joserizal.ph/pm18.html
https://pambansangbayani.tumblr.com/moth
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/12/on-story-of-moth.html
3.1.
A Tribute to My Town
When I remember the days

that saw my early childhood
spent on the green shores
of a murmurous lagoon;
when I remember the coolness,
delicious and refreshing,
that on my face I felt
as I heard Favonius croon;
when I behold the white lily

swell to the wind’s impulsion,
and that tempestuous element
meekly asleep on the sand;
when I inhale the dear
intoxicating essence
the flowers exude when dawn
is smiling on the land;
sadly, sadly I recall

your visage, precious childhood,
which an affectionate mother
made beautiful and bright;
I recall a simple town,
my comfort, joy and cradle,
beside a balmy lake,
the seat of my delight.
Ah, yes, my awkward foot

explored your somber woodlands,
and on the banks of your rivers
in frolic I took part.
I prayed in your rustic temple,
a child, with a child’s devotion;
and your unsullied breeze
exhilarated my heart.
The Creator I saw in the grandeur

of your age-old forests;
upon your bosom, sorrows
were ever unknown to me;
while at your azure skies
I gazed, neither love nor tenderness
failed me, for in nature
lay my felicity.
Tender childhood, beautiful town,

rich fountain of rejoicing
and of harmonious music
that drove away all pain:
return to this heart of mine,
return my gracious hours,
return as the birds return
when flowers spring again!
But O goodbye! May the Spirit

of Good, a loving gift-giver,
keep watch eternally over
23
your peace, your joy, your sleep!

For you, my fervent prayers;
for you, my constant desire
to learn; and I pray heaven
your innocence to keep!
3.2.
Sa Aking mga Kabata
Unang Tula ni Rizal. Sa edad 8, isunulat ni Rizal ang una niyang tula ng isinulat sa katutubong wika at
pinamagatang "SA AKING MGA KABATA".
Kapagka ang baya’y sadyang umiibig

Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit
Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi
Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid

Pagka’t ang salita’y isang kahatulan
Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian
At ang isang tao’y katulad, kabagay

Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda
Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa

Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala
Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,
Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel,

Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin.
Ang salita nati’y tulad din sa iba
Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,

Na kaya nawala’y dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
3.3.
The Moth and Rizal
Rizal’s Mother, Teodora Alonzo, was the first teacher of Rizal who taught him to read and write. Most
times, when Rizal got tired reading, Teodora Alonzo was the one reads a story to Rizal while Rizal is
listening. They use a lamp most of the time to provide light while reading. One night, seeing that Rizal
is tired her mother started to read a story. The story goes like this:
Mayroon daw dalawang ga gamugamo, isang matanda at isang bata. Maibigin silang maglaro sa tabi ng
ilaw na kandila. Isang gabi ang batang gamugamo ay lumipad nang lubhang malapit sa ningas ng kandila.
“Mag-ingat ka!” ang tawag ng matandang gamugamo. “Baka masunog ang pakpak mo ay hindi ka na
makalipad.”
“Hindi ako natatakot,” ang mayabang na sagot ng batang gamugamo. At nagpatuloy siya ng palipad sa
paligid-ligid ng magandang ningas. Minsan, sa kanyang paglipad ay nadikit sa ningas ang kanyang pakpak
at siya ay nalaglag sa mesa.
“Sinabi ko na nga ba sa iyo,” ang sabi ng matandang gamugamo. “Ngayon ay hindi ka na makalilipad na
muli. Samantalang nakikinig si Rizal sa kwento nalilibang naman siya sa maliliit na gamugamong
naglalaro sa kanilang ilaw. Napansin nya ang malaking hangad ng maliliit na kulisap na makalapit sa ilaw
sa paghanap ng liwanag kahit mapanganib. At nang masunog ang pakpak at malaglag sa mesa ang
batang gamugamo sa kwento ay siya ring pagkasunog ng pakpak at pagkalaglag ng isang tunay na
gamugamo sa langis ng tinghoy.
Rizal was too focused on watching the moth in the flame that he didn’t notice that her mother was
done reading the story. Then there’s one thing that he learned that is very important in history since it
helped mold Rizal to becoming a hero for our nation. He never thought that a moth could give him a
lesson that he would carry forever.
24
“Ang mga gamugamo pala ay hindi natatakot mamatay sa paghanap ng liwanag.”

That lesson struck Rizal until he grew older. Hindi siya tumigil na hanapin ang liwanag para iligtas ang
bansang Pilipinas na kahit ito ay kanyang ikamatay. Ang maliit na kulisap ay parang si Rizal, hindi siya
natakot lumapit sa liwanag kahit na marami pang banta o balakid ang naroroon, kahit pa ito’y ikamatay
niya.
Naging matigas man ang ulo ni Rizal sa di pagsunod sa pangaral ng kanyang ina na:
“Huwag mong paparisan ang ginawa ng batang gamugamo. Makikinig ka sa pangaral upang ikaw ay hindi
mapahamak.”
Ngunit, ito naman ang nagturo kay Rizal upang maging matapang sa pakikipaglaban para sa kanyang
inang bayan.
3.3
On The Story of the Moth
One night, all the family, except my mother and myself, went to bed early. Why, I do not know, but we
two remained sitting alone. The candles had already been put out. They had been blown out in their
globes by means of a curved tube of tin. That tube seemed to me the finest and most wonderful
plaything in the world. The room was dimly lighted by a single light of coconut oil. In all Filipino homes
such a light burns through the night. It goes out just at day-break to awaken people by its spluttering.
My mother was teaching me to read in a Spanish reader called "The Children's Friend" (El Amigo de los
Ninos). This was quite a rare book and an old copy. It had lost its cover and my sister had cleverly made
a new one. She had fastened a sheet of thick blue paper over the back and then covered it with a piece
of cloth.
This night my mother became impatient with hearing me read so poorly. I did not understand Spanish
and so I could not read with expression. She took the book from me. First she scolded me for drawing
funny pictures on its pages. Then she told me to listen and she began to read. When her sight was
good, she read very well. She could recite well, and she understood verse-making, too. Many times
during Christmas vacations, my mother corrected my poetical compositions, and she always made
valuable criticisms.
I listened to her, full of childish enthusiasm. I marvelled at the nice-sounding phrases which she read
from those same pages. The phrases she read so easily stopped me at every breath. Perhaps I grew
tired of listening to sounds that had no meaning for me. Perhaps I lacked self-control. Anyway, I paid
little attention to the reading. I was watching the cheerful flame. About it, some little moths were
circling in playful flights. By chance, too, I yawned. My mother soon noticed that I was not interested.
She stopped reading. Then she said to me: "I am going to read you a very pretty story. Now pay
attention."
On hearing the word 'story' I at once opened my eyes wide. The word 'story' promised something new
and wonderful. I watched my mother while she turned the leaves of the book, as if she were looking for
something. Then I settled down to listen. I was full of curiosity and wonder. I had never even dreamed
that there were stories in the old book which I read without understanding. My mother began to read
me the fable of the young moth and the old one. She translated it into Tagalog a little at a time.
My attention increased from the first sentence. I looked toward the light and fixed my gaze on the
moths which were circling around it. The story could not have been better timed. My mother repeated
the warning of the old moth. She dwelt upon it and directed it to me. I heard her, but it is a curious
thing that the light seemed to me each time more beautiful, the flame more attractive. I really envied
the fortune of the insects. They frolicked so joyously in its enchanting splendor that the ones which had
fallen and been drowned in the oil did not cause me any dread.
My mother kept on reading and I listened breathlessly. The fate of the two insects interested me
greatly. The flame rolled its golden tongue to one side and a moth which this movement had singed fell
into the oil, fluttered for a time and then became quiet. That became for me a great event. A curious
change came over me which I have always noticed in myself whenever anything has stirred my
feelings. The flame and the moth seemed to go further away and my mother's words sounded strange
and uncanny. I did not notice when she ended the fable. All my attention was fixed on the face of the
insect. I watched it with my whole soul... It had died a martyr to its illusions.
As she put me to bed, my mother said: "See that you do not behave like the young moth. Don't be
25
disobedient, or you may get burnt as it did." I do not know whether I answered or not... The story
revealed to me things until then unknown. Moths no longer were, for me, insignificant insects. Moths
talked; they know how to warn. They advised just like my mother. The light seemed to me more
beautiful. It had grown more dazzling and more attractive. I knew why the moths circled the flame.
IV. Module 4
OBJECTIVES:
 Explore Rizal’s views about education

 Highlight the importance of education
TOPIC: RIZAL AND EDUCATION
MATERIALS:
1.1. Doc 1-The Intimate Alliance Between Religion And Education (Allianza Intima Entre La Religion
Y La Educacion)
1.2. Doc 2-Education Gives Luster To Motherland (Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria)
1.3. Writing pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Read 4.1. Doc 1-The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Education (Allianza Intima Entre La
Religion Y La Educacion)
Read 4.2. Doc 2-Education Gives Luster To Motherland (Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria)
Aid questions:
1) What ideas about education were revealed by these documents?

2) How importantly did education play in Rizal’s life?
3) What is more important in giving education, content or method?
4) What is the role of the school, of teachers, and students, and of students in the pursuit of education?
5) In what way did Rizal criticize the country’s manner of imparting education during his time?
6) By what means do educational circumstances shape and change a person, particularly his ideas,
beliefs and values?
7) What recommendation you can make to improve the educational system today?
Activity 2
Hunt or exploration for quotes, short, sharp, saying interrelating education and religion.
ASSESSMENT
 Invent or discover your own model, style, method, and strategy/technique and use it in exposing the
interdependence of education and religion.
REFERENCES
Prezi.com/education
https://prezi.com/tuqy14rbxgpe/the-intimate-alliance-between-religion-and-good-education/#:~:text
https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Intimate-Alliance-Between-Religion-And-74438182.html
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2013/06/interpretation-education-gives-luster.html
https://www.slideshare.net/bevebs/through-education-our-motherland-receives-light-17058414
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/anagram-examples.html
https://allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com/lw-the-intimate-alliance-between-religion-and-good-education.html
http://rizalville.com/el-filibusterismo-chapter-13-summary
http://www.joserizal.ph/pm16.html
You Tube Video: Convert Your Ignorance Into a Superpower
26
4.1.
The Intimate Alliance between Religion and Good Education
As the climbing ivy over lefty elm

Creeps tortuously, together the adornment
Of the verdant plain, embellishing
Each other and together growing,
But should the kindly elm refuse its aid
The ivy would impotent and friendless wither
So is Education to Religion
By spiritual alliance bound
Through Religion, Education gains re known, and
Woe to the impious mind that blindly spurning
The sapient teachings of religion, this
Unpolluted fountain-head forsakes.
As the sprout, growing from the pompous vine,

Proudly offers us its honeyed clusters
While the generous and loving garment
Feeds its roots; so the fresh’ning waters
Of celestial virtue give new life
To Education true, shedding
On it warmth and light; because of them
The vine smells sweet and gives delicious fruit
Without Religion, Human Education

Is like unto a vessel struck by winds
Which, sore beset, is of its helm deprived
By the roaring blows and buffets of the dread
Tempestuous Boreas, who fiercely wields
His power until he proudly send her down
Into the deep abysses of then angered sea.
As the heaven’s dew the meadow feeds and strengthen

So that blooming flowers all the earth
Embroider in the days of spring; so also
If Religion holy nourishes
Education with its doctrine, she
Shall walk in joy and generosity
Toward the good, and everywhere bestrew
The fragrant and luxuriant fruits of virtue
4.2
Education Gives Luster to Motherland
Wise education, vital breathi

Inspires an enchanting virtue;
She puts the Country in the lofty seat
Of endless glory, of dazzling glow,
And just as the gentle aura's puff
Do brighten the perfumed flower's hue:
So education with a wise, guiding hand,
A benefactress, exalts the human band.
Man's placid repose and earthly life

To education he dedicates
Because of her, art and science are born
Man; and as from the high mount above
The pure rivulet flows, undulates,
So education beyond measure
Gives the Country tranquillity secure.
27
Where wise education raises a throne

Sprightly youth are invigorated,
Who with firm stand error they subdue
And with noble ideas are exalted;
It breaks immortality's neck,
Contemptible crime before it is halted:
It humbles barbarous nations
And it makes of savages champions.
And like the spring that nourishes
The plants, the bushes of the meads,
She goes on spilling her placid wealth,
And with kind eagerness she constantly feeds,
The river banks through which she slips,
And to beautiful nature all she concedes,
So whoever procures education wise
Until the height of honor may rise.
From her lips the waters crystalline

Gush forth without end, of divine virtue,
And prudent doctrines of her faith
The forces weak of evil subdue,
That break apart like the whitish waves
That lash upon the motionless shoreline:
And to climb the heavenly ways the people
Do learn with her noble example.
In the wretched human beings' breast

The living flame of good she lights
The hands of criminal fierce she ties,
And fill the faithful hearts with delights,
Which seeks her secrets beneficent
And in the love for the good her breast she incites,
And it's th' education noble and pure
Of human life the balsam sure.
And like a rock that rises with pride

In the middle of the turbulent waves
When hurricane and fierce Not us roar
She disregards their fury and raves,
That weary of the horror great
So frightened calmly off they stave;
Such is one by wise education steered
He holds the Country's reins unconquered.
His achievements on sapphires are engraved;
The Country pays him a thousand honors;
For in the noble breasts of her sons
Virtue transplanted luxuriant flow'rs;
And in the love of good ever disposed
Will see the lords and governors
The noble people with loyal venture
Christian education always procure.
And like the golden sun of the morn

Whose rays resplendent shedding gold,
And like fair aurora of gold and red
She overspreads her colors bold;
Such true education proudly gives
The pleasure of virtue to young and old
And she enlightens out Motherland dear
As she offers endless glow and luster.
Endnotes:
28
vital breath PRAYER The Lord’s Prayer in particular

enchanting virtue Galatians 5:22-23New International Version
22
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law.
She The Church is the Bride and Christ is the Bridegroom
And Jesus said to them, “While the bridegroom is with them, the attendants of the bridegroom cannot fast, can they? So long as they have the bridegroom with
them, they cannot fast. Mark 2:19
wise, guiding hand The hand of God through Christ, the Holy Spirit and His church.
high mount above You said in your heart, "I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of
assembly, on the utmost heights of Mount Zaphon. Isaiah 14:13
throne HAPPINESS, HOLINESS, SANCTIFICATION, FULLNESS OF LIFE
height of honor 26 Whoever serves me must follow me; and where I am, my servant also will be. My Father will honor the one who serves me. John 12:26
divine virtue Galatians 5:22-23New International Version
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, forbearance, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, 23 gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law.
Heavenly ways Jesus Christ is the Way the Truth and the Life – John 14:6
love for the good Foundation of Education /God’s Love and Love of Christ
education noble and pure Foundation of Education /God’s Love and Love of Christ
wise education is Christian Education/Education of the will/Moral Education /Foundation of Education ; God’s Love and Love of Christ
Christian education is Wise Education/Education of the will/Moral Education
true education Education of the will/Moral Education
pleasure of virtue Education of the will/Moral Education
her sons Virtue Foundation of Education /God’s Love and Love of Christ
BASIC GUIDE
“The true sign “Creativity is

of intelligence inventing,
is not experimenting,
Knowledge but growing,
IMAGINATION.” taking risks,
“…IMAGINATION will take you breaking routines,
Everywhere.” making mistakes and
-Albert Einstein having fun.”
-Mary Lou Cook
BASIC GUIDE FOR WORK TO BE COUNTED AS ORIGINAL
1. Proper integration of external inspiration into your work of inspiration; Acknowledgement, citation,
sources of other works and the like.
2. Independent creation (Only when you are independent if you are creative).
3. Moderate of creativity
4. Idea /expression distinction. (Model, invention, Style, method, strategy and technique)
5. GUT (Get Until Taken)
SAMPLE OUTPUT
What is more important in

giving Education, content or
method?
SPARK PLUG-IN LEARNING TECHNIQUE

29
By Julius E. Pelonia
“Let it Spark, Plug-in.”
ALLAINCES OF RELIGION AND EDUCATION
Sub-Tech 1: THOUGHT EXPIREMENT
1. What will happen if I plug-in Religion in Education and Education to Religion?

2. Will education and religion brilliantly spark?
3. What must I do?
4. How will I know if it works (produce the spark that I wish for)?
Sub-tech 2: ANAGRAM
PLUG-IN
I am going to use Anagram to do the plugging-in.
Anagram: Religion><Re oiling
Religion
Re oiling
Multiple Intelligence Organizer
A lubricant to reduce frictions
Friction: Causes;
Omniscience
Scratches (gas-gas, sag-sag)
Omnipotent
It retards progress, it lessens your
Omnipresent momentum
“Be perfect as your Father in heaven You are being oiled or re oiled in and during
is perfect.”-Mt. 5:48
Sacraments; Baptism, Confirmation, Anointing
“Wisdom comes from God alone.”-Proverbs of the sick, Chrism Mass
2:6-8
“He grew in wisdom as he grew in stature.”-
So Jesus Said to those who believed in him. “If Luke 2:52
you obey my teaching, you are really my disciples;
you will know the truth, and the truth will set you “Jesus the Way, the Truth, and the Life.”-John
free.”-John 8:31-32 14:6
“Where the Spirit of the Lord, there is

freedom.”-2 Corinthians 3:17
Lubricate your edge with conscientiousness so

that it may not rust.
Anagram: Education><Cautioned><Auctioned
Education
Cautioned-Auctioned
 Short, Sharp, Saying;
Cautioned: Education can be a Poisoned (Ivy-Elm)
“Education without God is not a true Anagram:
education.”-Prezi.com  Poseidon
 Noise pod
Educate men without religion and you make  Spoon die
them clever devils.”-Duke of Wellington  Snoop ”Dog” die
 On poised
“Just as a candle cannot burn without a fire,
men cannot live without a spiritual life.”-Buddha
30
Poseidon
“Science without religion is lame, religion
without science is blind.”-Einstein God of sea, storms, earthquakes, horses,
floods, droughts, and tidal waves
Educating the mind without educating the
heart is no education at all.”-Aristotle Brother of Zeus and Hades
A thorough knowledge of the Bible is more Peace stabilizer

than a college education.”-Theodore Roosevelt
Neptune in Roman mythology
You are well CAUTIONED and AUCTIONED by
EDUCATION.-Julius E. PELONIA 2020 Extreme traits: I’ll tempered, moody,
greedy, vengeful
Spoon Die
Manufacturer and supplier at Alibaba.com

(Jack Ma’s Company)
Very successful because of I.Q., E.Q., Love

Quotient
Noise pod
Cubicle of 21st Cen.
Bringing quietness to the open noisy office
Snoop “Dogg” Die (Calvin Broadus 1993)
Hip-hop legend, rapper, singer, songwriter,

producer, media personality, entrepreneur, actor.
I.Q. 147-extremely high, gifted, genius
Died Pointlessly
On Poised
Grounded and well balance-able to hold and

carry equilibrium(symmetrical and asymmetrical)
Has full control of one’s foundation
Composed, dignified, and self-assured
Eveready to move or act (resilient)
Sub-Tech 4: SPOON (Religion) & FORK (Science)
Spoon (Religion) Fork (Science)

Matthew 16:18 Burj Al Arab a Five Star Hotel in the City of Dubai,
And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I UAE. It was built on sand using the principle called
will build my church, and the gates of Hades will “Skin Friction”.
not overcome it. Biblehub.com
There are definitely on different perspectives. You cannot speak one for the other.
31
Genesis 17:12 a-From now on you must circumcise In 1930 a Danish Biochemist Hedrick Dam
every baby boy when he is eight days old, discovered Vitamin K and Prothrombin. These
vitamins aside from enriching the blood, it will
also regulate and prevent excessive bleeding,
clotting and haemorrhages. According to medical
discovery it takes seven days after birth for these
vitamins to be fully developed in the human body.
www.researchgate.net
Science is just supplying the evidences that the Bible was certainly correct.
Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory
nd
Ptolemy 2 Century CE Galileo and Copernicus 16th Century
“The Earth is the center of the universe.”
Wikipedia “The Sun is the center of the universe.” Wikipedia
There are definitely on different perspective. You cannot speak one for the other.
“There is no need for to wear face masks and “Science without religion is lame, religion without
observe social distancing as long as there is faith science is blind.”-Albert Einstein
and love for God.” Bishop Ramon Arguelles,
newsinfo.inquirer.net
Science could just help Religion intensify or strengthen her mandates.
James 2:26 “Faith without works is dead.”

Wearing of masks and observance of social distancing are they not works of Faith?
Proverbs 27:12 “A prudent person foresees danger and takes precautions. The foolish goes blindly on
and suffers the consequences.”Biblereason.com
Does Faith advocates recklessness or carelessness?
Sub-Tech 5: Association
I can think of my Religion as my dirty kitchen and I can think of my Education; the tasks,
begin identifying, describing, and defining the things instruments, methods, procedures, etc.
therein; Utensils, functions, activities, methods, In short I’m going to think of ARTS and
procedures, etc. SCIENCES.
Example: KNIFE: The Word of God/BIBLE- The Bible Example: Arts and Sciences of thinking and
as knife is very sharp; it cuts, slices, peel, pierce etc. questioning
How sharp is it? V.1. How sharp is it?
John 14:6-Jesus answered him “I am the way the “The sciences and technologies are made for
truth and the life; no one goes to the father except by man and for the world,” Pope Francis said.
me.” “[N]ot the man and the world for science and
technology. They are at the service of a dignified
Gal. 6:8-Whoever sows to please their flesh, from the and healthy life for all, now and in the future,
flesh will reap destruction; whoever sows to please and make our common home more liveable and
the Spirit, from the Spirit will reap eternal life. supportive, more careful and guarded.”-Pope
Francis, catholicecology.net
But health experts say the evidence is clear

that masks can help prevent the spread of
COVID-19 and that the more people wearing
masks, the better. Ucsf.edu/news/
Without the association of religion and education, both could be hazardously sharp.
Therefore: Plugging in Religion in Education as well as plugging in Education in Religion is necessary.
(Bible +Arts and Sciences=Humane Education)
SYMBOL-FIGURE ANALYZER
32
V. MODULE 5
OBJECTIVES:
 Appraise how he responded to the unfamiliar and uncomfortable situations to people and different
surroundings and how he connect to people despite differences
 Develop cultural sensitivity
 See the importance of being able to shift perspectives and see where people are coming
 Appreciate the beauty of learning other languages
TOPIC: RIZAL IN OTHER LANDS

Ist Travel-Education
2nd Travel-Propaganda
MATERIALS:
5.1. Doc 1-Excerpts from Rizal’s Travel Diaries and Letters

5.2. Doc 2-To the flowers of Heidelberg (Flores De Heidelberg)
5.3. Doc 3- Song of the Traveller (Canto Del Viajero)
5.4.Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
33
Activity 1
Read 5.1. Doc 1-Excerpts from Rizal’s Travel Diaries and Letters
Aid questions:
1) What considerations can you get from the comments of Rizal?
2) How do they exhibit Rizal’s concern and love for his country
Activity 2
Read 5.2. Doc 2-To the flowers of Heidelberg (Flores De Heidelberg)
Reflect on Rizal’s extraordinary reaction of appreciating the foreign by appreciating the Filipino.
Activity 3
Read 5.3. Doc 3- Song of the Traveller (Canto Del Viajero)
1) Why do people travel, according to Rizal?
2) What effect could Rizal’s poem have for those who want to go abroad?
ASSESSMENT
1. What was the greatest travel that you ever had in your life and what were the enriching lessons that
you have learned from that travel? (Short Narration only)
2. Make Travel Graphic Organizer consisting of two columns; one column for benefits and another
column for lessons.
Travel Benefits Travel lessons
REFERENCES
https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/06/20/opinion/columnists/my-journey-with-dr-jose-rizal/733009/
https://www.facebook.com/notes/knights-of-rizaltexas-area/my-travels-with-doctor-rizal/862375537109529/
https://travels-of-rizal.weebly.com/blog/life-and-travels-of-jose-rizal
https://www.esquiremag.ph/money/movers/travel-tips-from-dr-jose-rizal-a2334-20190827-lfrm
https://jgfclemente.wordpress.com/2015/05/01/excerpts-from-jose-rizals-travel-diary-may-1-1882/
https://allpoetry.com/To-the-Flowers-of-Heidelberg
https://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/rzpoem3.htm
5.1.
Document 1
Excerpts from Jose Rizal’s Travel Diary: May 1, 1882

The following are taken from Jose Rizal’s Diary dated May 1, 1882Calamba
My brother woke me up at five o’clock in the morning to get ready for the trip. I rose up mechanically
and arranged what I had to take with me.
My brother gave me 356 pesos which I should take with me. I asked my servant to call a vehicle to
conduct me to Biñan. I dressed and while I was waiting for breakfast, the carromata [02] arrived. My
parents had already awakened but not yet my sisters. I took a cup of coffee. My brother looked at me
with sorrow; my parents knew nothing. Finally I kissed their hands. I was on the verge of crying! I went
down hurriedly, bidding a mute goodbye to everything dear to me: Parents, brothers, house. I was
forsaking them all. I passed by the house of my sister Neneng to ask her for a diamond ring, but I found
her still sleeping. I proceeded on my way to the house of my sister Lucía. My brother-in-law [03] was
already awake and I was expecting him to accompany me, but he did not. I proceeded on my way. The
sun was beginning to rise.
Calamba’s houses, her cultivated fields, her Makiling, all her simple and picturesque beauty — all
appeared to my eyes at those moments with an inestimable value.
When I thought that I was leaving my family behind, tears welled in my eyes. I felt I was drowning. The
horse was nimble; my driver, silent and so was I. What thoughts! What sad reflections!
Oh, how much sacrifice for an ephemeral good! We reached Biñan soon. There I changed my vehicle,
my new driver being Vicente, an old acquaintance. I gave Macario a peseta as a tip. This new driver,
Vicente, is gay and loquacious. He recounted to me many things that I did not understand. He
entertained me somewhat, but not altogether.
Thus we passed through San Pedro Tunasan, Muntinglupa, Las Piñas, and Parañaque until Malate. I
gave him 3 pesos. I took another vehicle for Manila.
34
There I found Chengoy [04] with Dandoy. Chengoy told me he would give me my passport that same
day. My uncle Antonio really came bringing me the passport. We went to Henry’s [05] house to get my
ticket and afterward we went shopping. That afternoon I ordered a lounging chair and then I wrote
letters.
What a night that was! How distressful it was for me!

Shall I see my family, my father, mother, brothers, and brothers-in-law? Oh! One who has never left the
bosom of his home; one who has left it amid a thousand loving goodbyes and farewells can consider
himself happy.
(The ticket cost me…)
The diary entry ends here.
As I prepare for my departure to Spain, I bring with me reflections from our National Hero. Like Rizal,
this is will be my first time to travel abroad, my first time alone, playing with the notions of independent
living. Time to make the most of it.
5.2.
Document 2
To the flowers of Heidelberg
Go to my country, go, O foreign flowers,

sown by the traveler along the road,
and under that blue heaven
that watches over my loved ones,
recount the devotion
the pilgrim nurses for his native sod!
Go and say that when dawn
opened your chalices for the first time
beside the icy Neckar,
you saw him silent beside you,
thinking of her constant vernal clime.
Say that when dawn
which steals your aroma
was whispering playful love songs to your young
sweet petals, he, too, murmured
canticles of love in his native tongue;
that in the morning when the sun first traces
the topmost peak of Koenigssthul in gold
and with a mild warmth raises
to life again the valley, the glade, the forest,
he hails that sun, still in its dawning,
that in his country in full zenith blazes.
And tell of that day
when he collected you along the way
among the ruins of a feudal castle,
on the banks of the Neckar, or in a forest nook.
Recount the words he said
as, with great care,
between the pages of a worn-out book
he pressed the flexible petals that he took.
Carry, carry, O flowers,

my love to my loved ones,
peace to my country and its fecund loam,
faith to its men and virtue to its women,
health to the gracious beings
that dwell within the sacred paternal home.
When you reach that shore,

deposit the kiss I gave you
on the wings of the wind above
that with the wind it may rove
and I may kiss all that I worship, honor and love!
35
But O you will arrive there, flowers,

and you will keep perhaps your vivid hues;
but far from your native heroic earth
to which you owe your life and worth,
your fragrances you will lose!
For fragrance is a spirit that never can forsake
and never forgets the sky that saw its birth.
5.3
Document 3
Song of the Traveller
Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered,

Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole ;
hus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
Roams without love, without country or soul.
Following anxiously treacherous fortune,

Fortune which e ‘en as he grasps at it flees ;
Vain though the hopes that his yearning is seeking,
Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas !
Ever impelled by the invisible power,

Destined to roam from the East to the West ;
Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
Dreams of the day when he, too, was at rest.
Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert,

Grant him a final asylum of peace ;
Soon by the world and his country forgotten,
God rest his soul when his wanderings cease !
Often the sorrowing pilgrim is envied,

Circling the globe like a sea-gull above ;
Little, ah, little they know what a void
Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
Home may the pilgrim return in the future,

Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends ;
Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins,
Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends,
Pilgrim, be gone! Nor return more hereafter,

Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth ;
Others may sing of their love while rejoicing,
Thou once again must roam o’er the earth.
Pilgrim, be gone! Nor return more hereafter,

Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran ;
Pilgrim, be gone ! And forget thine affliction,
Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of man.
SYMBOL –FIGURE ANALYZER
No one walks by stepping both feet at once.”

“To reach a destination, a step behind should follow the step ahead.”
36
VI. MODULE 6
OBJECTIVE:
 Figure out the Propaganda/Reform Movement and Rizal’s Role in it
TOPIC: RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
MATERIALS:
6.1. Brindis Speech Of Rizal-The Toast In Restaurante Inglis, Madrid (1884)
6.2.Rizal’s Speech Delivered At The Café Habanero (1891)
6.3. When Heroes Bleed: The Love-Hate Relationship of Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
6.4.Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1
Read the following documents:
6.1. Brindis Speech Of Rizal-The Toast In Restaurante Inglis, Madrid (1884)
6.2. Rizal’s Speech Delivered At The Café Habanero (1891)
6.3. When Heroes Bleed: The Love-Hate Relationship of Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Aid Questions:
1. Why was the Brindis speech so controversial during Rizal’s time?

2. What lessons may be pick up from the narrations of Rizal regarding Circulo?
3. How did personalities and politics affect Rizal and the movement?
4. Was the movent a success or a failure? What Rizal’s role in this aspect? Was Rizal reaaly just
after assimilation or reform?
5. Did Rizal’s ideas, brought up in Propaganda/Reform Movement, contribute to the spark that
started the revolution?
6. How relevant are the ideas of the proganda movement in today’s context?
7. Is there any need for movements such as those in the political and social realm today?
ASSESSMENT
Draw a symbol
1. Draw a Symbol or Figure Analyzer to figure out the most significant principle of Luna and Hidalgo's
achieving.
2. What is the healthiest form of rivalry and competition?
REFERENCES
https://ourhappyschool.com/philippine-studies/jose-rizals-brindis-speech-toast-honoring-juan-luna-and-felix-
resurreccion-hidalgo
https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/656601-genius-knows-no-country-genius-sprouts-anywhere-genius-is-like
https://kapeatkamalayan.com/2019/08/26/when-heroes-bleed-the-love-hate-relationship-of-jose-rizal-and-
marcelo-h-del-pilar/
6.1.
BRINDIS SPEECH OF RIZAL-THE TOAST IN RESTAURANTE INGLIS, MADRID (1884)
In rising to speak I have no fear that you will listen to me with superciliousness, for you have come here
to add to ours your enthusiasm, the stimulus of youth, and you cannot but be indulgent. Sympathetic
currents pervade the air, bonds of fellowship radiate in all directions, generous souls listen, and so I do
not fear for my humble personality, nor do I doubt your kindness. Sincere men yourselves, you seek
only sincerity, and from that height, where noble sentiments prevail, you give no heed to sordid trifles.
You survey the whole field, you weigh the cause and extend your hand to whomsoever like myself,
desires to unite with you in a single thought, in a sole aspiration: the glorification of genius, the
grandeur of the fatherland!
Such is, indeed, the reason for this gathering. In the history of mankind there are names which in
themselves signify an achievement-which call up reverence and greatness; names which, like magic
formulas, invoke agreeable and pleasant ideas; names which come to form a compact, a token of
peace, a bond of love among the nations. To such belong the names of Luna and Hidalgo: their
splendour illuminates two extremes of the globe-the Orient and the Occident, Spain and the
37
Philippines. As I utter them, I seem to see two luminous arches that rise from either region to blend
there on high, impelled by the sympathy of a common origin, and from that height to unite two peoples
with eternal bonds; two peoples whom the seas and space vainly separate; two peoples among whom
do not germinate the seeds of disunion blindly sown by men and their despotism. Luna and Hidalgo are
the pride of Spain as of the Philippines-though born in the Philippines, they might have been born in
Spain, for genius has no country; genius bursts forth everywhere; genius is like light and air, the
patrimony of all: cosmopolitan as space, as life and God.
The Philippines' patriarchal era is passing, the illustrious deeds of its sons are not circumscribed by the
home; the oriental chrysalis is quitting its cocoon; the dawn of a broader day is heralded for those
regions in brilliant tints and rosy dawn-hues; and that race, lethargic during the night of history while
the sun was illuminating other continents, begins to wake, urged by the electric' shock produced by
contact with the occidental peoples, and begs for light, life, and the civilization that once might have
been its heritage, thus conforming to the eternal laws of constant evolution, of transformation, of
recurring phenomena, of progress.
This you know well and you glory in it. To you is due the beauty of the gems that circle the Philippines'
crown; she supplied the stones, Europe the polish. We all contemplate proudly: you your work; we the
inspiration, the encouragement, the materials furnished.
They imbibed there the poetry of nature-nature grand and terrible in her cataclysms, in her
transformations, in her conflict of forces; nature sweet, peaceful and melancholy in her constant
manifestation-unchanging; nature that stamps her seal upon whatsoever she creates or produces. Her
sons carry it wherever they go. Analyze, if not her characteristics, then her works; and little as you may
know that people, you will see her in everything moulding its knowledge, as the soul that everywhere
presides, as the spring of the mechanism, as the substantial form, as the raw material. It is impossible
not to show what one feels; it is impossible to be one thing and to do another. Contradictions are
apparent only; they are merely paradoxes. In El Spoliarium -on that canvas which is not mute-is heard
the tumult of the throng, the cry of slaves, the metallic rattle of the armour on the corpses, the sobs of
orphans, the hum of prayers, with as much force and realism as is heard the crash of the thunder amid
the roar of the cataracts, or the fearful and frightful rumble of the earthquake. The same nature that
conceives such phenomena has also a share in those lines.
On the other hand, in Hidalgo's work there are revealed feelings of the purest kind; ideal expression of
melancholy, beauty, and weakness-victims of brute force. And this is because Hidalgo was born
beneath the dazzling azure of that sky, to the murmur of the breezes of her seas, in the placidity of her
lakes, the poetry of her valleys and the majestic harmony of her hills and mountains. So in Luna we find
the shades, the contrasts, the fading lights, the mysterious and the terrible, like an echo of the dark
storms of the tropics, its thunderbolts, and the destructive eruptions of its volcanoes. So in Hidalgo we
find all is light, color, harmony, feeling, clearness; like the Philippines on moonlit nights, with her
horizons that invites to meditation and suggest infinity. Yet both of them-although so different-in
appearance, at least, are fundamentally one; just as our hearts beat in unison in spite of striking
differences. Beth, by depicting from their palettes the dazzling rays of the tropical sun, transforms
them into rays of unfading glory with which they invest the fatherland. Both express the spirit of our
social, moral and political life; humanity subjected to hard trials, humanity unredeemed; reason and
aspiration in open fight with prejudice, fanaticism and injustice; because feeling and opinion make their
way through the thickest walls, because for them all bodies are porous, all are transparent; and if the
pen fails them and the printed word does not come to their aid, then the palette and the brush not only
delight the view but are also eloquent advocates. If the mother teaches her child her language in order
to understand its joys, its needs, and its woes; so Spain, like that mother, also teaches her language to
Filipinos, in spite of the opposition of those purblind pygmies who, sure of the present, are unable to
extend their vision into the future, who do not weigh the consequences.
Like sickly nurses, corrupted and corrupting, these opponents of progress pervert the heart of the
people. They sow among them the seeds of discord, to reap later the harvest, a deadly nightshade of
future generations.
But, away with these woes! Peace to the dead, because they are dead breath and soul are lacking them;
the worms are eating them! Let us not invoke their sad remembrance; let us not drag their ghastliness
into the midst of our rejoicing! Happily, brothers are more-generosity and nobility are innate under the
sky of Spain-of this you are all patent proof. You have unanimously responded, you have cooperated,
and you would have done more, had more been asked. Seated at our festal board and honoring the
illustrious sons of the Philippines, you also honor Spain, because, as you are well aware, Spain's
boundaries are not the Atlantic or the Bay of Biscay or the Mediterranean-a shame would it be for water
to place a barrier to her greatness, her thought. (Spain is there-there where her beneficent influence is
38
exerted; and even though her flag should disappear, there would remain her memory-eternal,
imperishable. What matters a strip of red and yellow cloth; what matter the guns and cannon; there
where a feeling of love, of affection, does not flourish-there where there is no fusion of ideas, harmony
of opinion?
Luna and Hidalgo belong to you as much as to us. You love them, you see in them noble hopes, valuable
examples. The Filipino youth of Europe always enthusiastic-and some other persons whose hearts
remain ever young through the disinterestedness and enthusiasm that characterize their actions,
tender Luna a crown, a humble tribute-small indeed compared to our enthusiasm-but the most
spontaneous and freest of all the tributes yet paid to him.
But the Philippines' gratitude toward her illustrious sons was yet unsatisfied; and desiring to give free
rein to the thoughts that seethe her mind, to the feelings that overflow her heart, and to the words that
escape from her lips, we have all come together here at this banquet to mingle our vows, to give shape
to that mutual understanding between two races which love and care for each other, united morally,
socially and politically for the space of four centuries, so that they may form in the future a single nation
in spirit, in duties, in aims, in rights. I drink, then, to our artists Luna and Hidalgo, genuine and pure
glories of two peoples. I drink to the persons who have given them aid on the painful road of art!
I drink that the Filipino youth-sacred hope of my fatherland may imitate such valuable examples; and
that the mother Spain, solicitous and heedful of the welfare of her provinces, may quickly put into
practice the reforms she has so long planned. The furrow is laid out and the land is not sterile! And
finally, I drink to the happiness of those parents who, deprived of their sons' affection, from those
distant regions follow them with moist gaze and throbbing hearts across the seas and distance;
sacrificing on the altar of the common good, the sweet consolations that are so scarce in the decline of
life — precious and solitary flowers that spring up on the borders of the tomb.
6.2.
Rizal's Speech Delivered at Café Habanero
Historical Background
V. Elio said in Bibliography of Rizal this work the title Gives Speech at the banquet of the Filipino colony
of Madrid, on the night of 31 December 1890 in at the Café Habanero , Dr. Leoncio Lopez-Rizal Believes
this speech of Rizal was read by another person in 1885. In this speech Rizal progressive describe the
transformation of the Filipino colony, traces the history and death of the Circulo Hispano Filipino,
Gives the summary of the events during the three years in Spain, and appeals to all to Maintain Unity
and Solidarity among the members of the colony.
"The Filipino Colony in Madrid, that flower who is expected to rejuvenate the rotten trunk, that handful
of youth, who, three thousand miles away from their distant homes, should have only one thought and
only one aspiration, is now undergoing a progressive transformation……
Here, gentlemen, is the summary of the three years activities that I saw in this Court. You can see how
little by little union among the younger Filipinos has been blossoming, thanks to the events that
impressed their hearts.
During those rather ungrateful days the feeling for our country had never abandoned us; if the mutual
zeal for individual independence and the natural pride of each and everyone seemed to becloud it, the
mere invocation of the word "country" has revived it and has presented itself powerful and ready as the
genie of oriental tales.
The ground was always fertile, and on it, if for a long time nothing sprouted but discord and confusion,
that was because good seed was lacking. If the ground hardened and the water got stagnant, that was
because there was no movement.
The vices, those powerful children of idleness, escaped from us as soon as serious problems occupied
our minds, and we can say that even when at times we suffered discouragement and seemed to retreat,
finally we marched forward, and we progressed. Our hearts are noble and our aim is holy . . .
Now the Filipino Colony understands the advantages of unity; now we all know that the iron is strong
and the air is compressible because the molecules of one have little cohesion, while those of the other
form a compact mass hardly leaving a vacuum between them.
I understand, gentlemen, that in this situation the individual freedom suffers in its prerogatives, but
destiny wills it that way; the molecules of the more solid and compact body are the most compressed,
and the most powerful army is the most disciplined.
39
What does it matter, gentlemen, if we sacrifice a portion of our freedom, but we offer it in the altars of
our country? What does it matter if we are deprived of some particles, if these become grains that are
kept to be planted and later harvested abundantly?
We, therefore, profess, gentlemen, once again unity and solidarity among us. The good and welfare of
our country is our motive. Let us prove to the whole world that when a Filipino wills something he can
always do it."
MAJOR PASSAGES AND IDEAS

"We, therefore, profess, gentlemen, once again unity and solidarity among us. The good and welfare of
our country is our motive. Let us prove to the whole world that when a Filipino wills something he can
always do it." – Dr. Jose Rizal
6.3.
When Heroes Bleed: The Love-Hate Relationship of Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar
In the song, Superman by Five for Fighting, one line says “I’m only a man in a funny red sheet.”
According to Song Facts”Superman may be invincible, but he has feelings too, and while he’s off saving
the world he sometimes wonders if anyone thinks about what he is going through”
(www.songfacts.com). If super humans like Superman are invincible, how much more our heroes who
were just human beings. They get disappointed at times, they hurt, they bleed.
Rizal’s Disappointments
Jose Rizal experienced a series of disappointments while in Madrid (1890-1891). It was indeed a trying
time for him. He failed to secure justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants including his family over
agrarian issues. As a result his brother Paciano, his brother-in-law Antonio Lopez, some relatives and
residents of Calamba were deported to Mindoro.
At the close of August 1890, he challenged Antonio Luna, to a duel. Luna was hurting because he was
dumped by Nellie Bousted. He blamed Rizal for it, who was also trying to win her. In a sudden burst of
jealousy, Antonio uttered a slur against Nellie which in turn angered Rizal. Hence, the challenge.
Rizal made the same challenge to Wenceslao Retana who published an article in La Epoca, an anti-
Filipino newspaper in Madrid, claiming that the family and friends of Rizal had not paid their rents that’s
why they were expelled from their lands owned by the Dominicans in Calamba. Rizal of course, was
insulted and challenged Retana to a duel. This prompted Retana to publish a retraction and an apology
in the newspapers.
Another disappointment came when Rizal received the news that Leonor Rivera, his girlfriend of more
than ten years. He received a letter from Leonor in early December of 1890 while was shivering in the
cold winds of winter. Leonor announced her coming marriage to a British engineer Charles Henry
Kipping. Also in the letter, Leonor asked for forgiveness. This of course, broke Rizal’s heart. It was
devastating, a great blow to him while away from home.
The Love-Hate Relationship with Plaridel
Another disappointment ever hit Rizal was his break with Del Pilar.
Marcelo Hilario Del Pilar was born on August 30, 1850 in Bulakan. He used Plaridel, an anagram of his
surname, as pseudonym. He had been exposed to local politics as his father, Julian had been three
times gonernadorcillo (mayor) of Bulakan. His mother’s surname was Gatmaitan. The prefix ‘Gat’ gives
us a hint that noble blood runs in his veins. ‘Gat’ is used to refer to people who belong to the Tagalog
nobility or elite class. Plaridel was educated in the Colegio de San Jose with a degree of Bachelor of
Arts. He aslo took up law at the Dominican university of Santo Tomas. On his fourth year as a law
student, he had a conflict with the friars over baptismal fees. Since then, he had made his hometown as
the seat of his efforts to oppose the friars. We can sense the depth of this anti-friar efforts when he
published, “Viva España! Viva el Rey! Viva el Ejercito! Fuera los Frailes! (Long Live Spain! Long Live the
King! Long Live the Army! Throw Out the Friars!) This and other anti-friar moves was cut-off when
governor Terrero, his strongest ally, was replaced by Tenerife. An investigation of the Malolos situation
was conducted and just before the order for his banishment was signed, he hastily taken ship for Spain
on October 28, 1888.
40
The expatriates in Europe were having some difficulties dealing with each other even before Plaridel
arrived. Rizal who has been named as the honorary leader of the expatriates was not so happy by the
arrival of Plaridel. We can sense his apprehension in his letter to Basa in Hong Kong which, in the words
of Guerrero, “was not wholly fair he wrote of del Pilar and another new arrival”: “They would be of
greater service to the country if they were in the Philippines; there is nothing like staying there to be
of real service ; that is where education is needed, where the work must be done. It is all right for
young men to come here to study, but those who already are educated should return and live there :
Marcelo del Pilar has already had an education and did not have to come to Europe.” Surely a curious
comment from one who was just as far away from Kalamba”! (Guerrero, The First Filipino).
However this misgivings were pacified when their collaboration commenced, especially with regards to
Rizal’s work for La Solidaridad, the fortnightly newspaper, which was owned by Plaridel. But their ideas
and policies are at times dissimilar. Furthermore, there were some from the colony who were offended
by Rizal’s seeming infringement on their private life. Add to it the issue of who will pay for their
champagne for their traditional New Year’s Eve Party. It was originally assigned to Rizal and Dominador
Gomez but Rizal objected to the idea. According to Plaridel as quoted by Guerrero, “he suggested that
the champagne be paid by Modesto Reyes and Mariano Abella, who agreed to do so, in addition to
those already named.” Plaridel thought that Rizal did not hear him since they were seated far apart
from one another. As such, Rizal initiated a collection of one peseta per person to pay for the
champagne. This ‘thriftiness’ obviously, offended some and did not contribute.
This tension and differences among the expatriates developed, and on New Year’s Day of 1891 a
meeting was held. About 90 expatriates attended the said meeting. They arrived at a decision to elect a
leader which will be called as Responsable. He will be tasked to administer the campaigns of the reform
movement. Another tension arose between Rizal and Plaridel, this time on the issue of the subjugation
of the Soli to the Responsable. Plaridel rejected the provision because the Soli, according to him, was a
private enterprise. This I suppose aggravated the rivalry between these two gentlemen.
The problem grew and exploded in an election held on the first week of February of that year. The
election was meant to ease the tension between the rival parties: the Rizalistas and Pilaristas – Rizal
and del Pilar were the candidates. It was agreed that the Responsable be elected by a two-thirds of vote
of the participants. Rizal won but failed to muster the required number of votes to be declared
Responsable. The election was repeated the following day. He won again but then again, he did not get
the required fraction. On the third day, according to del Pilar as quoted by Guerrero, “since Naning had
instructions from me to prevent my election, conferred with those whom he knew were voting for me
and asked them for the sake of harmony to make the sacrifice of changing their votes to favor Rizal.
Dominador Gomez, once this agreement has been made, took the floor and announced that his party
desired harmony in the colony and were ready to sacrifice their votes in favor of Rizal’s candidature.
The balloting was repeated and Rizal was elected.”
Rizal for his part, was convinced that the election was held in an attempt to embarrass him. He
abdicated his post and left Madrid in March of 1891. Guerrero made a good appraisal of Rizal’s political
readiness: “Rizal did not have the temperament that makes for success in politics; he was too sensitive
to slights inflicted on himself, not sensitive enough to the feelings of others; he was ambitious beyond
the reach of his influence; yet not ambitious enough to keep the leadership for which he had paid with
humiliation.” (Guerrero, The First Filipino). It appeared that Rizal was not ready to be the leader of the
colony in Madrid or he may had other reasons for abdicating his position. In the subsequent exchanges
with Plaridel, he refused to continue writing for the Soli and instead will continue working for the El
Filibusterismo. Furthermore, Plaridel’s confession that the Soli was “funded by a group of persons who
would want to be the ones to choose the editor of the newspaper,”cemented Rizal’s decision to stop
writing for the Soli and stated that, “he was writing for the nation, and not for a private group” (Dumol
and Camposano, The Nation As Project).
For Plaridel, Gierrero has this to say, “for all his supposed misgivings about ‘a trap laid for Rizal’, did
nothing to save his friend from humiliation; did not, as Rizal would point out, withdraw his candidature
and instead allowed one inconclusive balloting to follow another, one day after another, rubbing salt in
the wounds already inflicted on Rizal’s ego….There is finally a note of barely suppressed gloating in his
account of the whole affair, an open sneer at Rizal’s pretensions of undisputed leadership in Manila as
well as in Madrid.”
Despite Plaridel’s humility and apology, Rizal admitted that (the) scratches given by friends hurt more
than wounds inflicted by the enemy.” He further “confessed to being oversensitive, ‘but, when one
has only had goodwill, love and self-abnegation for one’s friends, and in return is met with
recriminations and attacks, believe me that one should change one’s conduct and amend one’s
action” (Ibid).
41
Rizal was obviously hurt by what happened in Madrid. In a letter dated October 13, 1891, he held
Plaridel responsible for the humiliation he suffered at the hands of his fellow expatriates, as quoted
by Dumol and Camposano: “What a pity that the work we two have undertaken has suffered a crack!
I understand that at the bottom you esteem me and I esteem you always, even more than you
perhaps believe, because with [me] all feelings, all affection, hate, or grudges are lasting…I have this
defect, I forgive but I forget with difficulty and so, as I do not forget that you had been my best
defender and my best champion, likewise I remember that you were the first weight with which they
wished to knock me down. What a pity that we have not been able to continue side by side, and since
I represented up to a certain point the direction of the colony, you wished to cast me down to raise
yourself and become the first head!”
Disappoint after disappointment weighed heavily on Rizal. Two of which have severely broken his
heart: Leonor Rivera’s infidelity and his love-hate relationship with Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Indeed, it’s not
easy to be human, to be Rizal or Plaridel. It is good to remember their works and sacrifice for our
nation’s liberty, but it is equally good to understand what they have been through.
VII. MODULE 7
OBJECTIVES:
 Analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution
 Analyze the effects of Rizal’s execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine revolution
TOPIC: RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND DEATH
MATERIALS:
7.1. Excerpts From The Constitution Of La Liga Filipina (1892)
7.2. Rizal,S Manifesto (1896)
7.3. Lyrics of Pual Anka’s Song “My Way”
7.4. Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1:
1. Read 7.1. The EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF LA LIGA FILIPINA (1892)
a) Fill out a table (graph organizer) with the aims of La Liga Filipina in one column and examples of
how these aims could be attained in another column.
Purpose or Aims of La Liga Filipina How to attain (examples)

A
B
C
D
E
F
b) Can you consider Rizal a revolutionary because of La Liga?
Activity 2
Read 7.2. RIZAL, S MANIFESTO (1896)

a) What was Rizal’s stance about revolution?
Activity 3
Reflectively Listen or read (7.3.) The lyrics of Paul Anka’s song “My Way”.
a) In what way do you like death to define you?
ASSESSMENT
Write an essay with aim of answering the following questions:

42
1. When Rizal on his execution uttered his last words consumarum est (It is finished) and on a similar
occasion the Lord Jesus Christ said on the cross “It is finished” (Jhn 19:30), really what were they
referring to?
2. Did they have the same perspective of death (CONSUMATUM EST)?
References/Videos:
https://www. Slideshare net/arnulfolaniba/Rizal’s Different Ideas of revolutuion
Rizal's final steps towards heroism | Ilustrado
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O1dOKwrA50
Ilustrado: Ang Buhay Ni Rizal (Full Movie) - UNCUT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UG9thT5imFA
Jose Rizal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs1yKJKmYOU
Jose Rizal, GMA films, by Marilou Diaz abaya
Dumol, Paul and Camposanos. Clement.The Nation as Project.2018.
Balbin, alfonso and company. Engaging Jose Rizal.2018.
Rizal Exile, Trial And Death.slideshare.net
https://prezi.com/p/-46srt1aiq6n/jose-rizal-life-exile-trial-and-death/
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_La_Liga_Filipina_(1892)
7.1.
EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF LA LIGA FILIPINA (1892)
Article I: Name of Organization - Liga Filipina
The name Liga Filipina was adopted for the early attainment of its purposes
Article II: Purpose
A. To promote unity among Filipino students and those interested in Filipino culture.
B. To represent Filipino students in the school and the community through service.
C. To provide members various social activities pertaining to Filipino culture and/or other interests of
the members.
D. To promote and encourage interaction and mutual understanding amongst the club’s members.
E. To provide forums for contemporary issues faced by Filipinos and Filipino Americans.
F. To educate and influence the outside community on Filipino culture.
Article III: Membership
A. Any student is eligible for membership including non-Filipinos. The majority of Liga Filipina members
will be State University at Albany undergraduate students.
B. Before the first meeting of the academic year, dues for Liga Filipina will be decided by the Executive
Board.
Article IV: Organization

A. General Assembly:
1. The General Assembly shall be made up of the members of Liga Filipina.
2. The General Assembly will meet at least twice a semester.
3. Quorum shall consist of four-sixths of the E-board and two-fifths of the General Assembly.
B. Executive Board:
1. The Executive Board consists of six offices: President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Personal
Relations and Head Cultural (cultural chair).
2. The Executive Board will meet at least twice a month.
3. Executive Officers are authorized to speak and act to further benefit the interests of Liga Filipina.
4. Executive Officers are responsible for all communications and actions issued under their title during
their tenure.
5. Executive Officers are responsible for teaching younger members the internal structure of Liga
Filipina, significantly the Board of Directors.
43
C. Board of Directors:
1. The Board of Directors shall be revised every year to reflect the needs and wants of Liga Filipina.
a. The revision shall be decided by the newly elected Executive Board to reflect the needs and wants of
the members of Liga Filipina.
2. Here is the possible board of directors’ positions: Community Service Director, FIND Director, Sports
Chair, Social Chair and Political Chair.
3. The Executive Board shall appoint the Board of Directors.
4. The Board of Directors should be present at each Executive Board meeting and General Assembly. 5.
The Board of directors is authorized to speak and act to further benefit the interests of Liga Filipina and
the members.
6. The Board of Directors is responsible for establishing committees.
Article V: Official Duties of Executive Board Members
A. The Duties and Powers of the President:
The Presidency is the office specifically catering to the organization’s external affairs.
1. The President is hereby empowered to carry out this Constitution.

a. The President will have the authority to take any action necessary in accordance with this
constitution to develop Liga Filipina further.
2. The President shall have the power to set all meetings and agenda for said meetings.
3. The President will be responsible for the operation of Liga Filipina as a whole.
4. The President will also be responsible to the Student Association, and thereby:
a. The President is required to take the annual Controller’s Treasurer’s Exam in the fall of their
term.
- Should the President fail to take or pass the Controller’s Exam, Liga Filipina’s allocated budget shall be
frozen.
- As a result of passing the controller’s Treasurer’s Exam, The President shall receive signatory powers
toward the Student Association Budget of Liga Filipina, Account No. 70,069.
b. Is required to represent Liga Filipina at any Multicultural Affairs Task Force meeting. - In the
event that the President cannot attend, will appoint a person to do so in their absence.
c. Is required to attend one Affirmative Action workshop each semester. - In the event that the
President cannot attend, will appoint a person to do so in their absence.
5. The President shall be the liaison to all external associations that can help further the goals of Liga
Filipina.
6. The President must attend meetings of the Asian Organization Council.
a. In the event that the President cannot attend, will appoint a person to do so in their absence.
7. The President must attend meetings of the Multicultural Student Advisory Council.
a. In the event that the President cannot attend, will appoint a person to do so in their absence.
8. The President should remember that as the Chief Executive of the organization, he/she must act in
good faith and at all times, conduct him/herself accordingly.
9. The President shall have the power to act for Liga Filipina in an emergency with the approval of the
Vice President.
B. The Duties and Powers of the Vice President:
The Vice Presidency is the office specifically catered towards internal affairs. These powers shall also
entail the following.
1. The Vice President will assume the role of the President and receive all of his/her rights and
responsibilities in the President’s absence.
2. The Vice President will also be responsible for the running of elections under the rules provided
herein.
a. In the event of an absence of the Secretary at General Assembly or Executive Board meetings,
the Vice President is responsible for taking minutes.
3. In consultation with the President, shall act in emergency situations.
4. The Vice President shall be the liaison to all external associations that can help further the goals of
Liga Filipina.
5. The Vice President must attend meetings of the Asian Organization Council.
a. In the event that he/she cannot attend, he/she shall appoint an appropriate attendee.
6. The Vice President must attend meetings of the Multicultural Student Advisory Council.
44
7. Is required to represent Liga Filipina at any Multicultural Affairs Task Force meeting.
8. The Vice President is required to attend one Affirmative Action workshop each semester.
9. The Vice President shall receive signatory powers to Copies Plus.
C. The Duties and Powers of the Secretary:
The office of the Secretary specifically oversees all media production and official documentation.
1. The Secretary will be responsible for the taking of minutes on each meeting, the official
documentation of these minutes and the approval of these minutes at the beginning of each meeting.
2. The Secretary shall also edit all documentation.
a. This includes the revision of the Liga Filipina Constitution, annually.
3. The Secretary will also be responsible for the counting of votes when elections are held.
4. The Secretary shall develop and create Liga Filipina’s Newsletter, La Solaridad.
5. Advertising and/or promotion of Liga Filipina’s events are directed toward the Secretary in
conjunction with the Public Relations Officer.
6. The Secretary shall receive signatory powers to Copies Plus.
D. The Duties and Powers of the Treasurer:
The office of the Treasurer controls all financial and budgetary aspects of the organization.
1. The Treasurer will be responsible for all funds of the organization.

2. The Treasurer is the chief director of all fundraising events.
a. They will develop and create ideas for fundraisers, as well as oversee them.
b. These events include, but are not limited to:
- Fiesta Filipiniana
- Simbang Gabi
c. The collection of membership dues will also be the responsibility of the Treasurer.
d. The Treasurer is required to take the annual Controller’s Treasurer’s Exam in the fall of their term.
- Should the Treasurer fail to either take or pass the Controller’s Exam, Liga Filipina’s allocated budget
shall be frozen
- As a result of passing the Controller’s Treasurer’s Exam, the Treasurer shall receive signatory powers
toward the Student Association Budget of Liga Filipina, Account No. 70,069.
E. The Duties and Powers of the Public Relations Officer:
The Public Relations Officer (PR) is responsible for the social and advertising aspect of Liga.
1. The PR is responsible for the social and advertising aspect of Liga Filipina.
a. This includes the designing of all flyers.
b. The PR. is responsible for posting flyers.
F. The Duties and Powers of the Cultural Chair:
The cultural chair is responsible for guiding all events including cultural shows, workshops, seminars
and programs.
1. The significant events that deal with the cultural officer include Asian Occasion in the fall and Fiesta
Filipiniana in the spring.
2. They should be educated about the every aspect of Filipino culture including the national anthem,
cultural dances, the language and its culture/history.
Article VI. Official Duties of the Board of Directors
A. The Duties and Powers of the Community Service Director:
- The Community Service Director is responsible for establishing a community service event.
- There should be at least one per semester.
45
B. The Duties and Powers of the FIND Director:
The FIND Director is responsible for establishing FIND in the school community if at all possible.
The FIND Director is responsible for all information concerning the FIND National.
- This includes attending district meetings and if at all possible, hosting district meetings in the school
community
- This also includes relaying information to the organization about FIND.
C. The Duties and Powers of the Sports Chair Director:
The Sports Chair Director is responsible for creating sporting activities that the organization desires to
participate in.
- This includes all the logistics that is involved in establishing a sports activity including providing the
facility, contacting necessary establishments, etc.)
D. Workshop Director:
The Workshop Director works in conjunction with the Cultural Officer in establishing workshops that
will educate the community on Filipino Culture.
- Two workshops should be conducted every semester.
E. The Duties and Powers of the Social Chair:
The Social Chair works in conjunction with the Personal Relations Officer in contacting and informing
the school community the organization’s upcoming events.
- This includes attending other organization’s upcoming events.
F. Political Chair:
The Political Chair is responsible for receiving information on the Student Association and other
organizations on campus.
- This includes all Greek organizations and multicultural organizations.
Article VII. Vacancy of Office
A. If any vacancy in office occurs, the executive board will be responsible in appointing an individual
that is qualified for the position.
B. If a qualified individual cannot fill the position, the duties of that position would be divided amongst
the rest of the Executive Board.
Article VIII. Impeachment of Officers, Removal of Directors and rules of Succession
A. Impeachment applies to any member of the Executive Board. Removal is applied to directorships. In
order to impeach or remove these offices, the following steps must be taken:
1. A motion for impeachment must be made and seconded twice at a general assembly meeting.
2. A written grievance against the officer must be submitted to the Executive Board.
3. The Executive Board and the committee heads will form a Central Committee to review the
grievance excluding all officers being impeached.
4. A hearing will be chaired by the President in which the Central Committee will hear arguments from
both sides starting with the accuser. If the President is being impeached, then the Vice-President will
chair the hearing.
5. The Central Committee will have a closed session after all sides have been heard. They will render
their decision through discussion and a vote.
6. A simple majority of the Central Committee is necessary to ask the officer to step down or to allow
the officer to remain.
7. The Central Committee must issue a statement on their decision for the entire membership to
examine.
B. Vacancies produced by resignation or impeachment shall be filled through the appointment of a
member of Liga Filipina by the Executive Board on an interim basis.
46
Article VIII: General Elections.
A. General Elections shall be held during the next general meeting of the spring term.
B. Any member of Liga Filipina is eligible to vote and to be nominated.

C. Candidates must be nominated by a card-carrying member and seconded by two others.
D. the Executive Board shall be elected by a majority of the voting members present.
E. the Vice President shall run the elections.
F. Nominations shall take place one general meeting before elections.
Article IX: Amendment of this Constitution

A. All prospective amendments must be written and submitted to an officer at a general meeting.
B. the Executive Board will be responsible for looking over and voting on the Constitution.
C. the Executive Board will be responsible for the rewording of the amendment for the Constitution.
D. If the Executive Board fails the amendment, the membership then votes. Three quarters of the
quorum passes the amendment.
E. the Secretary will be in charge of the addition of the amendment to the Constitution and that
submission of the amended Constitution to the Student Association.
7.2.
MANIFESTO TO CERTAIN FILIPINOS
Fellow countrymen:
Upon my return from Spain I learned that my name was being used as a rallying cry by some who had
taken up arms. This information surprised and grieved me but thinking that the whole affair was
finished, I refrained from commenting on something that could no longer be remedied. Now, rumors
reach me that the disturbances have not ceased. It may be that persons continue to use my name in
good or in bad faith; if so, wishing to put a stop to this abuse and to undeceive the gullible, I hasten to
address these lines to you that the truth may be known. From the very beginning, when I first received
information of what was being planned, I opposed it, I fought against it, and I made clear that it was
absolutely impossible. This is the truth, and they are still alive who can bear witness to my words. I was
convinced that the very idea was wholly absurd -- worse than absurd -- it was disastrous. I did more
than this. When later on, in spite of my urgings, the uprising broke out, I came forward voluntarily to
offer not only my services but my life and even my good name in order that they may use me in any
manner they may think opportune to smother the rebellion. For I was convinced of the evils which that
rebellion would bring in its train, and so I considered
Fellow countrymen: I have given many proofs that I desire as much as the next man liberties for our
country; I continue to desire them. But I laid down as a prerequisite the education of the people in
order that by means of such instruction, and by hard work, they may acquire a personality of their
own and so become worthy of such liberties. In my writings I have recommended study and the civic
virtues, without which no redemption is possible. I have also written (and my words have been repeated
by others) that reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above, for reforms that come from
below are upheavals both violent and transitory. Thoroughly imbued with these ideas, I cannot do less
than condemn, as I do condemn, this ridiculous and barbarous uprising, plotted behind my back, which
both dishonours us Filipinos and discredits those who might have taken our part. I abominate the
crimes for which it is responsible and I will have no part in it. With all my heart I am sorry for those who
have rashly allowed themselves to be deceived. Let them, then, return to their homes, and may God
pardon those who have acted in bad faith.
Rizal was accused of three crimes: 1. Rebellion 2. Sedition 3. Illegal Association Penalty
1. Rebellion and Sedition- was from life imprisonment to death.

2. Illegal Association- was correctional imprisonment and a fine of 325 to 3,250 pesetas.
Rizal’s Case
Rizal’s Defense In his supplementary defense he further proved his innocence by twelve points:
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in
revolution.
2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements.
47
3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he were guilty he could have escaped in
Singapore.
4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could have escaped in a Moro vinta and would not have built a
home, a hospital, and bought lands in Dapitan.
5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted by the revolutionists?
6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga-Filipina, but this is only a civic association – not a
revolutionary society. Rizal’s Defense
7. The La Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan and it
died out.
8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months later, he did not know about it.
9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists; other-wise they would not have supplanted
it with the Katipunan.
10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizal’s letters, it was because they were
written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of houses, warehouses,
lands, etc… and his brother and brother-in-law were deported.
11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-military commanders and missionary priests
could attest.
12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one speech at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco,
as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront. His friends knew his opposition to armed
rebellion. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because
those who knew him were aware that he would never sanction any violent movement.
10. December 28, 1896  Polavieja approved the decision of the court- martial and ordered Rizal to be
shot at 7:00 o’clock in the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field
7.3.
My Way
Paul Anka
Lyrics
And now, the end is near
And so I face the final curtain
My friends, I'll say it clear
I'll state my case of which I'm certain
I've lived a life that's full
I traveled each and every highway
But more, much more than this
I did it my way
Regrets, I've had a few

But then again, too few to mention
I did what I had to do
And saw it through without exemption
I planned each chartered course
Each careful step along the byway
But more, much more than this
I did it my way
Yes, there were times, I'm sure you knew

When I bit off more than I could chew
But through it all, when there was doubt
I ate it up and spit it out
I faced it all and I stood tall
And did it my way
I've loved, laughed and cried

I've had my fill, my share of loosing
And now, as tears subside
I find it all so amusing
To think I did all that
And may I say, not in a shy way
Oh no, no, not me
I did it my way
For what is a man, what has he got

If not himself then he has not
To say all the things he truly feels
48
And not the words of one who kneels

The record shows, I took the blows
But I did it my way
VIII. MODULE 8
OBJECTIVES:
 Discuss the basic information/facts about essays, letter and poems of Rizal
 Explain the goals of Rizal in his essays, letter and poems
 Analyze the historical context of the essays, letter and poems written by Rizal
 Form conclusions on the value of Rizal’s essays, letter and poems at present
 Relate the essays, letter and poems to the present Philippine society and politics
 Share Rizal’s great desire for Filipino women to enjoy the privileges in education along with men.
 Highlight the need for a paradigm shift in terms of political relationship the latter.
 Trace the in depth causes of indolence
TOPIC: RIZAL AND THE NATION: SELECTED ESSAY
MATERIALS:
8.1. Letter of Rizal to the Young Women of Malolos

8.2. The Philippines A Century Hence.
8.3. The Indolence of Filipinos
8.4. Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Activity 1-Read Doc. 8.1. The letter of Rizal to the young women of Malolos
Aid questions:
a) What is true holiness and the caused of slavery?
b) How should a man behave in order to love by a woman?
c) What is the duty and obligation of women in the society?
d) How should a woman behave as a wife? What role she should perform?
e) What is the root cause of inferiority complex?
f) What is true equality?
g) What is the message of Rizal to the women of the Philippines on what they should do with their
children?
Activity 2- Read Doc. 8.2. The Philippines a century hence.

Aid questions:
a) By what means can the Philippines develop on its own capacity?
b) Isandaang taon mula ngayon, ano kaya ang kahihinatnan ng pilipinas? Darating kaya ang araw
kung saan madarama ng mga pilipino na tunay silang malaya?
c) Sa iyong palagay, tama ba na hinulaan ni rizal ang hinaharap ng atin bansa?
d) Sa tingin niyo, tunay na ba tayong malaya? Ano sa tingin mo ang dapat nating gawin upang
maramdaman natin ang kalayaang tinatamasa natin?
e) How Rizal does envisioned the future of the Philippines a century hence?
Activity 3-Read Doc. 8.3. The Indolence of Filipinos

Aid questions:
a) What is the main point of the indolence of the Filipinos?
b) Why do you think the word indolence is much misused?
c) Why is it required for the one serving the country to possess truth?
d) What were the factors that sustained or fostered indolence?
ASSESSMENT
Analysis:
Write an essay approving or disproving Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), Social
Amelioration Program (SAP), and Pyramiding Scams as end product of Filipino indolence.
REFERENCES:
49
https://bshmjoserizal.weebly.com/our-hero-jose-rizal/chapter-twelve-selected-essays-of-dr-jose-rizal
https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/rizals-intellectual-legacies-in-selected-essays/
http://kwentongebabuhayrizal.blogspot.com/2013/07/to-young-women-of-malolos-full-copy.html
http://kwentongebabuhayrizal.blogspot.com/2013/07/to-young-women-of-malolos-full-copy.html
http://Thelifeandworksofrizal
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/philippines-century-hence-summary-and.html
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/indolence-of-filipinos-summary-and.html
8.1.
To the Young Women of Malolos
By José Rizal
When I wrote Noli Me Tangere, I asked myself whether bravery was a common thing in the young
women of our people. I brought back to my recollection and reviewed those I had known since my
infancy, but there were only few who seem to come up to my ideal. There was, it is true, an abundance
of girls with agreeable manners, beautiful ways, and modest demeanor, but there was in all an
admixture of servitude and deference to the words or whims of their so-called "spiritual fathers" (as if
the spirit or soul had any father other than God), due to excessive kindness, modesty, or perhaps
ignorance. They seemed faced plants sown and reared in darkness, having flowers without perfume
and fruits without sap.
However, when the news of what happened at Malolos reached us, I saw my error, and great was my
rejoicing. After all, who is to blame me? I did not know Malolos nor its young women, except one
called Emila [Emilia Tiongson, whom Rizal met in 1887], and her I knew by name only.
Now that you have responded to our first appeal in the interest of the welfare of the people; now that
you have set an example to those who, like you, long to have their eyes opened and be delivered from
servitude, new hopes are awakened in us and we now even dare to face adversity, because we have you
for our allies and are confident of victory. No longer does the Filipina stand with her head bowed nor
does she spend her time on her knees, because she is quickened by hope in the future; no longer will the
mother contribute to keeping her daughter in darkness and bring her up in contempt and moral
annihilation. And no longer will the science of all sciences consist in blind submission to any unjust
order, or in extreme complacency, nor will a courteous smile be deemed the only weapon against insult
or humble tears the ineffable panacea for all tribulations. You know that the will of God is different
from that of the priest; that religiousness does not consist of long periods spent on your knees, nor in
endless prayers, big rosarios, and grimy scapularies [religious garment showing devotion], but in a
spotless conduct, firm intention and upright judgment. You also know that prudence does not consist
in blindly obeying any whim of the little tin god, but in obeying only that which is reasonable and just,
because blind obedience is itself the cause and origin of those whims, and those guilty of it are really to
be blamed. The official or friar can no longer assert that they alone are responsible for their unjust
orders, because God gave each individual reason and a will of his or her own to distinguish the just from
the unjust; all were born without shackles and free, and nobody has a right to subjugate the will and the
spirit of another your thoughts. And, why should you submit to another your thoughts, seeing that
thought is noble and free?
It is cowardice and erroneous to believe that saintliness consists in blind obedience and that prudence
and the habit of thinking are presumptuous. Ignorance has ever been ignorance, and never prudence
and honor. God, the primal source of all wisdom, does not demand that man, created in his image and
likeness, allow himself to be deceived and hoodwinked, but wants us to use and let shine the light of
reason with which He has so mercifully endowed us. He may be compared to the father who gave each
of his sons a torch to light their way in the darkness bidding them keep its light bright and take care of
it, and not put it out and trust to the light of the others, but to help and advise each other to find the
right path. They would be madman were they to follow the light of another, only to come to a fall, and
the father could unbraid them and say to them: "Did I not give each of you his own torch," but he cold
not say so if the fall were due to the light of the torch of him who fell, as the light might have been dim
and the road very bad.
The deceiver is fond of using the saying that "It is presumptuous to rely on one's own judgment," but, in
my opinion, it is more presumptuous for a person to put his judgment above that of the others and try
to make it prevail over theirs. It is more presumptuous for a man to constitute himself into an idol and
pretend to be in communication of thought with God; and it is more than presumptuous and even
blasphemous for a person to attribute every movement of his lips to God, to represent every whim of
his as the will of God, and to brand his own enemy as an enemy of God. Of course, we should not
consult our own judgment alone, but hear the opinion of others before doing what may seem most
50
reasonable to us. The wild man from the hills, if clad in a priest's robe, remains a hillman and can only
deceive the weak and ignorant. And, to make my argument more conclusive, just buy a priest's robe as
the Franciscans wear it and put it on a carabao [domestic water buffalo], and you will be lucky if the
carabao does not become lazy on account of the robe. But I will leave this subject to speak of
something else.
Youth is a flower-bed that is to bear rich fruit and must accumulate wealth for its descendants. What
offspring will be that of a woman whose kindness of character is expressed by mumbled prayers; who
knows nothing by heart but awits [hymns], novenas, and the alleged miracles; whose amusement
consists in playing panguingue [a card game] or in the frequent confession of the same sins? What sons
will she have but acolytes, priest's servants, or cockfighters? It is the mothers who are responsible for
the present servitude of our compatriots, owing to the unlimited trustfulness of their loving hearts, to
their ardent desire to elevate their sons Maturity is the fruit of infancy and the infant is formed on the
lap of its mother. The mother who can only teach her child how to kneel and kiss hands must not
expect sons with blood other than that of vile slaves. A tree that grows in the mud is unsubstantial and
good only for firewood. If her son should have a bold mind, his boldness will be deceitful and will be like
the bat that cannot show itself until the ringing of vespers. They say that prudence is sanctity. But,
what sanctity have they shown us? To pray and kneel a lot, kiss the hand of the priests, throw money
away on churches, and believe all the friar sees fit to tell us; gossip, callous rubbing of noses. . . .
As to the mites and gifts of God, is there anything in the world that does not belong to God? What
would you say of a servant making his master a present of a cloth borrowed from that very master?
Who is so vain, so insane that he will give alms to God and believe that the miserable thing he has given
will serve to clothe the Creator of all things? Blessed be they who succor their fellow men, aid the poor
and feed the hungry; but cursed be they who turn a dead ear to supplications of the poor, who only give
to him who has plenty and spend their money lavishly on silver altar hangings for the thanksgiving, or in
serenades and fireworks. The money ground out of the poor is bequeathed to the master so that he
can provide for chains to subjugate, and hire thugs and executioners. Oh, what blindness, what lack of
understanding.
Saintliness consists in the first place in obeying the dictates of reason, happen what may. "It is acts and
not words that I want of you," said Christ. "Not everyone that sayeth unto me, Lord, Lord shall enter
into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in Heaven." Saintliness
does not consist in abjectness, nor is the successor of Christ to be recognized by the fact that he gives
his hand to be kissed. Christ did not give the kiss of peace to the Pharisees and never gave his hand to
be kissed. He did not cater to the rich and vain; He did not mention scapularies, nor did He make
rosaries, or solicit offerings for the sacrifice of the Mass or exact payments for His prayers. Saint John
did not demand a fee on the River Jordan, nor did Christ teach for gain. Why, then, do the friars now
refuse to stir a foot unless paid in advance? And, as if they were starving, they sell scapularies, rosaries,
bits, and other things which are nothing but schemes for making money and a detriment to the soul;
because even if all the rags on earth were converted into scapularies and all the trees in the forest into
rosaries, and if the skins of all the beasts were made into belts, and if all the priests of the earth
mumbled prayers over all this and sprinkled oceans of holy water over it, this would not purify a rogue
or condone sin where there is no repentance. Thus, also, through cupidity and love of money, they will,
for a price, revoke the numerous prohibitions such as those against eating meat, marrying close
relatives, etc. You can do almost anything if you but grease their palms. Why that? Can God be bribed
and bought off, and blinded by money, nothing more nor less than a friar? The brigand who has
obtained a bull of compromise can live calmly on the proceeds of his robbery, because he will be
forgiven. God, then, will sit at a table where theft provides the viands? Has the Omnipotent become a
pauper that He must assume the role of the excise man or gendarme? If that is the God whom the friar
adores, then I turn my back upon that God.
Let us be reasonable and open our eyes, especially you women, because you are the first to influence
the consciousness of man. Remember that a good mother does not resemble the mother that the friar
has created; she must bring up her child to be the image of the true God, not of a blackmailing, a
grasping God, but of a God who is the father of us all, who is just; who does not suck the life-blood of
the poor like a vampire, nor scoffs at the agony of the sorely beset, nor makes a crooked path of the
path of justice. Awaken and prepare the will of our children towards all that is honorable, judged by
proper standards, to all that is sincere and firm of purpose, clear judgment, clear procedure, honesty in
act and deed, love for the fellowman and respect for God; this is what you must teach your children.
And, seeing that life is full of thorns and thistles, you must fortify their minds against any stroke of
adversity and accustom them to danger. The people cannot expect honor nor prosperity so long as
they will educate their children in a wrong way, so long as the woman who guides the child in his steps
51
is slavish and ignorant. No good water comes from a turbid, bitter spring; no savory fruit comes from
acrid seed.
The duties that woman has to perform in order to deliver the people from suffering are of no little
importance, but be they as they may, they will not be beyond the strength and stamina of the Filipino
people. The power and good judgment of the women of the Philippines are well known, and it is
because of this that she has been hoodwinked, and tied, and rendered pusillanimous, and now her
enslavers rest at ease, because so long as they can keep the Filipina mother a slave, so long will they be
able to make slaves of her children. The cause of the backwardness of Asia lies in the fact that there the
women are ignorant, are slaves; while Europe and America are powerful because there the women are
free and well-educated and endowed with lucid intellect and a strong will.
We know that you lack instructive books; we know that nothing is added to your intellect, day by day,
save that which is intended to dim its natural brightness; all this we know, hence our desire to bring you
the light that illuminates your equals here in Europe. If that which I tell you does not provoke your
anger, and if you will pay a little attention to it then, however dense the mist may be that befogs our
people, I will make the utmost efforts to have it dissipated by the bright rays of the sun, which will give
light, thought they be dimmed. We shall not feel any fatigue if you help us: God, too, will help to
scatter the mist, because He is the God of truth: He will restore to its pristine condition the fame of the
Filipina in whom we now miss only a criterion of her own, because good qualities she has enough and to
spare. This is our dream; this is the desire we cherish in our hearts; to restore the honor of woman, who
is half of our heart, our companion in the joys and tribulations of life. If she is a maiden, the young man
should love her not only because of her beauty and her amiable character, but also on account of her
fortitude of mind and loftiness of purpose, which quicken and elevate the feeble and timid and ward off
all vain thoughts. Let the maiden be the pride of her country and command respect, because it is a
common practice on the part of Spaniards and friars here who have returned from the Islands to speak
of the Filipina as complaisant and ignorant, as if all should be thrown into the same class because of the
missteps of a few, and as if women of weak character did not exist in other lands. As to purity what
could the Filipina not hold up to others!
Nevertheless, the returning Spaniards and friars, talkative and fond of gossip, can hardly find time
enough to brag and bawl, amidst guffaws and insulting remarks, that a certain woman was thus; that
she behaved thus at the convent and conducted herself thus with the Spaniards who on the occasion
was her guest, and other things that set your teeth on edge when you think of them which, in the
majority of cases, were faults due to candor, excessive kindness, meekness, or perhaps ignorance and
were all the work of the defamer himself. There is a Spaniard now in high office, who has set at our
table and enjoyed our hospitality in his wanderings through the Philippines and who, upon his return to
Spain, rushed forthwith into print and related that on one occasion in Pampanga he demanded
hospitality and ate, and slept at a house and the lady of the house conducted herself in such and such a
manner with him; this is how he repaid the lady for her supreme hospitality! Similar insinuations are
made by the friars to the chance visitor from Spain concerning their very obedient confesandas, hand-
kissers, etc., accompanied by smiles and very significant winkings of the eye. In a book published by D.
Sinibaldo de Mas and in other friar sketches sins are related of which women accused themselves in the
confessional and of which the friars made no secret in talking to their Spanish visitors seasoning them,
at the best, with idiotic and shameless tales not worthy of credence. I cannot repeat here the
shameless stories that a friar told Mas and to which Mas attributed no value whatever. Every time we
hear or read anything of this kind, we ask each other: Are the Spanish women all cut after the pattern of
the Holy Virgin Mary and the Filipinas all reprobates? I believe that if we are to balance accounts in this
delicate question, perhaps, . . . But I must drop the subject because I am neither a confessor nor a
Spanish traveler and have no business to take away anybody's good name. I shall let this go and speak
of the duties of women instead.
A people that respect women, like the Filipino people, must know the truth of the situation in order to
be able to do what is expected of it. It seems an established fact that when a young student falls in
love, he throws everything to the dogs -- knowledge, honor, and money, as if a girl could not do
anything but sows misfortune. The bravest youth becomes a coward when he married, and the born
coward becomes shameless, as if he had been waiting to get married in order to show his cowardice.
The son, in order to hide his pusillanimity, remembers his mother, swallows his wrath, suffers his ears to
be boxed, obeys the most foolish order, and becomes an accomplice to his own dishonor. It should be
remembered that where nobody flees there is no pursuer; when there is no little fish, there can-not be a
big one. Why does the girl not require of her lover a noble and honored name, a manly heart offering
protection to her weakness, and a high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves? Let
her discard all fear, let her behave nobly and not deliver her youth to the weak and faint-hearted. When
she is married, she must aid her husband, inspire him with courage, share his perils, refrain from causing
52
him worry and sweeten his moments of affection, always remembering that there is no grief that a
brave heart can-not bear and there is no bitterer inheritance than that of infamy and slavery. Open
your children's eyes so that they may jealously guard their honor, love their fellowmen and their native
land, and do their duty. Always impress upon them they must prefer dying with honor to living in
dishonor. The women of Sparta should serve you as an example should serve you as an example in this;
I shall give some of their characteristics.
When a mother handed the shield to her son as he was marching to battle, she said nothing to him but
this: "Return with it, or on it," which means, come back victorious or dead, because it was customary
with the routed warrior to throw away his shield, while the dead warrior was carried home on his shield.
A mother received word that her son had been killed in battle and the army routed. She did not say a
word, but expressed her thankfulness that her son had been saved from disgrace. However, when her
son returned alive, the mother put on mourning. One of the mothers who went out to meet the
warriors returning from battle was told by one that her three sons had fallen. I do not ask you that, said
the mother, but whether we have been victorious or not. We have been victorious -- answered the
warrior. If that is so, then let us thank God, and she went to the temple.
Once upon a time a king of theirs, who had been defeated, hid in the temple, because he feared their
popular wrath. The Spartans resolved to shut him up there and starve him to death. When they were
blocking the door, the mother was the first to bring stones. These things were in accordance with the
custom there, and all Greece admired the Spartan woman. Of all women -- a woman said jestingly --
only your Spartans have power over the men. Quite natural -- they replied -- of all women only we give
birth to men. Man, the Spartan women said, was not born to life for himself alone but for his native
land. So long as this way of thinking prevailed and they had that kind of women in Sparta, no enemy
was able to put his foot upon her soil, nor was there a woman in Sparta who ever saw a hostile army.
I do not expect to be believed simply because it is I who am saying this; there are many people who do
not listen to reason, but will listen only to those who wear the cassock or have gray hair or no teeth; but
while it is true that the aged should be venerated, because of their travails and experience, yet the life I
have lived, consecrated to the happiness of the people, adds some years, though not many of my age. I
do not pretend to be looked upon as an idol or fetish and to be believed and listened to with the eyes
closed, the head bowed, and the arms crossed over the breast; what I ask of all is to reflect on what I tell
him, think it over and shift it carefully through the sieve of reasons.
First of all; that the tyranny of some is possible only through cowardice and negligence on the part of
others.
Second; what makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abject fear of him who holds one in
contempt.
Third; Ignorance is servitude, because as a man thinks, so he is; a man who does not think for himself
and allowed himself to be guided by the thought of another is like the beast led by a halter.
Fourth; He who loves his independence must first aid his fellowman, because he who refuses protection
to others will find himself without it; the isolated rib in the buri is easily broken, but not so the broom
made of the ribs of the palm bound together.
Fifth; if the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her rear no more children, let her merely give
birth to them. She must cease to be the mistress of the home; otherwise she will unconsciously betray
husband, child, native land, and all.
Sixth; All men are born equal, naked, without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave; nor did he
endow him with intelligence to have him hoodwinked, or adorn him with reason to have him deceived
by others. It is not fatuous to refuse to worship one's equal, to cultivate one's intellect, and to make use
of reason in all things. Fatuous is he who makes a god of him, who makes brutes of others, and who
strives to submit to his whims all that is reasonable and just.
Seventh; consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. See whether it is the will of God or
according to the teachings of Christ that the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated.
Consider what they preaching to you, the object of the sermon, what is behind the masses, novenas,
rosaries, scapularies, images, miracles, candles, belts, etc. etc; which they daily keep before your minds;
ears and eyes; jostling, shouting, and coaxing; investigate whence they came and whiter they go and
then compare that religion with the pure religion of Christ and see whether the pretended observance
53
of the life of Christ does not remind you of the fat milk cow or the fattened pig, which is encouraged to
grow fat nor through love of the animal, but for grossly mercenary motives.
Let us, therefore, reflect; let us consider our situation and see how we stand. May these poorly written
lines aid you in your good purpose and help you to pursue the plan you have initiated. "May your profit
be greater than the capital invested;" and I shall gladly accept the usual reward of all who dare tell your
people the truth. May your desire to educate yourself be crowned with success; may you in the garden
of learning gather not bitter, but choice fruit, looking well before you eat because on the surface of the
globe all is deceit, and the enemy sows weeds in your seedling plot.
All this is the ardent desire of your compatriot.
JOSÉ RIZAL
8.2.
The Philippines a Century Hence: Summary and Analysis
“The Philippines a Century Hence” is an essay written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal to forecast
the future of the country within a hundred years. Rizal felt that it was time to remind Spain that the
circumstances that ushered in the French Revolution could have a telling effect for her in the
Philippines.
This essay, published in La Solidaridad starts by analyzing the various causes of the miseries suffered by
the Filipino people:
 Spain’s implementation of her military policies – because of such laws, the Philippine population
decreased dramatically. Poverty became more rampant than ever, and farmlands were left to wither.
The family as a unit of society was neglected, and overall, every aspect of the life of the Filipino was
retarded.
Deterioration and disappearance of Filipino indigenous culture – when Spain came with the sword and
the cross, it began the gradual destruction of the native Philippine culture. Because of this, the Filipinos
started losing confidence in their past and their heritage, became doubtful of their present lifestyle, and
eventually lost hope in the future and the preservation of their race.
 Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers – one of the most powerful forces that
influenced a culture of silence among the natives were the Spanish friars. Because of the use of force,
the Filipinos learned to submit themselves to the will of the foreigners.
The question then arises as to what had awakened the hearts and opened the minds of the Filipino
people with regards to their plight. Eventually, the natives realized that such oppression in their society
by foreign colonizers must no longer be tolerated.
One question Rizal raises in this essay is whether or not Spain can indeed prevent the progress of the
Philippines:
1. Keeping the people uneducated and ignorant had failed. National consciousness had still
awakened, and great Filipino minds still emerged from the rubble.
2. Keeping he people impoverished also came to no avail. On the contrary, living a life of eternal
destitution had allowed the Filipinos to act on the desire for a change in their way of life. They
began to explore other horizons through which they could move towards progress.
3. Exterminating the people as an alternative to hindering progress did not work either. The Filipino
race was able to survive amidst wars and famine, and became even more numerous after such
catastrophes. To wipe out the nation altogether would require the sacrifice of thousands of
Spanish soldiers, and this is something Spain would not allow.
Spain, therefore, had no means to stop the progress of the country. What she needs to do is to
change her colonial policies so that they are in keeping with the needs of the Philippine society and
to the rising nationalism of the people.
What Rizal had envisioned in his essay came true. In 1898, the Americans wrestled with Spain to
win the Philippines, and eventually took over the country. Theirs was a reign of democracy and
liberty. Five decades after Rizal’s death, the Philippines gained her long-awaited independence.
This was in fulfillment of what he had written in his essay: “History does not record in its annals any
lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs,
of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.”
54
8.3.
The Indolence of the Filipinos: Summary and Analysis
La Indolencia de los Filipinos, more popularly known in its English version, "The Indolence of the
Filipinos," is a exploratory essay written by Philippine national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, to explain the alleged
idleness of his people during the Spanish colonization.
SUMMARY
The Indolence of the Filipinos is a study of the causes why the people did not, as was said, work
hard during the Spanish regime. Rizal pointed out that long before the coming of the Spaniards, the
Filipinos were industrious and hardworking. The Spanish reign brought about a decline in economic
activities because of certain causes:
First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of
the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, business was only
conducted with Spain through Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and handicraft industries
that flourished during the pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared.
Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the implementation of
forced labor. Because of the wars between Spain and other countries in Europe as well as the Muslims
in Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works,
abandoning agriculture, industry, and commerce.
Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With no arms to
defend themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result
of this, the Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in
rebuilding the industries that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of God.
Fourth, there was a crooked system of education, if it was to be considered an education. What
was being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that could not be used by the
students to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc., which
were badly needed by the Philippines during those times.
Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The officials reported to
work at noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their duties. The women were seen
constantly followed by servants who dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they
ought to have done for themselves.
Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times. Almost every day
there were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars were the first to
engage in all sorts of bets and gambles.
Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the naïve Filipinos that it was
easier for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work and remain poor so that they
could easily enter heaven after they died.
Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what they earned went
to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and they were
exploited, they were reduced to inaction.
Rizal admitted that the Filipinos did not work so hard because they were wise enough to adjust
themselves to the warm, tropical climate. “An hour’s work under that burning sun, in the midst of
pernicious influences springing from nature in activity, is equal to a day’s labor in a temperate climate.”
ANALYSIS
It is important to note that indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one.
Truth is, before the Spaniards arrived on these lands, the natives were industriously
conducting business with China, Japan, Arabia, Malaysia, and other countries in the Middle East. The
reasons for this said indolence were clearly stated in the essay, and were not based only on
presumptions, but were grounded on fact taken from history.
Another thing that we might add that had caused this indolence, is the lack of unity among the Filipino
people. In the absence of unity and oneness, the people did not have the power to fight the hostile
attacks of the government and of the other forces of society. There would also be no voice, no leader,
to sow progress and to cultivate it, so that it may be reaped in due time. In such a condition,
55
the Philippines remained a country that was lifeless, dead, simply existing and not living. As Rizal
stated in conclusion, “a man in the Philippines is an individual; he is not merely a citizen of a country.”
It can clearly be deduced from the writing that the cause of the indolence attributed to our race is
Spain: When the Filipinos wanted to study and learn, there were no schools, and if there were any, they
lacked sufficient resources and did not present more useful knowledge; when the Filipinos wanted to
establish their businesses, there wasn’t enough capital nor protection from the government; when the
Filipinos tried to cultivate their lands and establish various industries, they were made to pay enormous
taxes and were exploited by the foreign rulers.
It is not only the Philippines, but also other countries, that may be called indolent, depending on the
criteria upon which such a label is based. Man cannot work without resting, and if in doing so he is
considered lazy, they we could say that all men are indolent. One cannot blame a country that was
deprived of its dignity, to have lost its will to continue building its foundation upon the backs of its
people, especially when the fruits of their labor do not so much as reach their lips. When we spend our
entire lives worshipping such a cruel and inhumane society, forced upon us by aliens who do not even
know our motherland, we are destined to tire after a while. We are not fools, we are not puppets who
simply do as we are commanded – we are human beings, who are motivated by our will towards the
accomplishment of our objectives, and who strive for the preservation of our race. When this
fundamental aspect of our existence is denied of us, who can blame us if we turn idle?
The Indolence of the Filipinos: Highlights and Quotable Quotes
"In the Philippines one's own and another's faults, the shortcomings of one, the misdeeds of another,
are attributed to indolence."
"We must confess that indolence does actually and positively exist there; only that, instead of holding it
to be the cause of the backwardness and the trouble, we regard it as the effect of the trouble and the
backwardness, by fostering the development of a lamentable predisposition."
"A hot, climate requires of the individual quiet and rest, just as cold incites to labor and action. For this
reason the Spaniard is more indolent than the Frenchman; the Frenchman more so than the German."
"Perhaps the reply to this will be that white men are not made to stand the severity of the climate. A
mistake! A man can live in any climate, if he will only adapt himself to its requirements and conditions."
"An hour's work under that burning sun, in the midst of pernicious influences springing from nature in
activity, is equal to a day's work in a temperate climate; it is, then, just that the earth yields a hundred
folds!"
"Who is the indolent one in the Manila offices? Is it the poor clerk who comes in at eight in the morning
and leaves at, one in the afternoon with only his parasol, who copies and writes and works for himself
and for his chief, or is it the chief, who comes in a carriage at ten o'clock, leaves before twelve, reads his
newspaper while smoking and with is feet cocked up on a chair or a table, or gossiping about all his
friends?
Which is indolent, the native coadjutor, poorly paid and badly treated, who has to visit all the indigent
sick living in the country, or the friar curate who gets fabulously rich, goes about in a carriage, eats and
drinks well, and does not put himself to any trouble without collecting excessive fees?"
"Man is not a brute, he is not a, machine; his object is not merely to produce..."
"Man's object is not to satisfy tile passions of another man, his object is to seek happiness for himself
and his kind by traveling along the road of progress and perfection."
"The evil is that the indolence in the Philippines is a magnified indolence, an indolence of the snowball
type, if we may be permitted the expression, an evil that increases in direct proportion to the square of
the periods of time, an effect of misgovernment and of backwardness, as we said, and not a cause
thereof."
"Indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one. The Filipinos have not
always been what they are, witnesses whereto are all the historians of the first years after the discovery
of the Islands."
56
"The first thing noticed by Pigafetta, who came with Magellan in 1521, on arriving at the first island of
the Philippines, Samar, was the courtesy and kindness of the inhabitants and their commerce."
"A very extraordinary thing, and one that shows the facility with which the natives learned Spanish, is
that fifty years before the arrival of the Spaniards in Luzon, in that very year 1521 when they first came
to the islands, there were already natives of Luzon who understood Castilian."
"Accordingly, the Filipinos, in spite of the climate, in spite of their few needs (they were less then than
now), were not the indolent creatures of our time, and, as we shall see later on, their ethics and their
mode of life were not what is now complacently attributed to them."
"We have already spoken of the more or less latent predisposition which exists in the Philippines toward
indolence, and which must exist everywhere, in the whole world, in all men, because we all hate work
more or less, as it may be more or less hard, more or less unproductive. The dolce far niente of the
Italian, the rasc arse la barriga of the Spaniard, the supreme aspiration of the bourgeois to live on his
income in peace and tranquility, attest this."
"Man works for an object. Remove the object and you reduce him to inaction."
"The most active man in the world will fold his arms from the instant he understands that it is madness
to bestir himself, that this work will be the cause of his trouble, that for him it will be the cause of
vexations at home and of the pirate's greed abroad. It seems that these thoughts have never entered
the minds of those who cry out against the indolence of the Filipinos."
"The abandonment of the fields by their cultivators, whom the wars and piratical attacks dragged from
their homes was sufficient to reduce to nothing the hard labor of so many generations."
"In the Philippines abandon for a year the land most beautifully tended and you will see how you will
have to begin all over again: the rain will wipe out the furrows, the floods will drown the seeds, plants
and bushes will grow up everywhere, and on seeing so much useless labor the hand will drop the hoe,
the laborer will desert his plow."
"Still they struggled a long time against indolence, yes: but their enemies were so numerous that at last
they gave up!"
"We have already truly said that when a house becomes disturbed and disordered, we should not
accuse the youngest, child or the servants, but the head of it, especially if his authority is unlimited, he
who does not act freely is not responsible for his actions; and the Filipino people, not being master of its
liberty, is not responsible for either its misfortunes or its woes. We say this, it is true, but, as will be seen
later on, we also have a large part, in the continuation of such a disorder."
"The following, among other causes, contributed to foster the evil and aggravate it: the constantly
lessening encouragement that labor has met with in the Philippines."
"The most commercial and most industrious countries have been the freest countries: France, England
and the United States prove this. Hongkong, which is not worth the most insignificant of the
Philippines, has more commercial movement than all the islands together, because it is free and is well
governed."
"Moreover, 'Why work?' asked many natives. The curate says that the rich man will not go to heaven."
"The native, whom they pretend to regard as an imbecile, is not so much so that he does not
understand that it is ridiculous to work himself to death to become worse off. A proverb of his says that
the pig is cooked in its own lard, and as among his bad qualities he has the good one of applying to
himself all the criticisms and censures he prefers to live miserable and indolent, rather than play the
part of the wretched beast of burden."
"Along with gambling, which breeds dislike for steady and difficult toil by its promise of sudden wealth
and its appeal to the emotions, with the lotteries, with the prodigality and hospitality of the Filipinos,
went also, to swell this train of misfortunes, the religious functions, the great number of fiestas, the
long masses for the women to spend their mornings and the novenaries to spend their afternoons, and
57
the night, for the processions and rosaries."
"We have noticed that the countries which believe most in miracles are the laziest, just, as spoiled
children are the most ill-mannered. Whether they believe in miracles to palliate their laziness or they
are lazy because they believe in miracles, we cannot say; but the fact is the Filipinos were much less lazy
before the word miracle was introduced into their language."
"The apathy of the government itself toward everything in commerce and agriculture contributes not a
little to foster indolence."
"There is no encouragement, at all for the manufacturer or for the farmer; the government furnishes no
aid either when poor crop comes, when the locusts sweep over the fields, or when a cyclone destroys in
its passage the wealth of the soil; nor does it take any trouble to seek a market for the products of its
colonies."
"The fact that the best plantations, the best tracts of land in some provinces, those that from their easy
access are more profitable than others, are in the hands of the religious corporations, whose
desideratum is ignorance and a condition of semi-starvation for the native, so that they may continue
to govern him and make themselves necessary to his wretched existence, is one of the reasons why
many towns do not progress in spite of the efforts of their inhabitants."
"In the same way, another young man won a prize in a literary competition, and as long as his origin was
unknown his work was discussed, the newspapers praised it and it was regarded as a masterpiece, but
the sealed envelopes were opened, the winner proved to be a native, while among the losers there were
Peninsulars; then all the newspapers hastened to extol the losers! Not one word from the government,
or from anybody, to encourage the native who with so much affection was cultivating the language and
letters of the mother country!"
"Thus, while they attempt to make of the native a kind of animal, vet in exchange they demand of him
divine actions. And we say divine actions, because he must be a god who does not become indolent in
that climate, surrounded by the circumstances mentioned."
"Deprive a man, then, of his dignity, and you not only deprive him of his moral strength but you also
make him useless even for those who wish to make use of him."
"Every creature has its stimulus, its mainspring: man's is his self-esteem. Take it away from him and he
is a corpse, and he who seeks activity in a corpse will encounter only worms."
"The Filipino is convinced that to get happiness it is necessary for him to lay aside his dignity as a
rational creature, to attend mass, to believe what is told him, to pay what is demanded of him, to pay
and forever to pay; to work, suffer and be silent, without aspiring to anything, without aspiring to know
or even to understand Spanish, without separating himself from his carabao, as the priests shamelessly
say, without protesting against any injustice, against any arbitrary action, against an assault, against an
insult; that is, not to have heart, brain or spirit: a creature with arms and a purse full of gold... there's the
ideal native! Unfortunately, or because the brutalization is not yet complete and because the nature of
man is inherent in his being in spite of his condition, the native protests; he still has aspirations, he
thinks and strives to rise, and there's the trouble!"
"We can reduce all these causes to two classes: to defects of training and lack of national sentiment."
"Indolence is a corollary derived from the lack of stimulus and of vitality."
"That modesty infused into the convictions of every one, or, to speak more clearly, that insinuated
inferiority, a sort of daily and constant depreciation of the mind so that, it may not be raised to the
regions of light, deadens the energies, paralyzes all tendency toward advancement, and at the least
struggle a man gives up without fighting."
"Nurtured by the example of anchorites of a contemplative and lazy life, the natives spend theirs in
giving their gold to the Church in the hope of miracles and other wonderful things."
"You can't know more than this or that old man!" "Don't aspire to be greater than the curate!" "You
belong to an inferior race!" "You haven't any energy!" This is what they tell the child, and as they repeat
it so often, it has perforce to become engraved on his mind and thence mould and pervade all his
actions."
58
"The Philippines are an organism whose cells seem to have no arterial system to irrigate it or nervous
system to communicate its impressions; these cells must, nevertheless, yield their product, get it where
they can: if they perish, let them perish."
"Without education and liberty, that soil and that sun of mankind, no reform is possible; no measure
can give the result desired."
IX. MODULE 9
OBJECTIVES:
 Analyze Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine History
 Compare contrast Rizal and Morga’s different views about Filipinos and Philippine culture
TOPIC: Annotation Of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos De Los Islas Filipinas
MATERIALS:
9.1. Rizal’s annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos De los Islas fillipinas.
9.2. Hymn to Labor
9.3. Writing pen/ pad
ACTIVITY:
Activity 1: Read Doc. 9.1 Rizal’s annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos De los Islas fillipinas.
 Why is history important?
Activity 2: Make a table comparing and contrasting Rizal and Morga’s views on Filipino culture.
Filipino Culture
Jose Rizal Antonio de Morgas
Assessment
Doc 9.1. is the poem of Rizal “Hymn to Labor”. Deeply study stanzas of the poem and discover Rizal’s
thoughts about issues and concerns such as gender equality.
What are your thoughts of this topic?
REFERENCES
Dumol and Camposano. The Nation as project: a New Readings of Rizal’s Life and Works. Chap 5, pgs
121-125
http://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/2011/08/to-young-women-of-malolos-summary-and.html
https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/20/rizals-forecast-of-the-philippines-a-century-hence/
https://archive.org/stream/philippinescentu00riza/philippinescentu00riza_djvu.txt
https://opinion.inquirer.net/120136/the-indolence-of-the-filipino
https://www.slideshare.net/bing19928/the-indolence-of-the-filipinos
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203043271/chapters/10.4324/9780203043271-11
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobre_la_indolencia_de_los_filipinos
https://www.slideshare.net/gurliemanuel/the-indolence-of-the-filipinos-chapter-ii
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/966/dr-jose-rizals-annotations-to-morgas-1609-philippine-history
9.1.
D r. J o s e R i z a l ' s a n n o t a t i o n s t o M o r g a ' s 1 6 0 9 P h i l i p p i n e H i s t o r y
TO the Filipinos: In Noli Me Tangere I started to sketch the present state of our native land. But the
effect which my effort produced made me realize that, before attempting to unroll before your eyes
the other pictures which were to follow, it was necessary first to post you on the past. So only can you
fairly judge the present and estimate how much progress has been made during the three centuries
(of Spanish rule).
59
Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in ignorance of our country's past and so, without
knowledge or authority to speak of what I neither saw nor have studied, I deem it necessary to quote
the testimony of an illustrious Spaniard who in the beginning of the new era controlled the destinies
of the Philippines and had personal knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days.
It is then the shade of our ancestor's civilization which the author will call before you... If the work
serves to awaken in you a consciousness of our past, and to blot from your memory or to rectify what
has been falsified or is calumny, then I shall not have labored in vain. With this preparation, slight
though it be, we can all pass to the study of the future.
Governor Antonio de Morga was not only the first to write but also the first to publish a Philippine
history. This statement has regard to the concise and concrete form in which our author has treated
the matter. Father Chirino's work, printed at Rome in 1604, is rather a chronicle of the Missions than
a history of the Philippines; still it contains a great deal of valuable material on usages and customs.
The worthy Jesuit in fact admits that he abandoned writing a political history because Morga had
already done so, so one must infer that he had seen the work in manuscript before leaving the
Islands.
 By the Christian religion, Doctor Morga appears to mean the Roman Catholic which by fire and
sword he would preserve in its purity in the Philippines. Nevertheless in other lands, notably in
Flanders, these means were ineffective to keep the church unchanged, or to maintain its
supremacy, or even to hold its subjects.
 Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in the remote and unknown parts of the
world by Spanish ships but to the Spaniards who sailed in them we may add Portuguese, Italians,
French, Greeks, and even Africans and Polynesians. The expeditions captained by Columbus and
Magellan, one a Genoese Italian and the other a Portuguese, as well as those that came after
them, although Spanish fleets, still were manned by many nationalities and in them went
Negroes, Moluccans, and even men from the Philippines and the Marianes Islands.
 Three centuries ago it was the custom to write as intolerantly as Morga does, but nowadays it
would be called a bit presumptuous. No one has a monopoly of the true God nor is there any
nation or religion that can claim, or at any rate prove, that to it has been given the exclusive right
to the Creator of all things or sole knowledge of His real being.
 The conversions by the Spaniards were not as general as their historians claim. The missionaries
only succeeded in converting a part of the people of the Philippines. Still there are Mahometans,
the Moros, in the southern islands, and Negritos, Igorot and other heathens yet occupy the
greater part territorially of the archipelago. Then the islands which the Spaniards early held but
soon lost are non-Christian-Formosa, Borneo, and the Moluccas. And if there are Christians in the
Carolines, that is due to Protestants, whom neither the Roman Catholics of Morga's day nor many
Catholics in our own day consider Christians.
 It is not the fact that the Filipinos were unprotected before the coming of the Spaniards. Morga
himself says, further on in telling of the pirate raids from the south, that previous to the Spanish
domination the islands had arms and defended themselves. But after the natives were disarmed
the pirates pillaged them with impunity, coming at times when they were unprotected by the
government, which was the reason for many of the insurrections.
 The civilization of the Pre-Spanish Filipinos in regard to the duties of life for that age was well
advanced, as the Morga history shows in its eighth chapter.
 The islands came under Spanish sovereignty and control through compacts, treaties of friendship
and alliances for reciprocity. By virtue of the last arrangement, according to some historians,
Magellan lost his life on Mactan and the soldiers of Legaspi fought under the banner of King Tupas
of Cebu.
 The term "conquest" is admissible but for a part of the islands and then only in its broadest sense.
Cebu, Panay, Luzon Mindoro and some others cannot be said to have been conquered.
60
 The discovery, conquest and conversion cost Spanish blood but still more Filipino blood. It will be
seen later on in Morga that with the Spaniards and on behalf of Spain there were always more
Filipinos fighting than Spaniards.
 Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy with artillery and other implements of
warfare. Their prized krises and kampilans for their magnificent temper are worthy of admiration
and some of them are richly damascened. Their coats of mail and helmets, of which there are
specimens in various European museums, attest their great advancement in this industry.
 Morga's expression that the Spaniards "brought war to the gates of the Filipinos" is in marked
contrast with the word used by subsequent historians whenever recording Spain possesses herself
of a province, that she pacified it. Perhaps "to make peace" then meant the same as "to stir up
war." (This is a veiled allusion to the old Latin saying of Romans, often quoted by Spaniard's, that
they made a desert, calling it making peace.-C.)
Magellan's transferring from the service of his own king to employment under the King of Spain,
according to historic documents, was because the Portuguese King had refused to grant him the
raise in salary which he asked.
 Now it is known that Magellan was mistaken when he represented to the King of Spain that the
Molucca Islands were within the limits assigned by the Pope to the Spaniards. But through this
error and the inaccuracy of the nautical instruments of that time, the Philippines did not fall into
the hands of the Portuguese.
 Cebu, which Morga calls "The City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus," was at first called "The village
of San Miguel."
 The image of the Holy Child of Cebu, which many religious writers believed was brought to Cebu
by the angels, was in fact given by the worthy Italian chronicler of Magellan's expedition, the
Chevalier Pigafetta, to the Cebuan queen.
 The expedition of Villalobos, intermediate between Magellan's and Legaspi's, gave the name
"Philipina" to one of the southern islands, Tendaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this name later was
extended to the whole archipelago.
 Of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards, Raja Soliman was called "Rahang
mura", or young king, in distinction from the old king, "Rahang matanda". Historians have
confused these personages. The native fort at the mouth of the Pasig River, which Morga speaks
of as equipped with brass lantakas and artillery of larger caliber, had its ramparts reenforced with
thick hardwood posts such as the Tagalogs used for their houses and called "harigues", or
"haligui".
 Morga has evidently confused the pacific coming of Legaspi with the attack of Goiti and Salcedo,
as to date. According to other historians it was in 1570 that Manila was burned and with it a great
plant for manufacturing artillery. Goiti did not take posession of the city but withdrew to Cavite
and afterwards to Panay, which makes one suspicious of his alleged victory. As to the day of the
date, the Spaniards then, having come following the course of the sun, were some sixteen hours
later than Europe. This condition continued till the end of the year 1844, when the 31st of
December was by special arrangement among the authorities dropped from the calendar for that
year. Accordingly Legaspi did not arrive in Manila on the 19th but on the 20th of May and
consequently it was not on the festival of Santa Potenciana but on San Baudelio's day. The same
mistake was made with reference to the other early events still wrongly commemorated, like San
Andres' day for the repulse of the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong.
 Though not mentioned by Morga, the Cebuans aided the Spaniards in their expedition against
Manila, for which reason they were long exempted from tribute.
 The southern islands, the Bisayas, were also called "The land of the Painted People (or Pintados, in
Spanish)" because the natives had their bodies decorated with tracings made with fire, somewhat
like tattooing.
 The Spaniards retained the native name for the new capital of the archipelago, a little changed,
however, for the Tagalogs had called their city "Maynila."
61
 When Morga says that the lands were "entrusted" (given as encomiendas) to those who had
"pacified" them, he means "divided up among." The word "en trust," like "pacify," later came to
have a sort of ironical signification. To entrust a province was then as if it were said that it was
turned over to sack, abandoned to the cruelty and covetousness of the encomendero, to judge
from the way these gentry misbehaved.
 Legaspi's grandson, Salcedo, called the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines, was the "conqueror's"
intelligent right arm and the hero of the "conquest." His honesty and fine qualities, talent and
personal bravery, all won the admiration of the Filipinos. Because of him they yielded to their
enemies, making peace and friendship with the Spaniards. He it was who saved Manila from Li
Ma-hong. He died at the early age of twenty-seven and is the only encomendero recorded to have
left the great part of his possessions to the Indians of his encomienda. Vigan was his encomienda
and the Ilokanos there were his heirs.
 The expedition which followed the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong, after his unsuccessful attack upon
Manila, to Pangasinan province, with the Spaniards of whom Morga tells, had in it 1,500 friendly
Indians from Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Panay, besides the many others serving as laborers and
crews of the ships. Former Raja Lakandola, of Tondo, with his sons and his kinsmen went, too,
with 200 more Bisayans and they were joined by other Filipinos in Pangasinan.
 If discovery and occupation justify annexation, then Borneo ought to belong to Spain. In the
Spanish expedition to replace on its throne a Sirela or Malaela, as he is variously called, who had
been driven out by his brother, more than fifteen hundred Filipino bowmen from the provinces of
Pangasinan, Kagayan, and the Bisayas participated.
 It is notable how strictly the earlier Spanish governors were held to account. Some stayed in
Manila as prisoners, one, Governor Corcuera, passing five years with Fort Santiago as his prison.
 In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the Molucca group,
which was abandoned because of the prevalence of beriberi among the troops, there went 1,500
Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally Kagayans and Pampangans.
 The "pacification" of Kagayan was accomplished by taking advantage of the jealousies among its
people, particularly the rivalry between two brothers who were chiefs. An early historian asserts
that without this fortunate circumstance, for the Spaniards, it would have been impossible to
subjugate them.
 Captain Gabriel de Rivera, a Spanish commander who had gained fame in a raid on Borneo and
the Malacca coast, was the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with the King of Spain the
needs of the archipelago.
 -The early conspiracy of the Manila and Pampangan former chiefs was revealed to the Spaniards
by a Filipina, the wife of a soldier, and many concerned lost their lives.
 The artillery cast for the new stone fort in Manila, says Morga, was by the hand of an ancient
Filipino. That is, he knew how to cast cannon even before the coming of the Spaniards, hence he
was distinguished as 4"ancient." In this difficult art of ironworking, as in so many others, the
modern or present-day Filipinos are not so far advanced as were their ancestors.
 When the English freeboother Cavendish captured the Mexican galleon Santa Ana, with 122,000
gold pesos, a great quantity of rich textiles-silks, satins and damask, musk perfume, and stores of
provisions, he took 150 prisoners. All these because of their brave defense were put ashore with
ample supplies, except two Japanese lads, three Filipinos, a Portuguese and a skilled Spanish pilot
whom he kept as guides in his further voyaging.
 From the earliset Spanish days ships were built in the islands, which might be considered evidence
of native culture. Nowadays this industry is reduced to small craft, scows and coasters.
 The Jesuit, Father Alonso Sanchez, who visited the papal court at Rome and the Spanish King at
Madrid, had a mission much like that of deputies now, but of even greater importance since he
came to be a sort of counsellor or representative to the absolute monarch of that epoch. One
wonders why the Philippines could have a representative then but may not have one now.
62
 In the time of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinias, Manila was guarded against further damage
such as was suffered from Li Ma-hong by the construction of a massive stone wall around it. This
was accomplished "without expense to the royal treasury." The same governor, in like manner,
also fortified the point at the entrance to the river where had been the ancient native fort of wood,
and he gave it the name Fort Santiago.
 The early cathedral of wood which was burned through carelessness at the time of the funeral of
Governor Dasmarifias' predecessor, Governor Ronquillo, was made, according to the Jesuit
historian Chirino, with hardwood pillars around which two men could not reach, and in harmony
with this massiveness was all the woodwork above and below. It may be surmised from this how
hard workers were the Filipinos of that time.
 A stone house for the bishop was built before starting on the governor-general's residence. This
precedence is interesting for those who uphold the civil power. Morga's mention of the scant
output of large artillery from the Manila cannon works because of lack of master foundrymen
shows that after the death of the Filipino Panday Pira there were not Spaniards skilled enough to
take his place, nor were his sons as expert as he.
 It is worthy of note that China, Japan and Cambodia at this time maintained relations with the
Philippines. But in our day it has been more than a century since the natives of the latter two
countries have come here. The causes which ended the relationship may be found in the
interference by the religious orders with the institutions of those lands.
 For Governor Dasmarinas' expedition to conquer Ternate, in the Moluccan group, two Jesuits
there gave secret information. In his 200 ships, besides 900 Spaniards, there must have been
Filipinos for one chronicler speaks of Indians, as the Spaniards called the natives of the Philippines,
who lost their lives and others who were made captives when the Chinese rowers mutinied. It was
the custom then always to have a thousand or more native bowmen and besides the crew was
almost all Filipinos, for the most part Bisayans.
 The historian Argensola, in telling of four special galleys for Dasmarinas' expedition, says that
they were manned by an expedient which was generally considered rather harsh. It was ordered
that there be bought enough of the Indians who were slaves of the former Indian chiefs, or
principales, to form these crews, and the price, that which had been customary in pre-Spanish
times, was to be advanced by the encomenderos who later would be reimbursed from the royal
treasury. In spite of this promised compensation, the measures still seemed severe since those
Filipinos were not correct in calling their dependents slaves. The masters treated these, and loved
them, like sons rather, for they seated them at their own tables an gave them their own daughters
in marriage.
 Morga says that the 250 Chinese oarsmen who manned Governor Dasmariias' swift galley were
under pay and had the special favor of not being chained to their benches. According to him it was
covetousness of the wealth aboard that led them to revolt and kill the governor. But the historian
Gaspar de San Agustin states that the reason for the revolt was the governor's abusive language
and his threatening the rowers. Both these authors' allegations may have contributed, but more
important was the fact that there was no law to compel these Chinamen to row in the galleys.
They had come to Manila to engage in commerce or to work in trades or to follow professions.
Still the incident contradicts the reputation for enduring everything which they have had. The
Filipinos have been much more long-suffering than the Chinese since, in spite of having been
obliged to row on more than one occasion, they never mutinied.
 It is difficult to excuse the missionaries' disregard of the laws of nations and the usages of
honorable politics in their interference in Cambodia on the ground that it was to spread the Faith.
Religion had a broad field awaiting it then in the Philippines where more than nine-tenths of the
natives were infidels. That even now there are to be found here so many tribes and settlements of
non-Christians takes away much of the prestige of that religious zeal which in the easy life in
towns of wealth, liberal and fond of display, grows lethargic. Truth is that the ancient activity was
scarcely for the Faith alone, because the missionaries had to go to islands rich in spices and gold
though there were at hand Mahometans and Jews in Spain and Africa, Indians by the million in the
Americas, and more millions of protestants, schismatics and heretics peopled, and still people,
over six-sevenths of Europe. All of these doubtless would have accepted the Light and the true
religion if the friars, under pretext of preaching to them, had not abused their hospitality and if
63
behind the name Religion had not lurked the unnamed Domination.
 In the attempt made by Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao according to his contract
with the King of Spain, there was fighting along the Rio Grande with the people called the
Buhahayenes. Their general, according to Argensola, was the celebrated Silonga, later
distinguished for many deeds in raids on the Bisayas and adjacent islands. Chirino relates an
anecdote of his coolness under fire once during a truce for a marriage among Mindanao
"principalia." Young Spaniards out of bravado fired at his feet but he passed on as if unconscious
of the bullets.
 Argensola has preserved the name of the Filipino who killed Rodriguez de Figueroa. It was Ubal.
Two days previously he had given a banquet, slaying for it a beef animal of his own, and then
made the promise which he kept, to do away with the leader of the Spanish invaders. A Jesuit
writer calls him a traitor though the justification for that term of reproach is not apparent. The
Buhahayen people were in their own country, and had neither neither offended nor declared war
upon the Spaniards. They had to defend their homes against a powerful invader, with superior
forces, many of whom were, by reason of their armor, invulnerable so far as rude Indians were
concerned. Yet these same Indians were defenceless against the balls from their muskets. By the
Jesuit's line of reasoning, the heroic Spanish peasantry in their war for independence would have
been a people even more treacherous. It was not Ubal's fault that he was not seen and, as it was
wartime, it would have been the height of folly, in view of the immense disparity of arms, to have
first called out to this preoccupied opponent,and then been killed himself.
 The muskets used by the Buhahayens were probably some that had belonged to Figueroa's
soldiers who had died in battle. Though the Philippines had lantakas and other artillery, muskets
were unknown till the Spaniards came.
 That the Spaniards used the word "discover" very carelessly may be seen from an admiral's turning
in a report of his "discovery" of the Solomon Islands though he noted that the islands had been
discovered before.
 Death has always been the first sign of European civilization on its introduction in the Pacific
Ocean. God grant that it may not be the last, though to judge by statistics the civilized islands are
losing their populations at a terrible rate. Magellan himself inaugurated his arrival in the Marianes
islands by burning more than forty houses, many small craft and seven people because one of his
boats had been stolen. Yet to the simple savages the act had nothing wrong in it but was done
with the same naturalness that civilized people hunt, fish, and subjugate people that are weak or
ill-armed.
 The Spanish historians of the Philippines never overlook any opportunity, be it suspicion or
accident that may be twisted into something unfavorable to the Filipinos. They seem to forget
that in almost every case the reason for the rupture has been some act of those who were
pretending to civilize helpless peoples by force of arms and at the cost of their native land. What
would these same writers have said if the crimes committed by the Spaniards, the Portuguese and
the Dutch in their colonies had been committed by the islanders?
 The Japanese were not in error when they suspected the Spanish and Portuguese religious
propaganda to have political motives back of the missionary activities. Witness the Moluccas
where Spanish missionaries served as spies; Cambodia, which it was sought to conquer under
cloak of converting; and many other nations, among them the Filipinos, where the sacrament of
baptism made of the inhabitants not only subjects of the King of Spain but also slaves of the
encomenderos, and as well slaves of the churches and convents. What would Japan have been
now had not its emperors uprooted Catholicism? A missionary record of 1625 sets forth that the
King of Spain had arranged with certain members of Philippine religious orders that, under guise
of preaching the faith and making Christians, they should win over the Japanese and oblige them
to make themselves of the Spanish party, and finally it told of a plan whereby the King of Spain
should become also King of Japan. In corroboration of this may be cited the claims that Japan fell
within the Pope's demarcation lines for Spanish expansion and so there was complaint of
missionaries other than Spanish there. Therefore it was not for religion that they were converting
the infidels!
 The raid by Datus Sali and Silonga of Mindanao, in 1599 with 50 sailing vessels and 3,000 warriors,
against the capital of Panay, is the first act of piracy by the inhabitants of the South which is
recorded in Philippine history. I say "by the inhabitants of the South" because earlier there had
64
been other acts of piracy, the earliest being that of Magellan's expedition when it seized the
shipping of friendly islands and even of those whom they did not know, extorting for them heavy
ransoms. It will be remembered that these Moro piracies continued for more than two centuries,
during which the indomitable sons of the South made captives and carried fire and sword not only
in neighboring islands but into Manila Bay to Malate, to the very gates of the capital, and not once
a year merely but at times repeating their raids five and six times in a single season. Yet the
government was unable to repel them or to defend the people whom it had disarmed and left
without protection. Estimating that the cost to the islands was but 800 victims a year, still the
total would be more than 200,000 persons sold into slavery or killed, all sacrificed together with so
many other things to the prestige of that empty title, Spanish sovereignty.
 Still the Spaniards say that the Filipinos have contributed nothing to Mother Spain, and that it is
the islands which owe everything. It may be so, but what about the enormous sum of gold which
was taken from the islands in the early years of Spanish rule, of the tributes collected by the
encomenderos, of the nine million dollars yearly collected to pay the military, expenses of the
employees, diplomatic agents, corporations and the like, charged to the Philippines, with salaries
paid out of the Philippine treasury not only for those who come to the Philippines but also for
those who leave, to some who never have been and never will be in the islands, as well as to
others who have nothing to do with them. Yet all of this is as nothing in comparison with so many
captives gone, such a great number of soldiers killed in expeditions, islands depopulated, their
inhabitants sold as slaves by the Spaniards themselves, the death of industry, the demoralization
of the Filipinos, and so forth, and so forth. Enormous indeed would the benefits which that sacred
civilization brought to the archipelago have to be in order to counterbalance so heavy a-cost.
 While Japan was preparing to invade the Philippines, these islands were sending expeditions to
Tonquin and Cambodia, leaving the homeland helpless even against the undisciplined hordes
from the South, so obsessed were the Spaniards with the idea of making conquests.
 In the alleged victory of Morga over the Dutch ships, the latter found upon the bodies of five
Spaniards, who lost their lives in that combat, little silver boxes filled with prayers and invocations
to the saints. Here would seem to be the origin of the anting-anting of the modern tulisanes,
which are also of a religious character.
 In Morga's time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan whence now comes the best quality of that
merchandise.
 Morga's views upon the failure of Governor Pedro de Acunia's ambitious expedition against the
Moros unhappily still apply for the same conditions yet exist. For fear of uprisings and loss of
Spain's sovereignty over the islands, the inhabitants were disarmed, leaving them exposed to the
harassing of a powerful and dreaded enemy. Even now, though the use of steam vessels has put
an end to piracy from outside, the same fatal system still is followed. The peaceful countryfolk are
deprived of arms and thus made unable to defend themselves against the bandits, or tulisanes,
which the government cannot restrain. It is an encouragemnnt to banditry thus to make easy its
getting booty.
 Hernando de los Rios blames these Moluccan wars for the fact that at first the Philippines were a
source of expense to Spain instead of profitable in spite of the tremendous sacrifices of the
Filipinos, their practically gratuitous labor in building and equipping the galleons, and despite, too,
the tribute, tariffs and other imposts and monopolies. These wars to gain the Moluccas, which
soon were lost forever with the little that, had been so laboriously obtained, were a heavy drain
upon the Philippines. They depopulated the country and bankrupted the treasury, with not the
slightest compensating benefit. True also is it that it was to gain the Moluccas that Spain kept the
Philippines, the desire for the rich spice islands being one of the most powerful arguments when,
because of their expense to him, the King thought of withdrawing and abandoning them.
 Among the Filipinos who aided the government when the Manila Chinese revolted, Argensola says
there were 4,000 Pampangans "armed after the way of their land, with bows and arrows, short
lances, shields, and broad and long daggers." Some Spanish writers say that the Japanese
volunteers and the Filipinos showed themselves cruel in slaughtering the Chinese refugees. This
may very well have been so, considering the hatred and rancor then existing, but those in
command set the example.
 The loss of two Mexican galleons in 1603 called forth no comment from the religious chroniclers
who were accustomed to see the avenging hand of God in the misfortunes and accidents of their
65
enemies. Yet there were repeated shipwrecks of the vessels that carried from the Philippines
wealth which encomenderos had extorted from the Filipinos, using force, or making their own
laws, and, when not using these open means, cheating by the weights and measures.
 The Filipino chiefs who at their own expense went with the Spanish expedition against Ternate, in
the Moluccas, in 1605, were Don Guillermo Palaot, maestro de campo, and Captains Francisco
Palaot, Juan Lit, Luis Lont, and Agustin Lont. They had with them 400 Tagalogs and Pampangans.
The leaders bore themselves bravely for Argensola writes that in the assault on Ternate, "No
officer, Spaniard or Indian, went unscathed."
 The Cebuans drew a pattern on the skin before starting in to tatoo. The Bisayan usage then was
the same procedure that the Japanese today follow.
 Ancient traditions ascribe the origin of the Malay Filipinos to the island of Sumatra. These
traditions were almost completely lost as well as the mythology and the genealogies of which the
early historians tell, thanks to the zeal of the missionaries in eradicating all national remembances
as heathen or idolatrous. The study of ethnology is restoring this somewhat.
 The chiefs used to wear upper garments, usually of Indian fine gauze according to Colin, of red
color, a shade for which they had the same fondness that the Romans had. The barbarous tribes in
Mindanao still have the same taste.
 The "easy virtue" of the native women that historians note is not solely attributable to the
simplicity with which they obeyed their natural instincts but much more due to a religious belief of
which Father Chirino tells. It was that in the journey after death to "Kalualhatian," the abode of
the spirit, there was a dangerous river to cross that had no bridge other than a very narrow strip of
wood over which a woman could not pass unless she had a husband or lover to extend a hand to
assist her. Furthermore, the religious annals of the early missions are filled with countless
instances where native maidens chose death rather than sacrifice their chastity to the threats and
violence of encomenderos and Spanish soldiers. As to the mercenary social evil, that is worldwide
and there is no nation that can 'throw the first stone' at any other. For the rest, today the
Philippines has no reason to blush in comparing its womankind with the women of the most
chaste nation in the world.
 Morga's remark that the Filipinos like fish better when it is commencing to turn bad is another of
those prejudices which Spaniards like all other nations, have. In matters of food, each is nauseated
with what he is unaccustomed to or doesn't know is eatable. The English, for example, find their
gorge rising when they see a Spaniard eating snails, while in turn the Spanish find roastbeef
English-style repugnant and can't understand the relish of other Europeans for beefsteak a la
Tartar which to them is simply raw meat. The Chinaman, who likes shark's meat, cannot bear
Roquefort cheese, and these examples might be indefinitely extended. The Filipinos' favorite fish
dish is the bagong and whoever has tried to eat it knows that it is not considered improved when
tainted. Neither is, nor ought to be, decayed.
 Colin says the ancient Filipinos had minstrels who had memorized songs telling their genealogies
and of the deeds ascribed to their deities. These were chanted on voyages in cadence with the
rowing, or at festivals, or funerals, or wherever there happened to be any considerable gatherings.
It is regretable that these chants have not been preserved as from them it would have been
possible to learn much of the Filipinos' past and possibly of the history of neighboring islands.
 The cannon foundry mentioned by Morga as in the walled city was probably on the site of the
Tagalog one which was destroyed by fire on the first coming of the Spaniards. That established in
1584 was in Lamayan, that is, Santa Ana now, and was transferred to the old site in 1590. It
continued to work until 1805. According to Gaspar San Agustin, the cannon which the pre-Spanish
Filipinos cast were "as great as those of Malaga," Spain's foundry. The Filipino plant was burned
with all that was in it save a dozen large cannons and some smaller pieces which the Spanish
invaders took back with them to Panay. The rest of their artillery equipment had been thrown by
the Manilans, then Moros, into the sea when they recognized their defeat.
 Malate, better Maalat, was where the Tagalog aristocracy lived after they were dispossessed by
the Spaniards of their old homes in what is now the walled city of Manila. Among the Malate
residents were the families of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman. The men had various positions in
Manila and some were employed in government work near by. "They were very courteous and
well-mannered," says San Agustin. "The women were very expert in lacemaking, so much so that
66
they were not at all behind the women of Flanders."
 Morga's statement that there was not a province or town of the Filipinos that resisted conversion
or did not want it may have been true of the civilized natives. But the contrary was the fact among
the mountain tribes. We have the testimony of several Dominican and Augustinian missionaries
that it was impossible to go anywhere to make conversions without other Filipinos along and a
guard of soldiers. "Otherwise, says Gaspar de San Agustin, there would have been no fruit of the
Evangelic Doctrine gathered, for the infidels wanted to kill the Friars who came to preach to
them." An example of this method of conversion given by the same writer was a trip to the
mountains by two Friars who had numerous escorts of Pampangans. The escort's leader was Don
Agustin Sonson who had a reputation for daring and carried fire and sword into the country, killing
many, including the chief, Kabadi.
 "The Spaniards, says Morga, were accustomed to hold as slaves such natives as they bought and
others that they took in the forays in the conquest or pacification of the islands." Consequently in
this respect the "pacifiers" introduced no moral improvement. We even do not know if in their
wars the Filipinos used to make slaves of each other, though that would not have been strange,
for the chroniclers tell of captives returned to their own people. The practice of the Southern
pirates almost proves this, although in these piratical wars the Spaniards were the first aggressors
and gave them their character.
9.2.
Hymn To Labor
(Source: http://pages.prodigy.net/manila_girl/rizal)
For the Motherland in war,

For the Motherland in peace,
Will the Filipino keep watch,
He will live until life will cease!
MEN:
Now the East is glowing with light,

Go! To the field to till the land,
For the labour of man sustains
Fam'ly, home and Motherland.
Hard the land may turn to be,
Scorching the rays of the sun above...
For the country, wife and children
All will be easy to our love.
(Chorus)
WIVES:
Go to work with spirits high,

For the wife keeps home faithfully,
Inculcates love in her children
For virtue, knowledge and country.
When the evening brings repose,
On returning joy awaits you,
And if fate is adverse, the wife,
Shall know the task to continue.
(Chorus)
MAIDENS:
Hail! Hail! Praise to labour,

Of the country wealth and vigor!
For it brow serene's exalted,
67
It's her blood, life, and ardor.

If some youth would show his love
Labor his faith will sustain:
Only a man who struggles and works
Will his offspring know to maintain.
(Chorus)
CHILDREN:
Teach, us ye the laborious work

To pursue your footsteps we wish,
For tomorrow when country calls us
We may be able your task to finish.
And on seeing we the elders will say:
"Look, they're worthy 'f their sires of yore!"
Incense does not honor the dead
as does a son with glory and valor.
X. MODULE 10
OBJECTIVES:
 Appraise important character in the novel and what they represent

 Examine the present Philippine situation through the examples mentioned in the Noli Me
Tangere
TOPIC: NOLI ME TANGERE
MATERIALS:
Readings:
10.1.Pag-pakilala ng Noli Me Tangere
10.2. Ang Buod (summary) ng Noli Me Tangere
10.3.Talaan ng Mga Kabanata buod 1-64
10.4. Mga Tauhan
10.5.Mga Kabanata Buod
10.6. Writng pen/pad.
ACTIVITY
Aktibidad 1 – Masigasin na basahin ang sumusunod na kabanata at saguting ang mga katatungan.
A. Kabanata 20
 Ano ba ang dapat na panoorin /makita sa telebisyon at sinihan?
B. Kanata 25
 Ano ang kahihinatnan ng lipunan kung magbingi-bingihan ang mga mapag-api at
mapagsamantalang mayayaman at makapangyarihan sa mga daing at pangangailangan ng
inaapi at pinagsamantalahang mahirap?
 Ano ang kahalagahan ng bawat simula, at pag-asa sa kabila sa pagkabigo ng reporma?
 Ano ang masamang epekto ng bisyo, ng katiwalian at ng walang pakialam ng mga
mamamayan sa kalagayan ng bayan at kahalagahan ng kalayaan sapananalita/freedom of
speech/expression?
 Gaano ka pangit ang pamahalaang sunud-sunuran/puppet/kolonyaloneokolnyal na
pamahalaan?
C. Kabanata 29
 Ano ang masama sa luho/luxury?
D. Kabanata 49
 Paano ba ang tamang paggamot ng sakit ng bayan?
 Ano ang kakulanga sa kampanyang ako mismo/indibidwalismo?
68
 Ano ang katuturan ng digmaan bilang pamamaraan na gkamit ng reporma, at kahalagahan ng

kalayaan?
E. Kabanata 45
 Ano ang ugali ng karamihan sa mayayaman at makapangyarihan?
Aktibidad 2- Pumili ng limang kasabihan (quotes) sa itaas at ilangtad ang aral o mga aral na gusto ni
2Rizal na ipahayag sa sambayanang Filipino.
Assessment:
 Kabanata 33
 p. 221 Ibarra asks Elias if he believes in chance. Elias responds,
“Believing in chance is the same as believing in miracles. Both situations presuppose that God
does not know the future. What is chance? An event no one has foreseen. What is a miracle? A
contradiction in the intelligence that governs the world machine means two great
imperfections.”
 p. 221 Elias insists on being anonymous after Ibarra asks him if he is a scholar.
“I have to believe (paniwala) much in God because I have lost my belief in men.”
Ano ang piliin mo sa dalawa, ‘To see is to believe’ or ‘To believe is to see’. Ipaliwanag ang iyong sagot.
 Paghambingin at ihambing ang pananaw ni Rizal at pananaw ni Hesu Kristo sa “Wag mo akong
salingin”John 20:17.
REFERENCES
https://www.panitikan.com.ph/kabanata-61-ang-barilan-sa-lawa-noli-me-tangere-buod
https://www.academia.edu/32797442/NOLI_ME_TANGERE?auto=download
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c8cecdbafd1de001b3f6eb7/noli-me-tangere-kabanata-1-10
https://www.google.com/search?source=univ&tbm=isch&q=noli+me+tangere+graphic+organizer
https://www.litcharts.com/lit/noli-me-tangere
10.1.
NOLI ME TANGERE
Ang Noli Me Tángere[1] ay isang nobelang isinulat ni Jose Rizal, at inilathala noong 1887, sa Europa. Ang
pagbasa nito at ng itong kasunod, ang El Filibusterismo, ay kailangan para sa mga mag-aaral sa
sekondarya.
Hango sa Latin ang pamagat nito na may kahulugang "huwag mo akong salingin (o hawakan)". Sinipi
ito mula sa Juan 20:17 kung saan sinabi ni Hesus kay Maria Magdalena na "Huwag mo akong salingin
sapagkat hindi pa ako nakaaakyat sa aking ama."
Unang nobela ni Rizal ang Noli me Tangere. Inilathala ito noong 26 taóng gulang siya. Makasaysayan
ang aklat na ito at naging instrumento upang makabuo ang mga Pilipino ng pambansang
pagkakakilanlan. Sa di-tuwirang paraan, nakaimpluwensiya ang aklat ni Rizal sa rebolusyon subalit si
Rizal mismo ay isang nananalig sa isang mapayapang pagkilos at isang tuwirang representasyon sa
pamahalaang Kastila. Orihinal itong nakasulat sa wikang Kastila, ang wika ng mga edukado noong
panahong yaon.
Sinimulan ni Rizal ang nobela sa Madrid, Espanya. Kalahati nito ay natapos bago siya umalis ng Paris, at
natapos ito sa Berlin, Alemanya. Inilaan ni Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, isang bantog na manunulat, ang
kaniyang serbisyo bilang tagapayo at tagabasa.
Ang nobela ni Rizal ay tumatalakay sa mga kinagisnang kultura ng Pilipinas sa pagiging kolonya nito
ng Espanya. Binabatikos din ng nobela ang mga bisyo na nakasanayan ng mga Pilipino at ang
kapangyarihang taglay ng Simbahang Katoliko na nahihigit pa ang kapangyarihan ng mga lokal na
alkalde.
Bumuo ng kontrobersiya ang nobelang ito kung kaya't pagkatapos lamang ng ilang araw na pagbalik ni
Rizal sa Pilipinas, pinatawag siya ni Gobernador-Heneral Emilio Terrero sa Malacañang at inabisuhang
puno ng subersibong ideya ang Noli Me Tangere. Pagkatapos ng usapan, napayapa ang liberal ng
Gobernador Heneral ngunit nabanggit niya na wala siyang magagawa sa kapangyarihan ng simbahan
69
na gumawa ng kilos laban sa nobela ni Rizal. Mahihinuha ang persekusyon sa kaniya sa liham ni Rizal
sa Leitmeritz:
“ Gumawa ng maraming ingay ang libro ko; kahit saan, tinatanong ako ukol rito. Gusto nila akong
gawing excommunicado dahil doon... pinagbibintangan akong espiya ng mga Aleman, ahente
ni Bismarck, sinasabi nila na Protestante ako, isang Mason, isang salamangkero, isang abang
kaluluwa. May mga bulong na gusto ko raw gumawa ng plano, na mayroon akong dayuhang
pasaporte at gumagala ako sa kalye pagkagat ng dilim ...
10.2.
Ang Buong Buod ng Nobelang NOLI ME TANGERE
NOLI ME TANGERE – Sa paksang ito, alamin nating ang buod ng isa sa mg nobelang isinulat ni
Jose Rizal: ang Noli Me Tangere.
Ang nobelang ito na kilala sa Ingles na “Touch Me Not” ay isa sa dalawang magkadugtong nobela
na isinulat ng ating pambansang bayani na si Jose Rizal (buong pangalan ay Jose Protacio Mercado
Rizal y Alonzo Realonda).
Isinulat niya ang nobelang ito upang ipakita sa mga kapwa Pilipino ang pang-aabusong ginagawa
ng mga pari sa panahong Kastila.
Ang binatang si Juan Crisostomo Ibarra ay bumalik sa Pilipinas pagkatapos ng pitong taong pag-
aaral niya sa Europa. Naghandog ng piging si Kapitan Tiyago sa dahilang ito na kung saan
inanyayahan niya ang ilang sikat na tao sa kanilang lugar.
Nahamak si Ibarra ni Padre Damaso sa piging ngunit nagpaalam ng magalang niya ang pari dahil
may mahalaga siyang lakarin.
May magandang kasintahan si Ibarra na si Maria Clara na anak-anakan ni Kapitan Tiyago at ang
dahilan kung bakit dalawin niya pagkatapos ng piging.
Muling binasa ni Maria ang mga lumang liham ni Ibarra bago siya mag-aral sa Europa habang
inalala nila ang kanilang pagmamahalan.
Bago umuwi si Ibarra ay nakita niya si Tinyente Guevarra na nagpahayag na namatay na noong
isang taon ang ama ni Ibarra na si Don Rafael Ibarra.
Sabi ng Tinyente na inakusahan ang don ni Padre Damaso na erehe (taong hindi sumunod sa utos
ng Simbahan) at pilibustero (taong sumasalungat sa utos ng pamahalaan) dahil hindi umano
nagsisimba at nangunumpisal. Ngunit ayon sa Tinyente, nagsimula ito nang ipagtangoll ng don
ang isang bata sa kamay ng isang maniningil na hindi sinadyang nabagok ang ulo kaya namatay.
Nakakulong umanoy si Don Rafael habang may imbestigasyon ukol sa insidente ngunit ang mga
kaaway niya ay gumawa nga mga kung anuano para ipahiya ang Don.
Nagkasakit ang Don at namatay dahil sa naapektuhan siya sa mga pangyayari.

Ang padre ay hindi nakuntento at ipinahukay ang labi ng don upang ipalipat sa libingan ng mga
Intsik ngutin nang dahil sa ulan ay itinapon ang kanyang labi sa lawa.
Imbes na nagtangkang ipaghiganti ang yumaong ama, ipagpatuloy ni Ibarra ang nasimulan ng Don
kaya nagpatayo siya ng paaralan sa tulong ni Nol Juan.
Muntik nang mapatay si Ibarra kung hindi iniligtas ni Elias noong babasbasam na
ang itinayong paaralan. Namatay ang taong binayaran ng lihim na kaaway
Si Padre Damaso ay muling nag-aasar kay Ibarra. Nang saglit nang inihamak ng padra ang ama
niya ay nagalit at nagtangkang isaksak ang pari pero pinigilan siya ni Maria.
Dahill doon ay natiwalag si Ibarra ng Arsobispo sa simbahan. Nasamantala ni Padre Damaso nito
upang iutos sa Kapitan na hindi na ipagpatuloy ang kasal kay Maria Clara at ipakasal sa binatang
Kastila na si Linares.
Pero dahil sa tulong ng Kapitan Heneral ay nabalik si Ibarra sa simbangan. Pero hindi inasaang
70
hinuli si Ibarra nang dahil umonay nanguna siya sa pagsalakay sa kuwartel.
Tumakas si Ibarra sa kulungan sa tulong ni Elias. Pumunta si Ibarra sa kay Maria bago siya tumakas.
Itinanggi ng dalaga ang liham na ginamit laban sa kanya nang dahil sa inagaw ang liham kapalit sa
liham ng ina niya na nagsasabi na si Damaso ang tunay niyang ama.
Pagkatapos nito ay tumakas na si Ibarra sa tulong ni Elias. Sumakay sila sa bangka patungo Ilog
Pasig hanggang sa Lawa ng Bay at tinabunan si Ibarra ng mga damo.
Naabutan sila ng mga tumutugis sa kanila. Para makaligtas si Ibarra, naging pampalito si Elias at
tumalon sa tubig. Akala ng mga tumutugis na ang tumalon ay si Ibarra kaya nila binaril si Elias
hanggang nagkulay ng dugo. Naabutan ang balita kay Maria na namatay si Ibarra.
Natunton ni Elias ang gubat ng mga Ibarra at doon niya natuklasan si Basillo at ang namatay
niyang inang si Sisa.
Bago namatay si Elias ay sinugo niya ang bata na kung hindi man daw niya makita ang bukang-
liwayway sa sariling bayan, sa mga mapalad, huwag lamang daw limutin nang ganap ang mga
nasawi sa dilim ng gabi.
10.3.
Talaan Ng Mga Kabanata Ng Noli Me Tangere (Kabanata 1 – 64)
Kabanata 1: Ang Pagtitipon Kabanata 33: Malayang Kaisipan

Kabanata 2: Si Crisostomo Ibarra Kabanata 34: Ang Pananghalian
Kabanata 3: Ang Hapunan Kabanata 35: Ang Usap-Usapan
Kabanata 4: Erehe At Pilibustero Kabanata 36: Ang Unang Suliranin
Kabanata 5: Pangarap Sa Gabing Madilim Kabanata 37: Ang Kapitan-Heneral
Kabanata 6: Si Kapitan Tiago Kabanata 38: Ang Prusisyon
Kabanata 7: Suyuan Sa Asotea Kabanata 39: Si Donya Consolacion
Kabanata 8: Mga Alaala Kabanata 40: Ang Karapatan At Lakas
Kabanata 9: Mga Bagay-bagay Ukol Sa Bayan Kabanata 41: Dalawang Panauhin
Kabanata 10: Ang Bayan Ng San Diego Kabanata 42: Mag-asawang De Espadaña
Kabanata 11: Ang Mga Makapangyarihan Kabanata 43: Mga Balak O Panukala
Kabanata 12: Araw Ng Mga Patay/Todos Los Kabanata 44: Pagsusuri Sa Budhi
Santos Kabanata 45: Ang Pinag-uusig
Kabanata 13: Mga Unang Banta Ng Unos Kabanata 46: Ang Sabungan
Kabanata 14: Si Pilosopo Tasyo Kabanata 47: Ang Dalawang Senyora
Kabanata 15: Mga Sakristan Kabanata 48: Ang Talinghaga
Kabanata 16: Si Sisa Kabanata 49: Ang Tinig Ng Mga Pinag-uusig
Kabanata 17: Si Basilio Kabanata 50: Ang Mga Kaanak Ni Elias
Kabanata 18: Mga Kaluluwang Naghihirap Kabanata 51: Mga Pagbabago
Kabanata 19: Karanasan Ng Guro Kabanata 52: Baraha Ng Patay At Mga Anino
Kabanata 20: Ang Pulong Sa Tribunal Kabanata 53: Ang Mabuting Araw Ay Nakikilala
Kabanata 21: Kasaysayan Ng Isang Ina Sa Umaga
Kabanata 22: Dilim At Liwanag Kabanata 54: Ang Pagbubunyag
Kabanata 23: Ang Pangingisda Kabanata 55: Ang Pagkakagulo
Kabanata 24: Sa Kagubatan Kabanata 56: Ang Mga Sabi At Kuro-Kuro
Kabanata 25: Sa Bahay Ng Pilosopo Kabanata 57: Vae Victus
Kabanata 26: Bisperas Ng Pista Kabanata 58: Ang Isinumpa
Kabanata 27: Sa Pagtatakipsilim Kabanata 59: Pag-ibig Sa Bayan
Kabanata 28: Mga Sulat Kabanata 60: Ikakasal Na Si Maria Clara
Kabanata 29: Ang Umaga Kabanata 61: Ang Barilan Sa Lawa
Kabanata 30: Sa Simbahan Kabanata 62: Ang Pagtatapat Ni Padre Damaso
Kabanata 31: Ang Sermon Kabanata 63: Ang Noche Buena
Kabanata 32: Ang Panghugos Kabanata 64: Ang Katapusan
10.4.
PANGUNAHING TAUHAN
Crisostomo Ibarra
71
Si Juan Crisostomó Ibárra y Magsálin (o Crisostomo o Ibarra), ay isang binatang nag-aral sa Europa;
nangarap na makapagpatayo ng paaralan upang matiyak ang magandang kinabukasan ng mga
kabataan ng San Diego. Siya ay kababata at kasintahan ni Maria Clara. Siya ay sagisag ng mga
Pilipinong nakapag-aral na maituturing na may maunlad at makabagong kaisipan. [2]
Maria Clara
Si Mariá Clara de los Santos y Alba (o Maria Clara), ay ang mayuming kasintahan ni Crisostomo;
mutya ng San Diego na inihimatong anak ng kaniyang ina na si Doña Pia Alba kay Padre Damaso. Siya
ang kumakatawan sa uri ng Pilipinang lumaki sa kumbento at nagkaroon ng edukasyong nakasalig sa
doktrina ng relihiyon. Siya ay inilarawan bilang maganda, relihiyosa, masunurin, matapat, at
mapagpasakit.[2]
Padre Damaso
Si Dámaso Verdolagas (o Padre Damaso), ay isang kurang Pransiskano na napalipat ng ibang parokya
matapos maglingkod ng matagal na panahon sa San Diego. Siya ang tunay na ama ni Maria Clara.
Kapitan Tiago
Si Don Santiago de los Santos (o Kapitan Tiago), ay isang mangangalakal na tiga-Binondo na asawa ni
Pia Alba at ama-amahan ni Maria Clara. Siya ay mapagpanggap at laging masunurin sa nakatataas sa
kaniya, [2]
Elias
Si Elias ay isang bangkero at magsasakang tumulong kay Ibarra para makilala ang kaniyang bayan at
ang mga suliranin nito.
Sisa, Crispin, at Basilio
 Si Narcisa (o Sisa), ay isang masintahing ina na ang tanging kasalanan ay ang pagkakaroon ng
asawang pabaya at malupit.
 Sina Basilio at Crispin ay mga magkapatid na anak ni Sisa; sila ang sakristan at tagatugtog ng
kampana sa simbahan ng San Diego.
Pilosopo Tasyo
Si Don Anastasio o Pilosopo Tasyo, ay isang pantas at maalam na matandang tagapayo ng
marurunong na mamamayan ng San Diego. Kadalasan siyang tinatawag na baliw dahil hindi
maunawaan ng mga mangmang ang katalinuhan niya.
Donya Victorina
Si Donya Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña o Donya Victorina, ay isang babaing nagpapanggap na
mestisang Kastila kung kayâ abot-abot ang kolorete sa mukha at maling pangangastila. Mahilig niyang
lagyan ng isa pang "de" ang pangalan niya dahil nagdudulot ito ng "kalidad" sa pangalan niya.
PANGALAWANG TAUHAN
 Padre Salvi o Bernardo Salvi- kurang pumalit kay Padre Damaso, nagkaroon ng lihim na pagtatangi
kay Maria Clara.
 Alperes - matalik na kaagaw ng kura sa kapangyarihan sa San Diego (itinuring ni Rizal na Hari ng
Italya ng San Diego habang ang kura ang Papa ng Estado Pontipikal)
 Donya Consolacion - napangasawa ng alperes; dáting abandera na may malaswang bibig at pag-
uugali.
 Don Tiburcio de Espadaña - isang pilay at bungal na Kastilang napadpad sa Pilipinas sa
paghahanap ng magandang kapalaran; napangasawa ni Donya Victorina.
 Alfonso Linares - malayong pamangkin ni Don Tiburcio at pinsan ng inaanak ni Padre Damaso na
napili niya para mapangasawa ni Maria Clara.
 Don Filipo - tenyente mayor na mahilig magbasá ng Latin
 Señor Nyor Juan - namahala ng mga gawain sa pagpapatayô ng paaralan.
 Lucas - kapatid ng táong madilaw na gumawa ng kalong ginamit sa di-natuloy na pagpatay kay
Ibarra.
 Tarsilo at Bruno - magkapatid na ang ama ay napatay sa palo ng mga Kastila.
 Tiya Isabel - hipag ni Kapitan Tiago na tumulong sa pagpapalaki kay Maria Clara.
 Donya Pia Alba - masimbahing ina ni Maria Clara na namatay matapos na kaagad na siya'y
maisilang.
 Inday, Sinang, Victoria, at Andeng - mga kaibigan ni Maria Clara sa San Diego
72
 Kapitan-Heneral - pinakamakapangyarihan sa Pilipinas; lumakad na maalisan ng pagka-

ekskomunyon si Ibarra.
 Don Rafael Ibarra - ama ni Crisostomo; nakainggitan nang labis ni Padre Damaso dahilan sa yaman
kung kaya nataguriang erehe.
 Don Saturnino - lolo ni Crisostomo; naging dahilan ng kasawian ng nuno ni Elias.
 Balat - nuno ni Elias na naging isang tulisan
 Don Pedro Eibarramendia - ama ni Don Saturnino; nuno ni Crisostomo
 Mang Pablo - pinúnò ng mga tulisan na ibig tulungan ni Elias.
 Kapitan Basilio - ilan sa mga kapitán ng bayan sa San Diego Kapitan Tinong at Kapitan Valentin;
ama ni Sinang
 Tenyente Guevarra - isang matapat na tenyente ng mga guwardiya sibil na nagsalaysay kay Ibarra
ng tungkol sa kasawiang sinapit ng kaniyang ama.
 Kapitana Maria - tanging babaing makabayan na pumapanig sa pagtatanggol ni Ibarra sa alaala ng
ama.
 Padre Sibyla - paring Dominikano na lihim na sumusubaybay sa mga kilos ni Ibarra.
 Albino - dáting seminarista na nakasáma sa piknik sa lawa.
10.5.
MGA KABANATA BUOD
Kabanata 1: Ang Pagtitipon
Naghanda ng isang magarbong salusalo si Don Santiago de los Santos o mas kilala bilang Kapitan
Tiago. Dahil mabuting tao at kilala sa buong Maynila, agad na kumalat ang balita tungkol sa
pagtitipong gagawin sa Kalye Anluwagi.
Nang gabi ng pagititpon, dumagsa ang mga bisita na iniistima naman ni Tiya Isabel, pinsan ni Tiago.
Kabilang sa mga dumalo ay sina Padre Sibyla, Tinyente Guevarra, mag-asawang Dr. de Espadaña at
Donya Victorina, Padre Damaso, at isang kararating lamang na dayuhan sa Pilipinas.
Matanong ang dayuhan tungkol sa mga Pilipino, kabilang ang mga Indio. Nang mabanggit ang
monopolyo sa tabako, dito nagsalita nang di maganda si Padre Damaso tungkol sa mga Indio. Hinamak
niya ang mga ito at iniba naman ni Padre Sabyla ang usapan.
Napag-usapan ang pagkakaalis ni Padre Damaso bilang kura-paroko ng San Diego. Sabi ni Damaso,
hindi raw dapat nangingialam ang hari ng Espanya sa pagbibigay-parusa sa mga erehe. Sinabi naman ni
Tinyente na nararapat lamang ang parusa.
Inilahad ni Tinyente ang tunay na dahilan na pagkakalipat niya sa iba pang parokya. Ito raw ay dahil
ipinahukay niya ang bangkay ng isang marangal na lalaking napagbintangang isang erehe dahil ayaw
lamang mangumpisal.
Nagalit naman si Padre Damaso dahil sa sinabi ng Tinyente. Lumapit si Padre Sybila upang pakalmahin
ang kapuwa prayle. Naaalala rin kasi ni Damaso ang nawawalang mahahalagang dokumento.
Kumalma ang magkabilang panig at umalis na sa umpukan si Tinyente. Nagpatuloy naman ang
talakayan at kuwentuhan ng mga bisita noong gabi.
Kabanata 2: Si Crisostomo Ibarra
Sa pangalawang kabanata ng Noli Me Tangere, naka-pokus ang kwento sa pagpunta ni Kapitan Tiyago
at Ibarra sa isang kasaluhan at kasiyahan sa kanyang bayan.
Nakipagkamayan si Kapitan sa lahat ng kanyang bisita at panauhin, kasali si Padre Damaso, na biglang
namutla ng makita si Ibarra.
Pinakilala ni Kapitan si Ibarra bilang anak ng isang kakilala na nag-aral sa Europa. Tinangkang kamayan
ni Ibarra si Padre Damaso pero agad itong tumalikod.
Si Padre Damaso ay matalik na kaibigan ng ama ni Ibarra. Dahil sa biglang pagtalikod ni Padre Damaso
ay nakaharap siya sa tinyenteng kanina pa namgmamasid sa kanila ni Ibarra.
73
Nag-usap si Ibarra at si Tinyente sinabing ikinagagalak nila na makita siya sa kasiyahan na yun. Halos
mangiyak-iyak sa tuwa ang Tinyente habang nag-uusap kay Ibarra.
Ayon din sa kanya, kilala ang ama ni Ibarra sa kanyang lubos na kabaitan. Nang nalaman ito, napawi ng
binata ang masamang hinala nito sa masamang hinala ng pagkamatay ng kanyang ama.Ng malapit ng
maghapunan, inimbita ni Kapitan Tinong si Ibarra ng pananghalian kinabukasan.
Kabanata 3: Ang Hapunan (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito tungkol sa hapunan na dinayuhan ni Ibarra. Sa pagsasalo na ito ay nakita niya si Pari
Sybyla at Padre Damaso. Kitang-kita sa pagmumukha ni Pari Sybyla ang kasiyahan niya sa pagdalo,
samantala, so Padre Damaso naman ay mukhang banas na banas.
Ang lahat ay nagsisiyahan at giliw na giliw sa pagsasalo. Pinupuri ng mga bisita ni Kapitan Tiyago ang
mga masasarap na pagkain na kanyang inihanda. Dumalo rin ang Tinyente, na kung saan kinainisan
siya ni Donya Victoria dahil sa pagmamasid nito sa kanyang buhok.
Umupo si Ibarra sa may kabisera. Sa kabilang dulo naman ng lamesa ay nakikipagtalunan ang dalawang
pari kung sino ang tatabi sakanya. Ng inihanda na ang pagkain, nagsimula ng magsalo ang mga
panauhin. Nakipag usap si Ibarra sa mga panauhin at kinwento sakanila kung saan ang kaniyang
kinaroroonan.
Nalaman ng mga kausap ni Ibarra ang kanyang mga napuntahan sa mga nakaraang taon ng kanyang
pakikipagsapalaran sa ibang bansa. Sinabi niya rin ang kanyang mga natututunan, bukod sa wika, tulad
ng iba’t ibang kasaysayan ng bansa ng kanyang pinuntahan.
Kabanata 4: Erehe At Pilibustero (Buod)
Nagpatuloy si Ibarra sa kanyang paglalakbay. Isang araw, nabatid niya na di niya na tiyak kung saang
destinasyon na siya napadpad. Ito ay hanggang sa nakaabot siya sa may Binundok ng Liwasan.
Nakita niya na wala masyadong nagbago; ang dating kanyang kinalakihan ay parehong-pareho pa rin
sa dati. Inilaan niya ang kanyang atensyon sa paligid, nagmasid-masid sa kanyang kapaligiran, habang
iniisip ang mga alaala niya sa lugar na yun.
Naisalaysay ni Tinyente Guevarra ang tungkol sa kanyang ama at ang mapait na sinapit nito. Isang taon
bago bumalik si Ibarra sa Pilipinas ay nakatanggap siya ng sulat sa kanyang ama. Binilin ng ama niya na
si Don Rafael sa kanya ng isang sulat na nagsasabing di siya dapat mag abala.
Kinwento ng tinyente kay Ibarra ang lahat ng detalye sa buhay ng kanyang ama. Kung bakit siya
nakulong at maraming galit sa kanya, ang rason ng kanyang pagkabilanggo, ang mga pinaratang
sakanya noong siya ay nasa kulungan, hanggang sa kanyang pagkalaya sakanyang mga kaso. Sapagkat
nung siya ay dapat ng makalabas, siya ay binawian ng buhay sa loob ng kulungan.
Kabanata 5: Pangarap Sa Gabing Madilim (Buod)
Bumaba sa kalesa si Ibarra at nagtungo sa Fonda de Lala. Ito ang tinutuluyan niya tuwing pupunta ng
Maynila. Balisang dumiretso si Ibarra sa nirentahang silid at inisip ang kalunos-lunos na sinapit ng
kaniyang ama.
Tumanaw ito sa bintana at nakita ang isang maliwanag na tahanan sa kabilang bahagi ng ilog. Mula sa
kinaroroonan ay rinig niya ang mga kubyertos at ang tugtugin ng orkestra. Nagmasid-masid ang binata
at pinanood ang mga nagtatanghal.
Nakita niya ang ilang binibini na may mamahaling suot at mga diyamante at ginto. May mga anghel na
nag-aalay ng bulaklak at mga pastol na nakikiisa sa programa. Kita rin niya sa umpukan ng mga tao ang
mga Pilipino, Kastila, Intsik, at mga prayle.
Ngunit ang mas pumukaw ng kaniyang atensiyon ang binibining si Maria Clara. Nabighani si Ibarra sa
angking ganda nito at hindi maiwaglit ang tingin sa dalaga. Nang makita naman ni Ibarra ang mga
batang Pransiskano na payat at putlain ay nahabag naman ito.
74
Abala naman noon si Padre Sibyla na makipag-usap sa mga dalaga habang si Donya Victoria naman ay
abala sa pag-aayos ng buhok ng napakarikit na si Maria Clara.
Dahil pagod sa maghapon, madaling nakatulog si Ibarra at nagising kinabukasan na habang si Padre
Salvi naman ay di mawaglit si Maria sa kaniyang isipan.
Kabanata 6: Si Kapitan Tiago
Ang sentro ng paksa sa kabanatang ito ay umiikot sa katauhan at pag-uugali ng pangunahing karakter
na si Kapitan Tiyago.
Si Kapitan Tiyago ay nag-iisang anak ng isang negosyante ng asukal sa bayan ng Malabon.
Nakapagtapos siya ng pag-aaral sa lohika sa tulong ng isang Dominikong kaibigan na kanyang
pinaglingkuran.
Isang tipikal na Pilipino kung ilalarawan ang kaanyuan ni kapitan Tiyago. Ang kanyang hugis ng
katawan at maging ang buong pisikal nitong katangian ay hindi maikakaila na siya nga ay isang Indio.
Isang dalaga mula Sta Cruz ang napangasawa ni Kapitan Tiyago, siya ay si Donya Pia. Pareho silang
masipag sa pag-nenegosyo kaya sila ay yumaman at naging kabilang sa mga prominenteng pamilya sa
bayan.
Mula noon ay nakagawian na ni Kapitan Tiyago ang kumilos, manamit at mamuhay na para na ring
isang Espanyol. Sagrado at deboto siyang katoliko na sumasamba sa lahat ng mga santo. Naging
sunod-sunuran din siya sa mga gawain at kagustuhan ng mga banyaga.
Ang pagsasama nila nga anim na taon ni Donya Pia ay nabiyayaan ng isang sanggol na babae,
pinangalanan itong si Maria Clara. Nasawi ang kanyang kabiyak mula sa panganganak kaya si Tiya
Isabel na kanyang pinsan ang naging katuwang niya sa pagpapalaki kay Maria Clara.
Kabanata 7: Suyuan Sa Asotea (Buod)
Ang kabanata na ito ay tumalakay sa pag-iibigan at pagharap sa isang mahalagang responsibilidad sa

buhay.
Si Tiya Isabel ay isang deboto ng simbahang katoliko, nakagawian na niya na magsimba tuwing umaga
kasama ang pamangkin na si Maria Clara. Pagkatapos ng misa ng araw na iyon ay nagmamdali na
umuwi si Maria, bagay na ikinagalit ng kanyang tiyahin.
Mula sa balkonahe ng kanilang bahay ay hindi mapakali at aligaga ang dalaga. Hinihintay niya ang
pagdating ng kanyang kasintahan na si Ibarra. Halos pitong taon din ang lumipas na hindi nagkita ang
dalawang magsing-irog.
Dumating nga si Ibarra at ginugol ng dalawa ang kanilang oras sa pag-aalala sa kanilang mga nakaraan
mula noong sila ay mga musmos pa lamang. Si Maria ay nagbalik tanaw mula sa kanyang buhay sa
Beaterio habang si Ibarra naman ay sa kanyang pag-aaral at pakikipagsapalaran sa Europa.
Isinumbat ni Maria ang paglayo ni Ibarra upang mag-aral, ngunit dagli naman itong sinagot ng binata.
Lumayo daw siya para gawin ang mga higit na mahalagang bagay, ang pag-aaral para sa kabutihan ng
hinaharap ng bayan.
Naputol ang kanilang usapan nang biglang maalala ng binata ang kanyang mga yumaong magulang.
Dali-dali siyang nagpaalam at umuwi para makahabol sa nalalapit na undas.
Kabanata 8: Mga Alaala (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito, ipinakita ni Rizal ang diskriminasyon sa pagitan ng mga dayuhan at mga Pilipino.
Ipinahayag din niya kung gaano kabilis ang pag-asenso ng mga Espanyol ay siya namang pagkalugmok
sa kahirapan ng Inang Bayan.
Habang lulan ng kanyang karwahe ay binagtas ni Ibarra ang Maynila. Nanlumo at nalungkot siya dahil
sa kanyang mga nasilayan. Halos walang pinagbago at lalo pang pumangit ang Escolta pagkatapos ng
pitong taon na nilisan niya ito.
75
Ang tanawin at alaala ng kanyang bayan na iniwan ay tuluyan nang napabayaan. Maging ang kalagayan
ng mga tao ay lalo pang lumala, mas lalong dumami ang bilang ng mga alipin.
Kung gaano kagara at kakintab ang mga karwahe ng mga prayle ay siya namang ingay at langitngit ng
gulong ng mga kariton na gamit ng mga pobreng Pilipino. Ito ang mga eksena na labis na nagpabigat sa
damdamin ni Ibarra.
Bahagyang naibsan ang kanyang kalungkutan nang madaanan niya ang Bagumbayan. Dito ay sumagi
sa isip niya ang mga aral ng kanyang dating guro na pari. Ang mga aral na ito ang nagbigay sa kanya ng
inspirasyon upang isapuso ang pag-aaral at ipamahagi ito lalo na sa mga kabataan na siyang pag-asa ng
bayan.
Kabanata 9: Mga Bagay-bagay Ukol Sa Bayan (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito lumabas ang pagiging sunod-sunuran ni Kapitan Tiyago sa kagustuhan ni Padre
Damaso, lalo na sa mga usapin tungkol kay Maria Clara.
Nakagayak na ang magtiyahin na Donya Isabel at Maria Clara upang pumunta sa Beaterio at kunin ang
mga naiwang gamit ng huli. Ilang sandali bago sila umalis ay siya namang pagdating ni Padre Damaso.
Magiliw niyang tinanong ang dalaga kung saan sila papunta at nang kanya itong malaman aybiglang
nag-init ang kanyang ulo. Dahil dito dali-dali niya hinanap si kapitan Tiyago. Naging mainit ang
kanilang usapan hanggang sa umabot na silang dalawa ay nagkasigawan na naging tampulan ng
tsismis ng mga pari.
Sinabihan niya ang gobernadorcillo na hindi siya sang-ayon sa nakikita niyang pakikipagmabutihan ni
Maria Clara kay Crisostomo Ibarra. Hindi daw sila dapat na magkatuluyan dahil si Ibarra ay isang
kaaway.
Pinagsabihan din niya si Tiyago na mayroon siyang karapatan sa lahat ng desisyon patungkol kay Maria
Clara dahil siya daw ang kanyang tumatayong pangalawang ama.
Sa pag-alis ni padre Damaso sa kanilang tahanan ay napa-isip ang matanda tungkol kay Ibarra.
Pagkatapos ay pinatay niya ang mga nakasinding kandila na inalay niya sa altar para sa maayos at ligtas
na pagbibyahe ni Ibarra.
Kabanata 10: Ang Bayan Ng San Diego
Sa ika-sampung kabanata ng Noli Me Tangere, isinaad dito ang Bayan ng San Diego – na siya ring
pamagat ng kabanata.
Nag-umpisa ang kabanata sa paglalarawan ni Rizal sa bayan. Napapaligiran ng bukirin ang bayan na
siya ring malapit sa lawa at ilog. Kaya naman maraming mga tao ang manghang-mangha sa bayan na
ito dahil sa magagandang tanawin dito.
Mayroon ring gubat na malapit sa bayan, kung saan nagsimula ang kasaysayan. Sinasabing noong
unang panahon ay may isang matandang Kastila ang nagkaroon ng interes sa isang lupa malapit sa
kagubatan.
Bagama’t walang tunay na nagmamay-ari sa lupa ay nagbigay ang matanda nang kakaunting salapi at
mga materyal na bagay tulad ng damit at alahas sa mga taong naninirahan malapit sa lupain.
Ilang araw lang ay natagpuang nagpatiwakal ang matanda sa gubat. Maraming haka-haka ang
umusbong kung bakit iyon nagawa ng matanda pero walang nakahanap ng tunay na rason.
Makalipas ang ilang buwan ay isang binata naman ang dumating sa bayan na nagpakilalang anak nang
yumao. Ang kanyang pangalan ay Don Saturnino. Nanirahan siya sa Bayan ng San Diego kung saan siya
na rin ay nagkaroon ng pamilya. Ang kanyang anak na si Don Rafael ay siya namang ama ni Crisostomo
Ibarra.
Kabanata 11: Ang Mga Makapangyarihan (Buod)

76
Sa naunang kabanata ay ipinakilala ang Bayan ng San Diego pati na rin ang iilan sa pamilya ni
Crisostomo Ibarra. Sa kabanatang ito ay magsisimula na ang pag-ikot ng istorya sa bayan.
Pinamagatang “Ang Mga Makapangyarihan,” ang kabanatang ito ay ukol sa mga taong tunay na
nangingibabaw sa bayan ng San Diego. Mahigpit ang labanan sa kapangyarihan at lakas sa bayang ito.
Ang tatay ni Crisostomo na si Don Rafael ang pinakamayaman sa bayan ngunit hindi siya tinaguriang
makapangyarihan. Ang kapitan ng bayan naman at pati na rin si Kapitan Tiyago, bagama’t sila ay nasa
posisyong namumuno, ay hindi pa rin tinatawag na makapangyarihan.
Sa kabila nang kanilang mga salapi at awtoridad, kahit na may iilan pa ring rumerespeto sa kanila, ay
masasabing mas marami pa rin silang nakakalaban sa taumbayan.
Ang tunay na kinikilalang makapangyarihan ay ang bagong parokyano na pumalit kay Padre Damasao
– si Padre Salvi at pati na rin ang pinuno ng mga guwardiya sibil – ang Alperes. Ang dalawang ito ang
tinitingala nang lahat at ang tawag sa kanila ay “casique.” Lingid sa kaalaman ng lahat ay ang dalawang
ito ay may hidwaan ngunit hindi nila ito ipinapakita lalo sa publiko na maaaring makasira sa imahe nila.
Kabanata 12: Araw Ng Mga Patay/Todos Los Santos (Buod)
Sa ika-lanbindalawang kabanata ng Noli Me Tangere, isinalaysay rito ang dalawang sepultorero at

pinamagatan itong “Araw ng mga Patay.”
Ang dalawang sepulturero ay nasa kalagitnaan ng kanilang paghuhukay sa sementeryo ng bayan.
Inilarawan ang sementeryo bilang napabayaan na dahil walang taga-pangalaga. Sinasabing may isang
krus na nakatirik sa isang bato sa gitna ng libingan.
Habang ang dalawang tauhan ay abala sa kanilang paghuhukay disoras ng gabi ay naisipan nilang
kwentuhan ang isa’t-isa tungkol sa kanilang mga naging karanasan sa trabaho.
Ang mas bata at mas bagong sepulturero ay kanyang sinambit na bagong lipat lamang siya sa bayan
dahil hindi niya nakayanan ang mga utos sa kanya sa dating libingan kung saan siya nagtatrabaho,
lalong-lalo na ang paghukay ng bago pa lamang kakalibing para ilipat ito sa ibang lugar.
Ang sepultorerong may higit na karanasan kaysa sa kanyang kasama ay inilahad naman niya na noon ay
may isang bangkay na dalawampung araw palang naililibing na ipinahukay sa kanya. Sariwa pa aniya
ang bangkay.
Iniutos sa kanya na ilipat ang bangkay sa libingan ng mga Intsik ngunit hindi niya ito nagampanan dahil
sa bugso ng ulan. Itinapon niya ang bangkay sa lawa. Napag-alaman rin na isang prayleng nag-
ngangalang Pader Garrote and nag-utos.
Kabanata 13: Mga Unang Banta Ng Unos (Buod)
Nagtungo si Ibarra sa sinasabing libingan ng amang si Don Rafael kasama ang isang matandang utusan.
Sinabi ng matanda kay Ibarra na nagpagawa ng nitso si Kapitan Tyago para sa kanyang ama. Dagdag
pa ng matanda, nagtanim daw siya ng bulaklak ng adelpa at sampaga at nilagyan ng krus.
Nakita ni Ibarra ang sepulturero at tinanong kung nasaan ang puntod. Agad na naalala ng sepulturero
ang tinutukoy nila Ibarra. Gayunman, sinabi ng tagapaglibing sa dalawa na sinunog niya ang krus at
itinapon naman ang mga labi ni Don Rafael sa lawa alinsunod sa utos ni Padre Garrote.
Hindi maipinta ang mukha ni Ibarra dahil sa pagkabalisang nadarama, habang naluha naman ang
matanda. Hindi niya lubos maisip na mayroong hindi nagbigay ng galang sa bangkay ng ama.
Umalis siya sa libingan at nakasalubong si Padre Salvi, tangan ang kaniyang baston. Bagaman hindi
niya pa nakilala ang pari kailanman, kinompronta niya ito at tinanong kung bakit nilapastangan ang
ama.
Takot na sumagot si Padre at sinabing nagkakamali si Ibarra. Itinuro niya ang kapuwa prayle na si Padre
Damaso. Natauhan si Ibarra at agad na nilisan ang kausap na pari kahit hindi pa ito humihingi ng
kapatawaran sa napagbintangang si Padre Salvi.
77
Kabanata 14: Si Pilosopo Tasyo (Buod)
Kasabay ng pagdalaw ni Ibarra sa puntod ng ama, ay ang pagdalaw din ni Pilosopo Tasyo sa kaniyang
namayapang asawa.
Pilosopo Tasyo ang tawag nila kay Don Anastacio. Mayaman ang pakalat-kalat na matanda sa
lansangan. Sadyang matalino ito at mahusay magsalita. Pinahinto ito ng kaniyang ina sa pag-aaral sa
dalubhasaan ng San Jose dahil baka raw malimot na nito ang Diyos sa sobrang talino. Nais kasi ng ina
niya na maging pari ito.
Sinuway ito ni Tasyo at nag-asawa. Gayunman, isang taon matapos ikasal ay namayapa ang asawa
niya. Itinuon na lamang niya ang oras sa pagbabasa at napabayaan ang mga minana.
Madilim ang langit at maraming kidlat sa langit. Ngunit sa halip na matakot, masaya pa si Tasyo sa
lagay ng panahon. Hiling daw kasi niya na magkadelubyo upang malinis ang sangkatauhan.
Nagtungo si Tasyo sa simbahan at nakita ang magkapatid. Sinabihan niya ito na umuwi na dahil may
espesyal na hapunang inihanda ang ina nila. Natuwa man ang magkapatid ay nanatili sila sa simbahan.
Nagpatuloy sa paglalakad ang matanda hanggang narrating ang bahay nina Don Filipo at Aling Doray.
Napag-usapan nila si Ibarra at ang hinagpis na nararamdaman nito dahil sa sinapit ng ama.
Nauwi sa usapang purgatory ang talakayan. Hindi man daw naniniwala ang Pilosopo rito ay gabay
naman daw ito upang mabuhay nang malinis.
Katulad ng nakagawian, nagpaalam si Tasyo at naglakad kahit madilim ang langit at nagngingitngit ang
kilog at kidlat.
Kabanata 15: Mga Sakristan
Ang kinausap na magkapatid ni Tasyo ay sina Crispin at Basilio. Kahit may banta ng bagyo, pinatunog
pa rin ng dalawa ang kapmana sa kampanaryo ngunit hindi nila ito napatunog nang tama.
Gusto nang makauwi ng dalawa lalo’t sa ibinalita ni Tasyo tungkol sa hapunang inihanda ng inang si
Sisa. Pero patuloy sila sa trabaho sa simbahan.
Napagbintangang nagnakaw si Crispin. Galit siya sa paratang at ipinagdarasal na magkasakit ang mga
prayle. Halagang P32 (dalawang onsa) ang pinababayaran sa magkapatid gayong dalawang piso lang
ang sahod nila kada buwan.
Hindi nila mababayaran ang ibinibintang na ninakaw nila. Nakapagbitiw si Crispin ng mga salitang sana
ay tunay na nagnakaw na lamang umano siya para makapagbayad sa ibinibintang na halaga.
Habang nag-uusap ang dalawa, dumating ang sakristan mayor at sinita ang dalawa sa palyadong
pagpapatunog sa kampana. Sinabihan din sila na hanggang ikasampu pa sila ng gabi sa simbahan,
lagpas na sa ika-9 ng gabing pahintulot upang maglakad sa kalsada.
Makikiusap sana si Basilio sa sakristan mayor, ngunit hinila nito ang umiiyak na si Crispin pababa sa
simbahan hanggang lamunin ng dilim. Hindi makapaniwala si Basilio sa sinasapit na kalupitan ng
kapatid.
Gumawa ng paraan si Basilio upang makababa sa kampanaryo. Nang tumila ang ulan, kumuha ng lubid
at nagpadausdos hanggang makarating sa simbahan. Nahanap niya ang silid na pinagdalhan sa kapatid
ngunit sinarado ang pinto
Ka Kabanata 16: Si Sisa (Buod)

Si Sisa ang ina ng dalawang tauhan sa simbahan na sina Crispin at Basilio. Naninirahan sila sa isang
maliit na dampa sa labas ng bayan. Mahirap ang pamumuhay nila.
78
Nakapangasawa siya ng isang tamad, sugarol, at hindi responsableng lalaki. Maliban sa wala itong
pakinabang, nakatatanggap pa si Sisa ng pagmamalupit sa asawa. Martir si Sisa. Hindi niya alintana ang
pananakit at patuloy na sinasamba ang asawa.
Isang gabi ay naghanda si Sisa ng isang espesyal na hapunan gaya ng sinabi ni Tasyo. Bihira itong
mangyari dahil salat sila sa buhay.
Naghain siya ng tuyong tawilis at kamatis na paborito ni Crispin. Tapang baboy-ramo at hita ng patong
bundok para kay Basilio.
Gayunman, dahil naipit sa isang pangyayari sa simbahan, hindi makauuwi ang magkapatid para saluhan
ang ina. Hindi rin matitikman ng magkapatid ang espesyal na hapunan dahil dumating ang asawa ni
Sisa. Inubos ng walang pusong ama ang hapunan at umalis pagkatapos mabusog tangan ang panabok
na manok.
Dahil sa ginawa ng asawa, naiyak sa sama ng loob si Sisa. Iniisip niya ang masasarap na pagkaing para
sa dalawang anak.
Masakit man sa damdamin, nagluto ng kanin at nag-ihaw ng tuyo si Sisa para sa mga anak na
inaasahang darating. Ngunit lumipas ang ilang oras at wala pa ring Crispin at Basilio na dumarating.
Inaaliw niya ang sarili upang hindi mainip. Maya-maya pa ay dumating si Basilio at isinisigaw ang
pangalan ng ina.
Kabanata 17: Si Basilio (Buod)
Nakarating sa bahay nila si Basilio na may sugat sa noo. Mula iyon sa daplis ng bala mula sa mga
guwardiya sibil na humahabol sa kaniya na nais siyang ikulong sa kuwartel.
Ipinaliwanag niya sa ina ang nangyari at sinabing nasa kumbento si Crispin. Papayapa na sana ang
damdamin ni Sisa nang ibunyag ni Basilio na napagbintangang nagnakaw ng dalawang onsa ang
kapatid.
Nahabag si Sisa na nangyari sa bunsong anak. Ipinangako naman niya kay Basilio na walang
makaaalam ng tunay na dahilan ng sugat nito sa noo at nakuha lang ito sa pagkakalaglag sa puno.
Nabatid rin ni Basilio na dumating sa kanilang bahay ang ama. Nawalan siya ng ganang kumain dahil
dito. Alam niya ang pagmamalupit na ginagawa ng ama sa kaniyang ina. Ipinabatid ni Basilio na gusto
na niyang mawala na nang lubusan ang kaniyang ama sa kanilang buhay na ikinalungkot naman ni Sisa.
Nais pa rin kasi niyang mabuo ang kanilang pamilya.
Nakatulog si Basilio dahil sa pagod. Napanaginipan pa rin niya si Crispin na inaalipusta pa rin ng mga
pari. Ginising siya ng ina at sinabi rito na ayaw na niyang bumalik sa simbahan. Magpapastol na lamang
daw siya ng mga hayop sa bukid ni Ibarra. Kapag nasa hustong gulang na raw ay mag-aararo na lamang
sa bukid. Pag-aaralin na lamang daw niya ang kapatid kay Pilosopo Tasyo.
Natigilan naman si Sisa sa ginagawa at muling nalungkot dahil hindi kasama ang ama sa mga plano ni
Basilio.
Kabanata 18: Mga Kaluluwang Naghihirap (Buod)
Mababasa sa kabanatang ito kung paano nabulag ang mga tao sa mga maling paniniwala tungkol sa
kaligtasan ng mga kaluluwa mula sa Purgatoryo.
Matamlay na tinapos ni Padre Salvi ang tatlong misa na kayang inalay. Dahil sa kanyang karamdaman
ay hindi niya pinansin ang mga hermana at hermano mayor na naghihintay sa kanya upang siya ay
kausapin. Bagkus ay dali-dali siyang nagtanggal ng kanyang sutana at tumuloy sa kanyang silid.
Hindi na lang kumibo ang mga debuto sa inasal ng pari. Karamihan sa mga ito ay mga matatanda na
siyang naatasang mangasiwa para sa nalalapit na kapistahan. Sa gitna ng palitan ng kanilang mga kuro-
kuro ay napag-usapan nila ang tungkol sa usapin ng indulhensiya.
79
Ayon sa kanilang paniniwala, ang taong maraming indulhensiya ang siyang maliligtas ang kaluluwa
papunta sa Purgatoryo. Nagmayabang ang bawat isa tungkol sa dami ng kanilang mga naipon para sa
kaligtasan ng kanilang mga kaluluwa.
Sa gitna ng kanilang pag-uusap ay dumating si Sisa, ang ina ng magkapatid na Crispin at Basilio. Siya ay
sumadya sa simbahan upang tanungin si Padre Salvi tunkol sa anak na si Crispin na nagsisilbing
sakristan ng pari.
Kabanata 19: Karanasan Ng Guro (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito lantarang ipinakita ni Rizal kung gaano kalakas ang kapangyarihan ng mga prayle
para sirain ang kinabukasan ng mga kabataan.
Dalawang lalaki na kapwa nakadamit pangluksa ang tahimik na nagmumuni sa lawa. Ang mga ito ay
sina Ibarra at ang guro. Ikinumpisal ng guro na kasama niya ang sepulturero at si Tenyente Guevarra sa
pagtapon ng bangkay ni Don Rafael sa lawa.
Mula sa kanyang narinig ay hindi nagalit at tumangis si Ibarra. Sa halip, mas lalo siyang nagka-interes sa
pagkatao ng nasabing guro. Sinabi rin ng guro kung gaano niya ninais na baguhin ang lumang kairalan
sa pagtuturo ngunit siya ay bigo.
Habang tumatagal ay nababawasan ang bilang ng mga bata na nag-aaral. Ang silid aralan na kanilang
ginagamit ay isang kwadra. Pinag-aaralan ng mga bata ang mga litanya ng dasal sa salitang Kastila.
Pinakita rin sa kabantang ito ang marahas na kaparusahan na binibigay sa bawat kamalian ng mga
bata.
Ayaw ng guro ang ganitong pamamaraan kaya pilit niya itong binago ng patago. Ngunit siya ay
inalipusta at pinarusahan ni Padre Damaso sa harapan ng kanyang mga mag-aaral. Nanlumo si Ibarra sa
mga tinuran ng guro, ngunit binigyan niya ito ng pag-asa na balang araw mababago rin ang lahat.
Kabanata 20: Ang Pulong Sa Tribunal (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito makikita ang kasamaang dulot ng pagkakaroon ng isang pinuno na alipin ng mga
dayuhan. Kumpleto na ang mga kasapi na nasa bulwagan para sa gaganaping pulong ng tribunal.
Nahati ang mga ito sa dalawang grupo – ang konsertabatibo ng mga matatanda at ang liberal ng mga
nakababata.
Ang bawat paksiyon ay mayroong panukala para sa nalalapit na kapistahan ng bayan. Ang gusto ng
mga konserbatibo ay isang marangya at magarbong kapistahan. Nais nila na maging masaya ang mga
alkalde at prayle sa gaganaping na selebrasyon.
Gusto ng mga konserbatibo na magdaos ng dalawang araw na kapistahan at bubuksan ang lahat ng
bahay pasugalan. Kasabay nito ay ang pagtapon ng mga pagkain sa lawa alinsunod na rin sa tradisyon
ni Sila (isang kilalang diktador na Romano).
Ang mga mungkahing ito ay sinalungat naman ng mga partido liberal. Ang gusto nila ay isang
selebrasyon na ang taong bayan ang mapapasaya at hindi ang mga iilan lamang. Hangarin din nila na
ang matitipid na pondo ay gagamitin na lang sa pagpapatayo ng mga silid aralan.
Hindi ito sinang-ayunan ng mga konserbatibo dahil malulungkot at magagalit ang mga alkalde at kura
kung ganito lang ang gagawin sa kapistahan.
Kabanata 21: Kasaysayan Ng Isang Ina
Si Sisa ay isang larawan ng ina na sadyang mahina at marupok kapag nasa kapahamakan ang kanyang
mga anak. Ipinakita ito sa kabantang ito.
Mula sa kinatatayuan ay natanaw ni Sisa ang dalawang sundalo na palabas sa kanilang tahanan. Hindi
nila bitbit si Basilio, tanging ang inahing manok lamang niya ang kanilang nakuha.
80
Tinanong si Sisa kung nasaan ang kanyang mga anak pati na ang pera na ninakaw ng mga ito. Sinabi
niya na hindi pa niya nakikita ang kanyang mga anak, kasabay ng pagtatanggol na hindi sila mga
magnanakaw.
Pinilit ng mga sundalo na isama si Sisa sa bayan upang humarap sa kura. Dito, naranasan niya ang
sobra-sobrang panglalait at pang-aalipusta mula sa mapanghusgang mata ng mga taong bayan.
Pakiramdam niya ay parang mamamatay na siya sa kahihiyan.
Nang makarating siya sa kwartel ng mga sundalo, siya ay paulit-ulit na tinanong. Muli,
pinasinungalingan niya lahat ng mga paratang sa kanila. Dahil dito, hindi naglaon ay nagdesisyon ang
kura na pauwiin siya.
Sa kanyang pag-uwi ay nakakita siya ng maliit na pilas ng damit ni Basilio na mayroong bahid ng dugo.
Siya ay labis na nabahala dahil ang lugar na iyon ay malapit sa bangin. Dahil sa mga pangyayaring ito ay
tuluyan nang tinakasan ng bait si Sisa at siya ay namuhay bilang isang palaboy.
Kabanata 22: Dilim At Liwanag (Buod)
Ang kabanatang ito ay tungkol sa pag-uwi ni Maria at ng kanyang Tiya Isabel sa tahanan ng San Diego
dahil sa pistang darating.
Ang pag-uwi ni Maria ay naging salita ng tahanan sapagkat ilang taon rin siyang di nakakapag-uwi sa
bayan niyang sinilangan. Si Maria ay napamahal na sa mga taong bayan dahil sa taglay nitong bait at
kagandahan.
Kaibigan at kilala niya halos lahat ng kanyang mga kapitbahay at kababayan. Lahat ng mga taga San
Diego ay nag-aabang sa kanyang pag-uwi dahil labis nilang kinagigiliwan ang dalaga.
Mas pinag-uusapan ang dalaga dahil simula ng pagbalik nito ay napapadalas ang pagbisita at pagsama
ni Ibarra sa kanya. Sapgakat, niyaya ni Ibarra si Maria sa isang piknik kinabukasan. Natuwa naman si
Maria sa kanyang imbitasyon at agad pumayag sa pamamasyal na inalok ng binata.
Ngunit sa pagbabalik ng dalaga sa bayan, di maiwasan ng mga tao sa San Diego ang kakaibang kilos ni
Padre Salvi. Napansin din ng dalaga ang pagbabago ng kilos ni Padre Salvi at sinabi ito sa kasinatahan
at kababata niyang si Ibarra.
Sinabi niya kay Ibarra ang kanyang napansin at nakiusap na kung pwede sila lamang dalawa ang
sasama sa piknik at di na papuntahin ang mga kura.
Subalit sa mga nangyayari sa bayan ng San Diego, pinaintindi ni Ibarra sa dalaga na kailangan nila
isama ang kura sa kanilang mga pasyang lakad, dahil din sa ikabubuti nila.
Nahinto ang kanilang kwentuhan ng bigla namang nagpakita si Padre Salvi. Humingi ng paumanhin si
Maria sa dalawa upang sila ay maiwan at makapag-usap.
Kabanata 23: Ang Pangingisda (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito pinapakita ang isa sa mga araw ni Maria sa pag-uwi niya sa bayan ng San Diego.
Kaagapay niya ang mga matatalik niyang kaibigan na sina Iday, Victoria, Sinang, at Neneng sa may
dalampasigan at nagkukuwentuhan at nagbibiruan.
Yun ay madaling araw at may mga ilang kabataan, kadalagahan, at ilang matatandang babae ang
naglalakad papunta sa mga bangka na nakaparada sa dalampasigan. Sila ay may dala-dalang mga
pagkain.
Sumakay sila sa bangka. Tig-iisang bangka ang mga dalaga dahil lulubog ang bangka kung sila lahat
ang sasakay. Bawat dalaga ay may kasamang binata.
81
Si Maria at Ibarra ay magkasama, samantala si Victoria naman at si Albino.Sinagwan ang dalawang

bangka papunta sa dagat ng isang lalakeng nagngangalang Elias. Siya rin ang nagsilbing piloto ng mga
bangka.
Sila ay masayang nagmasid-masid sa lawa. Nagpatugtog naman si Maria at umawit ng Kundiman.

Masaya ang lahat sa piknik ng biglang nakahagilap si Elias ng isang buwaya.
Pinagtulungan ni Elias, Ibarra, at ng ibang binata ang pagpatay sa buwaya. Pinasalamatan naman ni
Elias si Ibarra sa pagsagip ng buhay niya. Ng matiwasay na ang lahat, nagpatuloy ang magkakaibigan sa
pangingisda at sa piknik.
Kabanata 24: Sa Kagubatan (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito ay nasa kalagitnaan pa rin ng piknik ang magkakaibigan na sila Ibarra, Maria,
Victoria, Iday, Elias, Sinang, at Albino.
Sa parehong araw rin na yun ay maaga natapos ang misa ni Padre Salvi at nakapag-almusal siya agad.
Habang nag-aalmusal, bigla siyang nakatanggap ng liham at biglang nawalan ng gana. Tumungo siya
sa gubat.
Ng makarating siya doon, pinauwi niya na ang kanyang sinasakyan. Naglakad siya sa gubat ng
nakarinig siya ng mga boses. Dahan-dahan siyang lumapit sa isang malaking puno.
Nakita niya sa may ilog ang tatlong dalaga na sina Maria, Victoria, at Silang na nagkukwentuhan at
nagtatampisaw sa tubig ilog. Maiging nagtago si Padre Salvi upang pagmasdan ang mga dalaga. Ilang
minuto ay napagpasyahan niyang umalis na at hinanap ang mga kalalakihan.
Pagdating ng tanghalian ay nag-usap-usap ang mga nagpipiknik. Binanggit ni Padre Salvi na nagkasakit
si Padre Damaso kaya di ito nakapagsama. Maya-maya ay dumating si Sisa at napag-usapan ang mga
nawawala niyang anak. Sa pagdidiskusyon nito, napunta sa matinding pagtatalo si Don Felipo at Padre
Salvi.
Iniwan ni Ibarra ang dalawa na nagtatalo at pumunta sa mga kaibigan niya na naglalaro ng Gulong ng
Palad. Ng naituro ng Gulong si Ibarra, tinanong sa kanya kung natupad na ba ang binabalak nito. Agad
naman siyang sumang-ayon dahil malapit na itatayo ang bahay-paaralan na kanyang pinaplano.
Inilahad niya ang kasulatan at binigay ito kay Maria at Sinang. Ng makita ito ni Padre Salvi, agad niya
iyong kinuha at pinunit dahil makasalanan ang nasa loob ng kasulatan na yun. Nagalit ang lahat at
pinaalis ang kura.
Ilang sandali lg dumating ang Gwardya Sibil at Sarhento at dinakip si Ibarra at Elias sa pananakit umano
kay Padre Damaso.
Kabanata 25: Sa Bahay Ng Pilosopo
Nagtungo si Ibarra sa tahanan ni Pilosopo Tasyo. Nais niya kasing isangguni ang binabalak niyang
pagtatayo ng paaralan sa kanilang bayan.
Nakita niyang abala ang matanda sa sinusulat nito. Gayunman, si Tasyo na mismo ang huminto sa
ginagawa at sinabing ang susunod na henerasyon pa naman daw ang makauunawa at makikinabang sa
kanyang isinusulat.
Binuksan ni Ibarra ang kaniyang plano sa Pilosopo. Sinabi ng matalinong matanda na hindi dapat sa
kaniya isinasangguni ang mga plano, bagkus sa mga makakapangyarihang tao tulad ng mga kaparian
sa simbahan.
Sumagot si Ibarra na ayaw na umano niyang mabahiran ng kabuktutan ang maganda niyang hangarin.
Mauunawaan umano siya ng pamahalaan at taumbayan dahil maganda ang kaniyang hangarin.
Sinalungat naman siya ni Tasyo at sinabing mas makapangyarihan pa ang simbahan kaysa
pamahalaan. Kung nais dawn i Ibarra na magtagumpay sa kaniyang mga plano, marapat daw na
padaanin ito sa simbahan na siyang may hawak sa lahat, kabilang ang pamahalaan.
82
Iba naman ang pananaw ni Ibarra. Pagkat galing sa Europa, naniniwala siya sa kapangyarihan ng
pagiging liberal. Muli naman siyang sinalungat ng matanda at sinabing hindi angkop sa bansa ang
kaisipang mula Europa.
Tulad ng isang halaman, kailangan din daw yumuko ni Ibarra sa hangin kapag hitik na ang bunga nito
upang manatiling nakatayo nang matatag. Payo pa ng matanda, hindi karuwagan ang pagyuko sa
kapangyarihan.
Hindi man aminin, ngunit napapaisip si Ibarra sa tinuran ng matandang Pilosopo. Bago umalis, nag-
iwan pa si Tasyo ng salita kay Ibarra na kung hindi man siya magtagumpay sa plano nito, ay may
uusbong na sinuman upang magpatuloy ng kaniyang mga nasimulan.
Kabanata 26: Bisperas Ng Pista (Buod)
Abala ang buong San Diego dahil sumapit na ang ika-sampu ng Nobyembre. Hudyat na ng bisperas ng
kapistahan. Kaniya-kaniyang gayak ang mga may-kayang pamilya sa lugar katulad ng
pagdedekorasyon ng kanilang mga tahanan at paglalagay ng mga palamuti at mamahaling mga
kagamitan.
Hindi mawawala sa pista ang masasarap na pagkain tulad ng mga kakanin, minatamis, at mga
mamahaling alak mula Europa. Imbitado rin ang mga mamamayan mula sa kalapit na bayan upang
matunghayan ang mga pagtatanghal.
Panay naman ang pagpapaputok, pag-iingay ng batingaw, at pagtatanghal ng mga musiko upang
gawing mas masaya ang pagdiriwang. Siyempre, hindi mawawala ang misa na pinangunahan ni Padre
Damaso.
Ang mga magsasaka at ibang manggagawa ay inialay na ang kanilang pinakamagagandang ani sa
kanilang mga amo.
Samantala, habang abala ang lahat sa pista, abala rin si Ibarra sa pagpapatayo ng kaniyang paaralan.
Hango ang disenyo nito sa mga paaralan sa Europa. Hiwalay din ang lalaki sa babae. May malaking
bodega at hardin rin ito.
Gastos ni Ibarra ang lahat ng ginasta sa paaralan. Tumanggi siya sa tulong na alok ng mga mayayaman
at mga pari sa pagpapatyo ng paaralan. Marami ang humanga sa ginawang ito ni Ibarra. Ngunit lingid
sa kaniyang kaalaman ay marami din ang hindi natuwa at palihim na nagtanim ng sama ng loob sa
kaniya.
Kabanata 27: Sa Pagtatakipsilim (Buod)
Si Kapitan Tiago ang isa sa mga may malalaking handaan para sa pista. Sinadya niyang magparami ng
handa dahil nagpapasikat ito kay Ibarra na kaniyang mamanugangin. Tanyag kasi si Ibarra sa Maynila at
nailalathala pa sa mga pahayagan.
Iba’t iba ang mga handa at produktong dumarating sa bahay ni Tiago bago pa man ang bisperas ng
pista. At nang makarating sa tahanan at makita ang anak, binigyan ni Tiago si Maria Clara ng isang
agnos na mayroong diyamante at Esmeralda bilang pasalubong.
Dumating na rin si Ibarra para makita ang mag-ama. Mayroong mga nag-aya kay Maria na mamasyal
na pinahintulutan naman ni Tiago. Inaya rin ni Kapitan si Ibarra na sa kanila na maghapunan sapagkat
darating si Padre Damaso ngunit tumanggi ito.
Sumama naman si Ibarra sa katipang si Maria sa pamamasyal kasama ang mga kaibigan ng dalaga.
Nang makarating sa plasa, nakita nina Maria ang isang lalaking ketongin na umaawit sa tugtog ng
kaniyang gitara. Habang pinandidirihan ng lahat ang ketongin, naawa si Maria dito at iniabot ang
pasalubong na mamahaling agnos ng ama. Sa tuwa, lumuhod sa pasasalamat ang ketongin.
83
Maya-maya pa ay dumating naman si Sisa. Itinuro nito ang kampanaryo at sinabing naroon ang anak na
si Basilio. Itinuro din niya ang kumbento at sinabing naroon ang anak na si Crispin. Umalis din agad si
Sisa, gayundin ang matandang ketongin.
Namulat sa katotohanan si Sisa na napakarami palang mahihirap sa kanilang bayan.
Kabanata 28: Mga Sulat (Buod)
Katulad ng inaasahan, nailathala sa mga pahayagan sa Maynila ang magarbong pagdiriwang ng pista sa
San Diego. Napasama sa balita ang marangyang paghahanda sa pista, ang mga makakapangyarihang
tao, mga pagtatanghal, at ang pangangasiwa ng mga pareng Pransiskano sa pista.
Nabalita ang pagkaroon ng prusisyon ng mga santo at santa sa buong bayan. Nagkaroon din ng mga
pagtatanghal tulad ng komedya na labis na ikinaaliw ng mga pari dahil sa wikang Kastila ito ginawa.
Mayroon din namang pagtatanghal para sa mga Pilipino.
Hindi rin nawala ang pagtatanghal ng mga musiko. Mayroong dalawang bandang nagtanghal noong
bisperas ng pista na simbolo ng karangyaan noon. May sayawan din kung saan nakita ng marami ang
pagsayaw ni Kapitan Tiago. Manghang-mangha naman ang karamihan sa angking kagandahan ni
Maria.
Gayunman, nababalot ng lungkot si Maria dahil ilang araw na niyang hindi nasisilayan si Ibarra. May
sakit kasi ito. Kaya minarapat ng kasintahan niyang sulatan ang binata.
Ayon sa sulat ni Maria na inihatid ni Andeng sa kanilang bahay, patuloy daw ang pagdadasal ng dalaga
para sa katipan. Ipinagtirik pa ni Maria si Ibarra ng kandila sa simbahan para sa paggaling nito.
Ikinuwento rin ni Maria ang sapilitang pagtugtog at pagsayaw niya sa sayawan na siya namang
ikinayamot niya. Sinabi rin ni Maria na imbitahan siya ni Ibarra sa oras na bubuksan na ang kaniyang
ipinagawang paaralan.
Kabanata 29: Ang Umaga
Sa mismong araw ng kapistahan, abala ang mga tao sa San Diego. Nagising sila nang maaga dahil sa
tunog ng kapamana at mga paputok. Naggayak ang mga maykayang mamamayan ng kanilang
pinakamagagarang damit at pinakamahal na mga alahas at palamuti.
Kapansin-pansin naman na hindi nagpalit ng kasuotan si Pilosopo Tasyo. Binati siya ng tinyente ngunit
sinagot siya ni Tasyo. Sinabi nito na paglulustay lamang ng pera at oras ang kasiyahang katulad ng
pista.
Isang uri lamang daw ito ng pagpapakitang tao. Dagdag pa niya, mas maraming dapat pagtuunan ng
pansin na mas mahahalagang bagay kaysa sa pista.
Sumang-ayon naman si Don Filipo sa sinabi ng matanda. Gayunman, wala siyang lakas ng loob na
sumalungat sa mga pari.
May sakit naman si Padre Damaso na dapat magmimisa sa araw na iyon. Tumanggi na siya sa
pagbibigay ng sermon ngunit pinilit siya ng ibang pari dahil siya lamang umano ang nakapagbibigay ng
aral sa mga taga-San Diego. Dahil doon, agad na nagpapahid ng langis at nagpahilot si Damaso upang
guminhawa ang pakiramdam.
Saktong alas-otso ng umaga nang magsimula ang prosisyon ng mga santo. Kahit sa pagprusisyon,
mababatid ang pagkakaiba-iba ng antas ng mga mamamayan. Sa suot na abito ay malalaman agad
kung sino ang mararangya at hindi.
Natapos ang prusisyon sa tapat ng bahay nina Kapitan Tiago. Naroon ang alkalde, si Kapitan Tiago, si
Maria Clara, at si Ibarra.
Kabanata 30: Sa Simbahan (Buod)

84
Dahil araw ng pista, punong-puno ng tao ang simbahan. Dahil siksikan, nararamdaman ng lahat ang init
sa loob.
Gayunman, walang patid ang dagsa ng mga tao na nagbabayad rin ng halagang dalawang daan at
limampung piso. May paniniwala kasi noon na marapat nang magbayad ng malaking halaga para sa
misa kaysa sa mga panooring komedya.
Maaari ka raw kasing dalhin sa langit ng misa, di katulad ng mga komedya na sa impyerno raw ang
tungo.
Matagal bago nakapagsimula ang misa. Wala pa kasi ang alkalde na sinadyang magpahuli upang
mapansin ng lahat. Ilang sandali pa ay dumating na ito, suot ang limang medalya na sumisimbolo sa
kaniyang posisyon.
Ito na rin ang naging hudyat para magmisa si Padre Damaso kahit hindi maganda ang pakiramdam.
Kasama niya sa harap ng altar ang dalawang sakristan at iba pang pari katulad ni Padre Sabyla.
Pagpanhik ni Padre Damaso sa pulpito, nag-umpisa ang sermon niya.
Gayunman, tanging masasakit na salita at panlalait ang sinabi ni Padre Damaso sa kapuwa pari si Padre
Martin na siyang nagmisa sa bisperas ng pista na si Padre Manuel Martin. Aniya, higit na mas mahusay
naman siyang magmisa kaysa kay Padre Martin.
Inutusan naman ni Damaso ang kasamang prayle na buksan ang kuwaderno upang makakuha na ng
tala at opisyal na umpisahan ang misa para sa kapistahan.
Kabanata 31: Ang Sermon (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito inilarawan ni Rizal ang mga taong nagpapakabanal sa likod ng kanilang mga
masasamang gawain sa loob mismo ng simbahan.
Isang malaking kamalig ang inayusan upang magsilbing simbahan para sa misa ng kapistahan.
Maagang nagsidatingan ang mga panauhin at opisyal ng bayan upang masilayan ang buong misa at
makinig sa banal na salita.
Maging ang mga ordinaryong tao ay hindi rin nagpahuli upang makinig sa sermon na ibibigay ng
predikador.
Mayroong nakalaan na lugar at upuan ang mga prominenteng tao habang nakasalampak naman sa
sahig ang mga mahihirap. Buong tiyaga na hinintay ng lahat ang matagal na pagdating ng panauhing
pandangal ng misa. Ito ay walang iba kundi si Padre Damaso.
Sa paglalakad ng pari papunta sa altar ay isa-isa niyang binati ang mga taong malalapit sa kanya. Binati
rin niya si Ibarra, kinindatan niya ito at sinabihan na hindi daw niya ito nakakaligtaan sa lahat ng
kanyang panalangin.
Kabanata 32: Ang Panghugos (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito matutunghayan kung paano gamitin ni Padre Damaso ang kanyang posisyon at at
simbahan para takutin at alipustahin ang mga Indio.
Gamit ang wikang Kastila, Latin at konting Tagalog, nagbigay ng sermon si Padre Damaso. Itinuon ng
pari ang kanyang mensahe tungkol sa mga kaluluwa sa Purgatoryo.
Maging ang mga makasalanang Indio, araw ng paghuhukom,at ang ang hindi magandang asal ng mga
taga Maynila ay kanyang binigyang pansin at diin din.
Dahil sa kanyang itinuro, tumayo ang isang batang Manilenyo at tuluyang lumabas ng simbahan. Si
Ibarra naman ay buong tapang na nagtitimpi sa isang sulok dahil alam niya na siya ang isa sa mga
pinatataman ng pari.
85
Anumang gawing sigaw at kumpas ni Padre Damaso ay hindi pa rin niya napigilan ang mga tao na
makatulog sa haba ng kanyang litanya. Sadyang madami ang nawalang ng interes na makaintindi sa
kanya. Marami sa mga panauhin ang umuwing nadismanya dahil sa hindi naintindihang sermon ng pari.
Kabanata 33: Malayang Kaisipan
Sa kabanatang ito, unti-unting tinatanggalan ng maskara ni Rizal ang mga taong mayroong masamang
hangarin kay Ibarra. Pinapakita niya ang kanilang mga patago at masamang mga hangarin.
Maagang inihanda ang kabriya para sa espesyal na seremonya na gaganapin sa bayan. Kasabay
dumating ng bandang musiko ang alkalde, mga ibang pinuno ng bayan, at mga prayle maliban kay
Padre Damaso.
Sa okasyong ito pinasinayanan ang lugar kung saan ipapatayo ang bagong paaralan. Kasama si Ibarra
sa mga panauhin dahil isa siya sa mga nagpadaulo ng nasabing proyekto.
Pagkatapos mabasbasan at maihulog ang panulukang bato ay isa-isang naglagay ng kusarang halo ang
mga panauhin. Inumpisahan ito ng alkalde hanggang makarating ang turno ni Ibarra.
Bago bumaba sa hukay si Ibarra upang ilagay ang bato ay biglang nakalas ang mga kawayan ng kabriya
at dumagundong ang lupa sa hukay. Nakaligtas sa tiyak na kamatayan si Ibarra. Dito sumagi sa isip ni
Ibarra ang babala na ibinigay ni Elias sa kanya.
Kabanata 34: Ang Pananghalian (Buod)
Ipinakita sa kabanata na ito ang buong kuwento sa likod ng trahedyang nangyari sa seremonyas ng
panulukang-bato.
Katatapos gumayak ni Senyor Crisostomo Ibarra nang dumating ang hindi inaasahang panauhin. Ito ay
ang misteryosong si Elias. Hindi pa man nakapagsasalita ang huli ay ipinaabot na kaagad ni Ibarra ang
kanyang pasasalamat.
“Kulang pa po iyon” mapagkumbabang ganti naman ni Elias. Sa hindi kalaunan ay nag-umpisa na

siyang magkwento tungkol sa mga nalalaman niya sa binata. Pinaalalahanan niya si Ibarra na mag-
ingat sa mga kaaway na nakapaligid lagi sa kanya.
Sinabi din niya na hindi aksidente ang nangyaring pagkalas ng kabriya. Sa halip, ito ay sadyang
nakalaan para sa kanyang tiyak na kapahamakan. Tinutulungan ni Elias si Ibarra bilang pagtanaw sa
lahat ng kabutihan ng yumaong si Don Rafael.
Dahil sa mga ikinumpisal ni Elias ay tinanong niya ito kung kailan sila magkikita muli. Marahan naman
itong sinagot ni Elias na “andito lang ako kapag kailangan mo ng tulong ko”.
Kabanata 35: Ang Usap-Usapan (Buod)
Sa ika-35 na kabanata ipinakita ang labis na kasamaan sa puso ni Padre Damaso. Ito ang naging dahilan
upang umabot sa sukdulan ang galit ng binatang si Ibarra.
Napuno ng sigla at kasiyahan ang idinaos na piging sa bayan. At kagaya ng karaniwang pangyayari ang
mga dumalo ay nahahati sa dalawang grupo. Ang samahan ng mga matatandang babae at lalaki at ang
grupo ng liberal.
Napawi ang masayang usapan nang biglang dumating ang pamosong Pransiskanong pari. Sa bungad
na salita pa lamang ng pari ay hindi na kagandahan ang lumabas sa bibig nito. Walang habas niyang
inalipusta ang pagkatao ni Ibarra maging ang alaala ng kanyang yumaong ama na si Don Rafael.
86
Dahil dito, ang nanahimik at nagtitimping si Ibarra ay tumayo at sinunggaban si Padre Damaso. Dala ng
kanyang edad at mabigat na pangangatawan hindi na nakuhang lumaban ng pari. Kung hindi inawat ni
Maria Clara ang kaguluhan, marahil ay tuluyan nang napatay ni Ibarra si Padre Damaso.
Kabanata 36: Ang Unang Suliranin (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito ay ipinakita ang tapang ni Ibarra na siyang unti-unting gumising sa diwa ng kanyang
mga kasamahan sa liberal.
Mabilis na kumalat ang nangyaring kaguluhan sa bayan. Nahati ang saloobin at paniniwala ng mga
taong bayan. Mula sa panig ng mga nakababata ay labis ang paghanga nila sa katapangan na ginawa ni
Ibarra. Masaya sila at nakaganti na rin sila sa pagsampal ng pari sa isang binatang Manilenyo.
Samantala, ang mga nakatatandang babae ay nagkaroon ng agam-agam at takot. Baka daw magaya sa
pag-uugali ni Ibarra ang kanilang mga anak kapag ipinadala rin nila ang mga ito sa Europa. Ang mga iba
naman kagaya ni Kapitana Maria ay buong tapang na ipinagtatanggol si Ibarra.
Ang pangyayaring ito ang nagbigay ng hudyat sa grupo ni Don Filipo (samahan ng liberal) upang sila ay
magkaisa at manindigan. Hinikayat niya ang kanyang mga kasapi upang magkaisa kagaya ng ginagawa
ng mga saserdote.
Kabanata 37: Ang Kapitan-Heneral (Buod)
Nang dumating ang Kapitan Heneral, hinanap niya agad si Ibarra. Ngunit ang nakita niya ang binatang
taga-Maynila na lumabas habang nagmimisa si Padre Damaso na naging dahilan para pagalitan siya
nito.
Kinausap ni Kapitan ang binata na kanina pa balisa. Nang matapos ang kuwentuhan nila, nakangiti na
ang binata, senyales ng kabutihan ng Kapitan.
Pagkatapos ay dumating ang mga pari ngunit wala si Padre Damaso. Nagbigay galang sila sa Heneral.
Naroon din sina Maria at Tiago at napansin ng Kapitan. Pinapurihan niya si Maria dahil sa
pamamagitang ginawa nang makabangga sina Ibarra at Damaso.
Maya-maya pa, dumating na si Ibarra. Ipinaalala naman ni Padre Salvi na exkomunikado na si Ibarra
ngunit di siya pinansin nito. Nag-usap sina Ibarra at Kapitan at pinuri siya nito sa ginawang
pagtatanggol sa alaala ng ama.
Nang matapos mag-usap, binilinan ng Kapitan na papuntahin ni Ibarra si Tiago para kausapin din. Nag-
usap ang dalawa habang si Ibarra naman ay nagtungo kay Maria. Gayunman, hindi sila nakapag-usap
dahil papunta na sa dulaan ang dalaga.
Kabanata 38: Ang Prusisyon (Buod)
Ang mga paputok at batingaw ang hudyat na nag-umpisa na ang prusisyon. Nakasilip ang marami na
may hawak na parol. Kasama sa paglalakad sina Kapitan Heneral, Kapitan Tiago, alkalde, alperes, at
mga kagawad.
Nangunguna sa prusisyon ang mga sakristan kasunod ang mga guro, mag-aaral, at mga agwasil na
nagpapanatili nang maayos na pila. Ipinrusisyon ang santo nina San Juan Bautista, San Francisco, Santa
Maria Magdalema, San Diego de Alcala, at poon ng Birheng Maria.
Nang marating ang kubol na ipinagawa ng Kapitan Heneral sa tapat ng kanilang bahay na pagdarausan
ng tulang papuri o loa sa pinatakasi ng bayan, huminto ang karo. Isang batang may pakpak ang
lumabas at sinimulan ang pagpupuri sa wikang Latin, Espanyol, at Tagalog.
Sumunod naman ay umawit si Maria Clara ng Ave Maria. Nabighani ang lahat sa tinig ng dalaga lalo na
si Ibarra. Napukaw lang ang atensiyon nito nang kausapin siya ng Kapitan Heneral tungkil sa pagkawala
nina Crispin at Basilio
Kabanata 39: Si Donya Consolacion

87
Kabiyak ng dating kawal at ngayon ay isang alperes si Donya Consolacion. Gusto niyang magmukhang
taga-Europa kaya panay ang paglalagay ng kolorete sa mukha at pagsasalita ng wikang Kastila.
Sa kaniyang paningin, ay siya ang pinakamagandang babae sa San Diego at mas maganda pa kay Maria
Clara. Dating labandera lamang ang ginang at umangat sa buhay dahil sa alperes. Gayunman,
mababakas pa rin sa kaniya ang kawalan ng edukasyon.
Noong araw ng prusisyon, iniutos ng Donya na isara ang kanilang bahay dahil hindi ito pinayagang
magsimba ng asawa niya. Hindi maganda ang trato sa kaniya ng kabiyak na ikinahihiya siya at
lantarang minamaliit.
Nainis siya nang marinig ang pag-awit ni Sisa na nakakulong sa kuwartel. Inutusan niya sa wikang
Kastila si Sisa na umakyat ngunit di siya sinunod nito. Nagalit ang Donya at kinuha ang latigo ng asawa
at inihampas kay Sisa.
Inutusan itong kumanta at sumayaw, at kapag hindi sumusunod ay latay ang inaabot ni kay
Consolacion. Nahubaran pa si Sisa dahil sa pagmamalupit ng Donya.
Nakita ito ng asawa at inutusan ang mga kawal na bihisan at pakainin si Sisa kasabay ng paggamot sa
mga sugat dahil ihaharap pa ito kay Ibarra bukas.
Kabanata 40: Ang Karapatan at Lakas
Nang sumapit ang ika-10 ng gabi, nag-umpisa na ang pagpapaputok ng kuwitis. Hudyat din ito na
umpisa na ang dula. Naroon si Tinyente at Pilosopo Tasyo na nag-uusap tungkol sa pag-ayaw ni Don
Felipo sa kaniyang tungkulin.
Dumating ang mga tanyag na tao sa San Diego at nag-umpisa na ang palabas sa pangunguna nina
Chananay at Marianito ng “Crispino dela Comare.”
Lahat ay abalang manood sa dula maliban kay Padre Salvi na si Maria ang pinanonood. Dumating
naman si Ibarra na ikinagalit ng Padre. Ipinag-utos nit okay Don Filipo na paalisin ang binata pero di
niya iyon magawa dahil ang-abuloy nang malaki si Ibarra. Dahil sa inis, ang pari na lang ang umalis.
Nagsabi si Ibarra na aalis sandali. Maya-maya ay may lumapit na guwardiya sibil kay Don Filipo na
ipinahihinto ang dula dahil di raw makatulog ang alperes at si Donya Consolacion. Di pumayag ang
Don.Pinagtangkaang pigilin ang musiko ng dula at nag-umpisa ang gulo dahil doon. Nakabalik na si
Ibarra at hinagkan si Maria. Naibalita naman agad kay Salvi ang nangyari. Nagkapangitain si Padre Salvi
tungkol kay Maria na nawalan ng malay at agad siyang bumaba sa kumbento pero walang tao. Kabang-
kaba ang pari.
Kabanata 41: Dalawang Panauhin (Buod)
Balisa at di makatulog si Ibarra dahil sa nangyari sa dula. Dumating si Elias upang ipabatid na may sakit
si Maria. Tinanong nito ang binata kung may nais sabihin sa dalaga bago dalhin sa Batangas.
Isinalaysay din ni Elias kung paano huminto ang kaguluhan. Kilala niya raw ang dalawang nanggulo at
napahinto dahil na rin sa pakiusap niya.
Nagbihis si Ibarra at pupunta sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago. Nakasalubong niya sa daan ang kapatid ng
lalaking madilaw na yumao sa paghuhugos ng unang bato sa paaralan, si Lucas. Kinukulit nito si Ibarra
sa perang makukuha sa pagkamatay ng kapatid.
Sinagot siya ni Ibarra na sa susunod na lamang sila mag-usap dahil pupunta siya sa maysakit. Nangulit
si Lucas ngunit tinalikuran lang siya ni Ibarra.
Sumama ang tingin ni Lucas kay Ibarra. Napabulong ito na apo raw talaga ng matandang nagpahirap sa
ama ni Lucas itong si Ibarra. Pero magkakasundo pa rin daw sila basta magbayad si Ibarra.
Kabanata 42: Mag-asawang De Espadaña (Buod)

88
Dumating sa bahay nina Kapitan Tiago ang mag-asawang Don Tiburcio at Donya Victorina De
Epsadaña kasama ang isang lalaking nagngangalang Linares.
Isang nagpapanggap na mediko si Don Tiburcio. Galing siyang Espanya ngunit di na nakabalik doon at
dito na nakapangasawa.
Dating tagalinis sa ospital si Tiburcio. Nang manirahan sa Pilipinas, naghirap ito. Nang mapangasawa si
Victorina, naisip niyang magpanggap na doktor, alinsunod na rin sa payo ng ilang kaibigan.
Nakabawi sa kabuhayan ang mag-asawa dahil sa dami ng nagpapagamot sa kaniya kahit huwad naman
itong manggagamot.
Agad na pinuntahan ni Don Tiburcio ang maysakit na si Maria. Pinulsuhan ito at sinabing mapapagaling
ang dalaga. Niresetahan ito ng liquen at gatas, Jarabe de altea, at dalawang pildoras de Cinaglosa.
Ipinakilala naman ni Tiburcio kay Linares na nagbighani na sa dalaga.
Maya-maya naman ay dumating si Damaso na kagagaling lang din sa karamdaman.
Kabanata 43: Mga Balak O Panukala (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito ipinakilala ang tatlong katauhan nina Don Tiburcio, Donya Victorina at Linares. Sila
ang mga karakter na puno ng pagkukunwari at kasinungalingan.
Ang dating tahanan ni Kapitan Tiyago na masaya at maingay ay napalitan ng lungkot at katahimikan.
Ang mga bintana ay nakapinid upang harangan ang hangin na makapasok sa silid ng maysakit na si
Maria Clara.
Tahimik na nag-uusap tungkol sa mga santo at santa ang mag-pinsan na Tiago at Isabel nang biglang
dumating ang mga hinihintay na panauhin. Sila ang mag -asawang Tiburcio at Victorina, kasama ang
binatang si Linares.
Si Don Victorino ay kilala bilang isang doktor na espesyalista sa lahat ng uri ng karamdaman. Ngunit
ang katotohanan siya ay isang huwad na manggagamot. Sa katunayan ay minsan na siyang nakulong
dahil sa kanyang kasinungalingan.
Sa kabila nito ay napakalaki pa rin ang tiwala ni Tiyago sa huwad na doktor dahil sa mga mapaglinlang
na pananalita ng asawa na si Donya Victorina.
Kabanata 44: Pagsusuri Sa Budhi (Buod)
Ang tahimik at dating mapagmasid na si Padre Salvi ay mayroon palang itinatagong kasamaan sa puso
kagaya ng pransiskanong si Damaso.
Dumating si Padre Damaso sa bahay ni Papitan Tiyago. Dumiretso agad ito sa silid ni Maria na hindi
man lang pinansin ang mga tao na kanyang dinaanan. Magkahalong lungkot at pangamba ang nadama
ng pari sa kanyang nasilayan.
Hinawakan niya ng mariin ang mga kamay ng dalaga at sabay bulong ng “anak ko huwag kang
mamamatay”. Pagkatapos ay pinahid niya ang mga luha na tumulo sa kanyang mga mata. Nagulat at
namangha ang lahat sa kanilang nakita – ang mala-tigreng si Damaso ay mayroon din palang
malambot na puso.
Tahimik ang buong kabahayan nang biglang dumating si Lucas, ang kapatid ng namatay sa kapistahan.
Humihingi ito ng limos para sa kapatid. Nabigla ang lahat sa inasal ni Padre Salvi. Biglang uminit ang
ulo ng prayle at itinaboy palabas ang kawawang si Lucas.
Kabanata 45: Ang Pinag-uusig (Buod)
Ang ika-limang kautusan sa bibliya ang lubos na iniyakan ng dalagang si Maria Clara.
89
Sa paglipas ng araw ay unti-unti na ring humupa ang lagnat ni Maria. Nagalak ang lahat lalo na si
Victorina. Sinabi niya na kung hindi sa kanyang asawa ay namatay na si Maria. Agad naman itong
kinontra ni Padre Salvi, para sa kanya ay Diyos ang nagpagaling sa dalaga.
Pinayuhan ni Padre Salvi si Kapitan Tiyago na ihanda si Maria na makapagkumpisal upang siya ay
makapag-kumonyon. Ito raw ang kanyang kailangan upang tuluyang gumaling ang kanyang
karamdaman. Agad naman na tumalima ang huli.
Sa loob ng silid ni Maria ay pabulong niyang kinakausap ang kaibigan na si Sinang. Tinatanong niya ang
kalagayan ng kasintahan na si Ibarra. Pinagbilin niya dito ang mga mensaheng “sabihin mo sakanya na
huwag akong alalahanin”.
Naputol ang kanilang bulungan nang pumasok si Isabel upang ihanda siya sa pagsuri ng kanyang budhi.
Kabanata 46: Ang Sabungan (Buod)
Dito lubos na makikilala ang katauhan at katalinuhan ng pilotong si Elias.

Pagkalipas ng maraming araw ng paghahanap ay natunton din ni Elias ang pinagtataguan ni Tandang
Pablo. Siya ang matandang mayaman sa bayan na tumulong at nag-aruga sa pobreng si Elias.
Si Tandang Pablo ay biktima ng karahasan ng mga mapang-aping dayuhan. Naubos ang lahat ng
kayang kabuhayan dahil sa pananamantala ng mga nasa poder. At ang pinakamasaklap, ay pinatay ang
lahat ng miyembro ng kanyang pamilya.
Si Pablo lang ang tanging nakaligtas, kaya siya nagtago dahil ang akala sa bayan ay patay na rin siya.
Madiin at matapang ang pasya ng matanda na isakatuparan na ang plinaplanong rebolusyon, subalit
hindi ito sinang-ayunan ni Elias.
Buong pagpapakumbaba na sinabi ni Elias na isantabi muna ang rebolusyon. Sa halip ay daanin muna
ang lahat sa diplomasya upang maiwasan ang pagdanak ng dugo at ng mga magiging biktima ng
kaguluhan.
Kabanata 48: Ang Talinghaga (Buod)
Dumalaw si Ibarra sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago upang dalawin si Maria. Ibinalita niya rin dito ang
pagkakatanggal niya bilang eksokuminikado. Gayunman, napalitan ang saya ni Ibarra nang makita niya
sina Maria at Linares na masayang nag-aayos ng mga bulaklak.
Nagulat ang binatang si Linares habang namutla naman si Maria Clara. Nais sanang tumayo ng dalaga
para pumunta kay Ibarra ngunit hindi pa siya lubusang magaling. Nakipagkuwentuhan naman siya kay
Maria ngunit umalis din agad.
Magulo ang isip ni Ibarra dahil sa nakita. Napadaan siya sa ipinatatayong paaralan. Nakita niya si Nol
Juan at ibinalita rito na tanggap na siyang muli ng simbahan.
Nakita niya si Elias na abala sa paghahakot ng bato at kariton. Ipinag-utos ni Ibarra kay Nol Juan na
kunin ang mga talaan ng obrero.
Inaya ni Elias si Ibarra na mamangka upang doon pag-usapan ang isang mahalagang bagay. Pumayag
siya at naiabot naman ni Nol Juan ang talaan. Nakita niyang wala roon si Elias.
Kabanata 49: Ang Tinig Ng Mga Pinag-uusig
Humingi ng paumanhin si Elias kay Ibarra dahil batid nitong nagambala niya ang binata. Hindi na nag-
aksaya pa ng panahon si Elias at sinabi ang pakay niya.
Si Ibarra daw ang sugo ng mga sawimpalad. Napagkasunduan daw ng puno ng mga tulisan na hilingin
sa kaniya ang ilang bagay tulad ng pagbabago sa pamahalaan, pagbibigay ng katarungan, pagbawas sa
kapangyarihan ng mga guwardiya sibil, at pagkilala sa dignidad ng mga tao.
90
Sinabi ni Ibarra na maaari niyang gamitin ang kaniyang kayamanan at impluwensiya niya mula sa mga
kaibigan sa Madrid ngunit batid nitong hindi ito sasapat para sa pagbabagong hinihingi.
Sinabi rin niya na kung minsan ay nakasasama ang pagbawas sa kapangyarihan ng tao. Dapat din daw
ay ang gamutin ang mismong sakit at hindi lamang ang mga sintomas.
Nagtalo ang dalawa saglit. Gayunamn, hindi nakumbinsi ni Elias si Ibarra at sasabihin na lamang niya sa
mga sawimpalad na umasa na lang sa Diyos.
Kabanata 50: Ang Mga Kaanak Ni Elias
Nagpatuloy ang pag-uusap ng dalawa. Dito ibinunyag ni Elias na ang pamilya niya ay mula rin sa mga
sawimpalad.
Ang nuno ni Elias ay namasukan noon sa isang bahay-kalakal sa Maynila na pag-aari ng isang Kastila.
Nasunog ito at napagbintangan ang lalaki niyang nuno. Pinarusahan ito at kinaladkad ng kabayo.
Dahil sa nangyari, namundok na lang ang mag-asawa. Ngunit namatay ang bata sa sinapupunan ng
babae. Nagpatiwakal naman ang lalaki dahil sa kamalasang nangyari. Di siya naipalibing ng babae dahil
walang pera. Nang mangamoy ang bangkay, nalaman ng mga awtoridad at nais maparusahan ang
babae. Pero nagdadalang-tao pala ito kaya ipinagpaliban.
Nang makatakas sa mga awtoridad, lumipat sa malayong lalawigan ang babae. Sa paglaki ng
panganay, ito ay naging tulisan habang ang isa pa nitong anak ay nanatiling matino.
Nagpatiwakal din ang anak na panganay ng babae habang nagpakalayo-layo naman ang bunso.
Napadpad siya sa Tayabas at doon ay naging obrero. Nakagiliwan siya ng lahat dahil sa mabuting ugali
at nakahanap ng mapapangasawa. Mayaman at babae at pinaghiwalay sila ng mga magulang. Ngunit
buntis na pala ang babae at nagsilang ng kambal, sina Elias at Concordia.
Tulad ng mga ninuno nila, nagpakamatay din si Concordia dahil sa labis na lungkot at natagpuan na
lamang ang nila ang bangkay nito sa Calamba.
Kabanata 51: Mga Pagbabago (Buod)
Balisa si Linares dahil sa liham ng pinsang si Donya Victorina. Nais nitong hamunin ng binata ang
alperes. Alam niyang seryoso ang Donya ngunit alanganin siya dahil wala naman siyang padrino.
Samantala, dumating naman si Padre Salvi sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago. Masaya nitong ibinalita ang
pasya ng arsobispo na pinawawalang-bisa ang pagka-eksokomunikado ni Ibarra, sabay papuri dito na
kalugod-lugod naman ito ngunit may kapusukang taglay.
Sinabi rin ni Salvi na tanging si Damaso na lamang ang sagabal sa pagpapatawad kay Ibarra. Ngunit
kapag si Maria Clara daw ang nakipag-usap kay Damaso ay tiyak na patatawarin ito.
Maya-maya ay dumating si Ibarra kasama si Tiya Isabel. Kumamay naman si Padre Salvi kay Ibarra at
sinabing kapupuri lamang niya sa binata.
Ilang saglit ay lumapit si Ibarra kay Sinang upang kausapin si Maria. Gayunman, sabi ng dalaga ay
umalis na lamang ito at limutin siya ngunit nais ni Ibarra na makausap ang kasintahan.
Nagmatigas si Maria at hindi hinarap si Ibarra hanggang sa umalis ito.
Kabanata 52: Baraha Ng Patay At Mga Anino (Buod)
Sa isang malamig na gabi, tatlong anino ang nag-uusap sa ilalim ng pinto ng libingan. Sabi ng isa, kung
nakausap na ba nito si Elias.
Sumagot naman ang isa pang anino na hindi pa ngunit tiyak siyang kasama ito dahil minsang nailigtas
ni Ibarra ang buhay nito.
91
Tumugon ang isa pang anino na ito raw ay pumayag na sumama sapagkat ipadadala ni Ibarra sa
Maynila ang kaniyang may karamdamang asawa. Sasalakay daw siya kumbento. Sabi naman ng
ikatlong anino sa kwartel sila susugod para ipabatid sa mga gwardiya sibil na may anak na lalaki ang
kanilang ama.
May dumating na isa pang anino at sinabing sinusubaybayan siya kaya naghiwa-hiwalay daw sila.
Sinabi din nito na kinabukasan ay tatanggapin na nila ang kanilang mga sandata, sabay sigaw ng
“Mabuhay Don Crisostomo.”
Naiwan ang dalawang anino sa pinto. Naisipan nilang magsugal. Ang sabi ng isa, kung sino daw ang
manalo ay maiiwan upang makipagsugal naman sa mga patay. Naibulgar ang pagkatao ng dalawa dahil
sa liwanag, sina Elias at Lucas.
Kabanata 53: Ang Mabuting Araw Ay Nakikilala Sa Umaga
Usap-usapan sa San Diego ang nakitang mga liwanag sa semeteryo. Kaniya-kaniyang hinuha ang mga
tao kung ano at saan nanggaling ang liwanag. Nariyan ang hinalang mila ito sa mga demonyo o mga
kaluluwang di matahimik sa purgatoryo.
May iba namang usapan sina Don Filipo at Pilosopo Tasyo. Ibinalita na kasi ng Don na tinggap nan g
alkalde ang kaniyang pagbibitiw. Tutol naman dito ang matandang Pilosopo dahil sa panahon daw ng
digmaan ay dapat nananatili sa kapangyarihan ang mabubuti.
Sinabi rin nito na ibang-ibang na raw talaga ang Pilipinas dalawampung taon ang nakalilipas mula nang
dumating ang mga Europeo.
Sa gitna ng kanilang pag-uusap, sinabi ng Don kay Tasyo kung nais raw ba niya ng gamot dahil
nanghihina ito. Sabi niya na hindi niya kailangan ng gamot dahil kapag yumao siya, mas kailangan ng
mga maiiwan ang gamot.
Nagbilin din ang matanda kay Don Filipo na dalhin sa kaniya si Ibarra dahil malapit na raw siyang
yumao.
Kabanata 54: Ang Pagbubunyag (Buod)
Nagpunta ang kura sa bahay ng alperes upang ibalita rito ang pinaplanong pag-aaklas at paglusob sa
kuwartel. Nalaman daw ito ng kura dahil sa isang babaeng nagkumpisal.
Pinaghandaan ng kura at ng alperes ang sinasabing pag-aaklas. Nagtalaga sila ng mga guwardiya sibil
sa kumbento habang lihim na nakamasid ang mga sibil sa kuwartel.
Dali-dali ring nagpunta sa bahay ni Ibarra si Elias. Natagpuan niya ito sa laboratoryo. Sinabi nito ang
planong pag-aaklas na tiyak na si Ibarra ang ituturong nagbayad sa kilusan ng paglusob.
Dahil dito, susunugin nila ang mga aklat at kasulatan ni Ibarra na maaaring magamit na ebidensya
laban sa kaniya.
Nakita ni Elias ang isang kasulatan tungkol kay Don Pedro Eibarramendia. Itinanong ni Elias kung
kaano-ano ito ni Ibarra. Sumagot siya na nuno raw niya ito.
Nanginig sag alit si Elias sapagkat ang Don na iyon ang nagpahirap sa kaniyang nuno. Nais na sanang
gamitin ni Elias ang balaraw kay Ibarra. Ngunit natauhan ito at umalis na lamang.
Kabanata 55: Ang Pagkakagulo (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito, ipinakita ang pagkakagulo ng mga tao sa bayan ng San Diego. Oras ng hapunan na
ng hapunan pero walang gana si Maria. Niyaya niya si Sinang upang tumugtog ng piyano.
Sa kabila naman ay naglakad-lakad is Pari Salvi sa loob ng bulwagan. Habang hinihintay si Ibarra, di
mapakali si Maria at ang mga kaibigan nito.
92
Ng sumapit ang ikawalo ng gabi, nasa may sulok ang pari, samantala ang magkaibigan ay di alam kung
ano ang dapat nilang gawin. Ng tumugtog ang kampana, biglang dumating si Ibarra na mukhang
luksang-luksa sa suot.
Sinubukan ni Maria na lapitan ang kasintahan ngunit may biglang pumutok na baril sa labas. Natakot
ang mga tao at nagtago. May mga sumisigaw ng “tulisan” sa loob ng bulwagan.
Nang matapos na ang gulo, tiniyak ng Alperes na wala ng panganib sa labas at siniguradong maayos
ang lahat.
Kabanata 56: Ang Mga Sabi At Kuro-Kuro (Buod)
Pagkatapos ng kaguluhan, kinabukasan ay takot na takot pa rin ang mga tao ng bayan ng San Diego.
Ang mga tao ay nagtatago lamang sa kani-kanilang mga tahanan at ni wala kang makita na tao sa mga
daan.
Ng may bata na nagbukas ng bintana, sumunod rin ang mga magkakapitbahay. Napag-usapan nila ang
pagsalakay ni Kapitan Pablo. Nasa mga kuwadrilyero rin ang pagdakip kay Ibarra.
May usap-usapan rin na itinangka ni Ibarra na itanan ang kasintahang si Maria upang di matuloy ang
pagpapakasal nito kay Linares. Kaya pinatigil ni Kapitan Tiyago ang pagtatanan ng magkasintahan sa
tulong ng Sibil.
Napatunayan rin na totoo ang usap-usapan tungkol sa magkasintahang Ibarra at Maria, kaya sinunog
ng mga sibil ang bahay ng binata.
Kabanata 57: Vae Victus
Naging mahigpit ang mga sibil sa pakikutungo nila sa taong bayan ng San Diego. Kahit mga bata ay di
nila pinalalampasan at pinaghihigpitan. Sa kabanatang ito ay nasa kwartel sina Alperes, Direktorsillo,
Donya Consolation, at ang Kapitan. Sila ay may bahid ng kalungkutan sa kanilang mga mukha.
Ng mga ikasiyam ay dumating ang Kura at itinanong sa Alperes and tungkol kay Ibarra at Don Filipo.
May batang nakasunod sa kanya na umiiyak at duguan.
Tuluyang iginiit ng Kura si Ibarra sa pagiging dahilan ng paglusob at pagkagulo sa bayan. Sapagkat ang
di nila alam ay nagawa lamang ni Ibarra iyon dahil sa nais na ipaghiganti ang kanyang yumaong ama sa
pinatay ng mga Sibil.
Ng walang makuha ang Sibil na impormasyon galing kay Tarsilo, itinimba nila ito sa isang balon na na
nakabaliktad ang sikmura. Ilang beses rin nilang paulit-ulit na ginawa ito kay Tarsilo, hanggang sa
namatay nalang ito.
Kabanata 58: Ang Isinumpa (Buod)
Ang mga pamilya ng mga nabilanggo ay ilang araw ng tuliro at pagod. Ilang araw na rin silang umiiyak
dahil sa sinapit ng kanilang mahal sa buhay. Nagkasakita ang Kura kaya kung gayon ang Alperes ang
dumagdag bilang bantay. Samantala ang Kapitan naman ay nawawalan na ng silbi.
Maging ang mag-ina ni Don Filipo ay walang tigil ang pag-iyak habang naglalakad-lakad. Inuusal naman
ni Kapitana Tinay ang pangalan ng kanyang anak na si Antonio. Sinisilip naman ni Kapitana Maria ang
kanyang kambal na anak.
Isang araw ay napalabas ang mga bilanggo, kasama si Ibarra. Ngunit ang lahat ay galit na galit sa kanya.
Walang sinuman ang tumawag sa kanyang pangalan.
Ng siya ay lumabas ng walang gapos kasama ang dalawang kawal, umugong ang mga tao na kung sino
pa ang may sala siya pa ang walang tali.
Kabanata 59: Pag-ibig Sa Bayan (Buod)
Naihayag sa mga diyaryo sa Maynila ang nangyaring paglusob ng mga inapi o sawimpalad. Iba-ibang
estilo at uri ng balita ang nailathala. Maligalig ang mga tao sa kumbento at kaniya-kaniyang bigay ng
93
kanilang pahayag.
Usapan naman sa ibang kumbento na ang mga nag-aaral sa Ateneo ay mga pilibustero. Di naman
mapakali si Kapitan Tinong mula sa Tondo na minsang tumulong kay Ibarra.
Nagagalit kasi ang asawa niyang si Tinchang dahil dapat daw nasa Kapitan-Heneral ang kaniyang
paglilingkod at di sa mga naghihimagsik.
Dumating ang pinsan ni Tinchang na si Don Primitivo. Sinabihan nito si Tinong na gumawa na ng huling
habilin dahil sa pakikipagkaibigan kay Ibarra. Nahimatay ito dahil sa narinig. Nang magising, pinayuhan
siya ni Primitivo na bigyan ng anumang regalong mamahalin ang heneral at sabihing pamasko ito. At
sunugin ang anumang kasulatang mayroon si Tinong na mula kay Ibarra.
Usap-usapan naman sa may Intramuros ang nangyaring pag-aaklas. Marami ang nagsasabing taksil
daw si Ibarra dahil sa nangyari. Sinabi pang ang paaralan ay para lamang sa mga plano nito.
Nag-imbita naman ang pamahalaan ng ilang mag-anak sa Tondo para sa pagtulog sa Fuerza de
Santiago, kabilang si Kapitan Tinong.
Kabanata 60: Ikakasal Na Si Maria Clara (Buod)
Maligaya si Kapitan Tiago dahil siya ay hindi man lang nausig ng pamahalaan. Kabaligtaran ni Tinong
na mula nang imbitahan ng pamahalaan ay di na nakausap nang maayos at di na lumalabas.
Dumating naman ang mga De Espadaña sa bahay ni Tiago kasama si Linares. Sinabi ni Donya Victorina,
nararapat lamang na maparusahan si Ibarra sa ginawa. Hinarap ni Maria Clara ang mga bisita.
Napag-usapan ang kasal nina Maria at Linares. Payag na si Tiago na ikasal si Maria kay Linares dahil
tagapayo ito ng Kapitan Heneral.
Kinabukasan, napuno ng bisita ang bulwagan ni Kapitan Tiago. Andun ang mga Instik, mga paring sina
Salvi at Sibyla. Naging usap-usapan ang pagpapakasal ni Maria kay Linares. Sabi ng ilan ay ginagawa
lamang daw ito ni Maria dahil papaslangin na si Ibarra.
Nagtungo si Maria sa asotea. Nakita niya sa isang lumang bangka sina Elias at Ibarra na tatakas.
Sandaling nag-usap ang dalawa at sinabi ni Maria na si Ibarra pa rin ang mahal nito. Umalis na rin ang
dalawa pagkatapos makipag-usap kay Maria.
Kabanata 61: Ang Barilan Sa Lawa
Dadalhin ni Elias si Ibarra sa Mandaluyong upang doon pansamantalang magtago. Ibibigay daw ni Elias
ang pera na itinago niya sa puno ng balete upang magamit ni Ibarra paalis ng bansa. Inaya ni Ibarra na
sumama si Elias dahil parehas naman sila ng dinanas, ngunit tumanggi ito.
Pagdating sa tapat ng palasyo, nakita nilang may naninita. Itinago ni Elias si Ibarra sa ilalim ng mga
dahon. Sinabi nito sa mga bantay na tutungo siya sa Maynila upang magdala ng damo. Nakalusot sila
sa mga bantay.
Nang makalagpas naman sa bunganga ng Ilog Pasig, isang palwa ng mga sibil ang papalapit sa kanila.
Ililiko sana ni Elias ang bangka ngunit naisip niyang wala silang laban dahil sa armas ng mga ito.
Sinabi nito kay Ibarra na magkita na lamang sila sa Noche Buena sa libingan ng nuno ni Ibarra at
tumalon palabas ng bangka. Pinaulanan siya ng bala ng mga sibil. Dahil malayo na ang narating ni Elias,
di na siya sinundan. Umalis na rin ang mga ito nang may nakitang dugo sa tubig.
Kabanata 62: Ang Pagtatapat Ni Padre Damaso (Buod)
Nabalitaan na ni Maria Clara ang nangyari kay Ibarra. Nakapako lamang ang kaniyang mga mata sa
mga pahayagang nagsasabing patay na si Ibarra. Di man niya ito binabasa, batid niya ang balita.
Dumating si Padre Damaso at nakita ang malungkot na anak. Hiniling agad ni Maria na huwag nang
ituloy ang kasal kay Linares dahil wala naman daw siyang ibibiging iba ngayong wala na si Ibarra.
Dalawa na lang daw ang mahalaga sa kaniya ngayon, ang kamatayan o kumbento.
94
Batid ni Padre Damaso na gagawin ng anak ang sinasabi kaya humingi ito ng tawad kay Maria.
Napaiyak pa ang prayle at sinabing walang kapantay ang pagmamahal sa anak. Pumayag din itong
huwag nang ikasal at papasukin na lang sa kumbento.
Malungkot din si Damaso sa dinaranas ng anak. Napatingala siya sa langit at nasabi niyang totoo ang
Diyos at nagpaparusa talaga ito sa mga nagkakasala.
Kabanata 63: Ang Noche Buena (Buod)
Sa isang kubo sa dampa na nakatayo sa bundok ay doon namalagi si Basilio na natagpuan ng isang
pamilya. Nang magpaalam na umuwi, pinayagan naman siya ng mga ito.
Samantala, Noche Buena sa San Diego. Ngunit kapansin-pansin na malungkot ang lahat. Walang
palamuti o anumang programa. Nakatanggap din ng liham si Simang mula kay Maria ngunit ayaw niya
itong basahin.
Nakarating naman si Basilio sa San Diego at hinanap ang ina sa kanilang tahanan ngunit wala ito roon.
Nakita niya sa bahay ng alperes si Sisa at biglang tumakbo. May bumato sa ulo ni Basilio ngunit di niya
ito alintana.
Nakarating sila sa libingan. Hindi siya makilala ng ina na nawalan ng malay. Nawalan din ng malay si
Basilio dahil sa pagod at sugat na tinamo. Nang magising, nakita niya si Sisa na wala na nang buhay.
Hindi alam ni Basilio ang gagawin nang dumating ang mahinang si Elias. Sinabi nito na may malaking
pera sa ilalim ng balete at gamitin dawn i Basilio ito sa kaniyang pag-aaral.
Humarap sa langit si Elias at sinabing masaya siyang mawalan ng buhay na nasisilayan ang liwanag.
Kabanata 64: Ang Katapusan (Buod)
Simula nang pumasok si Maria Clara sa kumbento, nagpakalayo-layo na rin si Padre Damaso. Sa
Maynila siya naglagi hanggang inilipat ng padre provincial sa isang malayong lalawigan upang doon na
magmisa. Kinabukasan, natagpuang pantay si Padre Damaso. Ayon sa pagsusuri ng mediko,
bangungot o sama ng loob ang sanhi ng kaniyang pagpanaw.
Nanungkulan naman pansamantala si Padre Salvi sa kumbentong pinapasukan ni Maria. Ilang araw pa
ay naging Obispo na rin ito at nagtungong Maynila.
Bago naman maging ganap na mongha si Maria, kalunos-lunos naman ang sinapit ng kaniyang ama-
amahang si Tiago. Nangayayat ito nang husto, naging mapag-isip, at nawalan ng tiwala sa mga tao sa
kaniyang paligid. Sinabihan naman ni Maria ang kaniyang Tiya Isabel na umuwi na lamang sa Malabon
o San Diego dahil nais na niyang mamuhay nang mag-isa.
Napabayaan na rin nito ang mga santo at santang pinananampalatayaan. Naging abala ito sa paglalaro
ng liyempo, sabong, at paggamit ng marijuana. Napabayaan niya ang kaniyang kalusugan at
kabuhayan. Ganap nang nalimot ng mga tao na dati siyang marangya at iginagalang na tao sa kanilang
bayan.
Samantala, si Donya Victorina ay patuloy sa pagdagdag ng kulot sa kaniyang ulo upang magbalatkayo
na isang taga-Andalucia. Pero nangungutsero na lang siya ngayon. Hindi makakilos si Don Tiburcio at
hindi na rin makapanggamot bilang isang doktor at wala na ring mga ngipin.
XI.MODULE 11
OBJECTIVE:
A. Get engage with the central themes of El Filibusterismo; virtue and civil freedom.
B. Ponder Rizal’s thoughts on the progress of the Philippine society from sickness to health.
TOPIC: RIZAL AND POLITICS: EL FILIBUSTERISMO

95
MATERIALS:
11.1. Pagpakilala ng El Filibusterismo
11.2.Buod (Summary) ng El Filibusterismo
11.3. Talaan Ng Mga Kabanata
11.4.Mga Tauhan
11.5.Mga Kabanata Buod
11.6.Writing pen/pad
ACTIVITY
Aktibidad 1- Masigasig na basahin ang mga sumusunod na Kabanata 4, 7, 15, 16, 24, 31, 33, 39.
Base sa iyong kakayahan sagutin ang mga sumusunod na mga katanungan.
A. Kabanata 7
 Ano ang kahalagahan ng wikang pambansa/sariling wika?
 Bakit mahalaga ang pagsandig sa sarili/self-reliance sa launlaran ng isang bansa?
B. Kabanata 13
 Kailan pweding gamitin ang dahas/violence para sa pagbabagong panlipunan?
C. Kabanata 15
 Ano ang tunay na halaga ng buhay?
 Ano ba ang superyoridad ang tao sa gobyerno?
D. Kabana 16
 Ano ang susi sa kaunlaran?
E. Kabanata 24
 Ano ba ang pangarap na bansa ni Rizal
F. Kanata 31
 Ano ang kahalagahan ng karapatang pantao?
G. Kabanata 39
 Ano ang tamang paggamit ng kayaman?
 Ano ang gampanin (role) ng kabataan sa pagunlad ng bayan at pagbabagong panlipunan?
 Ano ang dilimma ng mga nakikibaka para sa kalayaan?
Aktibidad- 2
11.5. Pumili ng limang kasabihan (quotes) sa itaas at ilangtad ang aral o mga aral na gusto ni Rizal na
ipahayag sa sambayanang Filipino.
ASSESSMENT
A. Magsulat ng sanaysay (essay) tungkol sa papel (role) ng mga millinial na kabataan sa ikauunlad
lipunan.
B. Mag-saliksik at gumawa ng listahan o talaan ng mga makabagong uri ng kasakiman sa lipunan o
sa mundo.
REFERENCES
Dumol and Camposano. The Nation as project: a New Readings of Rizal’s Life and Works Chapter 6,
pgs139-169
https://www.coursehero.com/file/37538395/El-Filibusterismo-Kabanata-1-10-Worksheetspdf/
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_filibusterismo
ttps://quizlet.com/122700126/el-filibusterismo-kabanata-1-39-flash-cards/
11.1.
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
96
Ang nobelang El filibusterismo (literal na "Ang Pilibusterismo") o Ang Paghahari ng Kasakiman[1] ay

ang pangalawang nobelang isinulat ng pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas na si José Rizal, na kaniyang
buong pusong inialay sa tatlong paring martir na lalong kilala sa bansag na Gomburza o Gomez,
Burgos, at Zamora.[2] Ito ang karugtong o sikwel sa Noli Me Tangere at tulad sa Noli, nagdanas si Rizal ng
hírap habang sinusulat ito at,[3] tulad din nito, nakasulat ito sa Kastila. Sinimulan niya ang akda noong
Oktubre ng 1887 habang nagpapraktis ng medisina sa Calamba.
Sa Londres, noong 1888, gumawa siya ng maraming pagbabago sa plot at pinagbuti niya ang ilang mga
kabanata. Ipinagpatuloy ni Rizal ang pagtatrabaho sa kaniyang manuskrito habang naninirahan
sa Paris, Madrid, at Bruselas, at nakompleto niya ito noong 29 Marso 1891, sa Biarritz. Inilathala ito sa
taon ding iyon sa Gent. Isang nagngangalang Valentin Ventura na isa niyang kaibigan ang nagpahiram
ng pera sa kanya upang maipalimbag at mailathala ng maayos ang aklat noong 22 Setyembre 1891.
[kailangan ng sanggunian]
Ang nasabing nobela ay pampolitika na nagpapadama, nagpapahiwatig at nagpapagising pang lalo sa

maalab na hangaring makapagtamo ng tunay na kalayaan at karapatan ng bayan.[kailangan ng sanggunian]
11.2.
Ang Buod ng Nobelang El Filibusterismo
Nagsimula ito sa isang paglalakbay ng bapor sa pagitan ng Maynila at Laguna. Kabilang sa mga
pasahero ang mag-aalahas na si Simoun, si Isagani, at si Basilio. Labintatlong taon na ang nakalipas
mula nang mamatay si Elias at si Sisa.
Nakarating si Basilio sa San Diego at sa isang makasaysayang pagtatagpo ay nakita niya si Simoun na
pagdalaw sa libingan ng kanyang ina sa loob ng libingan ng mga Ibarra. Nakilala niyang si Simoun ay si
Ibarra na nagbabalatkayo; Upang maitago ang ganitong lihim, ay tinangka ni Simoun na patayin si
Basilio. Nang hindi ito naituloy ay hinikayat niya ang binata na makiisa sa kanyang layuning maghiganti
sa Pamahalaang Kastila. Si Basilio ay tumanggi dahil gusto niyang matapos ang kanyang pag-aaral.
Habang ang Kapitan Heneral ay nagliliwaliw sa Los Baños, ang mga estudyanteng Pilipino ay naghain
ng isang kahilingan sa Kanya upang magtatag ng isang Akademya ng Wikang Kastila. Ang kahilingang
ito ay di napagtibay sapagkat napag-alamang ang mamamahala sa akademyang ito ay mga prayle. Sa
gayon, sila'y di magkakaroon ng karapatang makapangyari sa anupamang pamalakad ng nasabing
akademya.
Samantala, si Simuon ay nakipagkita kay Basilio at muling hinikayat ang binatang umanib sa binabalak
niyang paghihimagsik at manggulo sa isang pulutong na sapilitang magbubukas sa kumbento ng Sta.
Clara upang agawin si Maria Clara. Subalit hindi naibunsod ang ganitong gawain dahil sa si Maria
Clara'y namatay na nang hápong yaon.
Ang mga estudyante naman, upang makapaglubag ang kanilang samâ ng loob ukol sa kabiguang
natamo, ay nagdaos ng isang salusalo sa Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto. Sa mga talumpating
binigkas habang sila'y nagsisikain ay tahasang tinuligsa nila ang mga prayle. Ang pagtuligsang ito ay
nalaman ng mga Prayle kaya ganito ang nangyari: Kinabukasan ay natagpuan na lamang sa mga pinto
ng unibersidad ang mga paskin na ang nilalaman ay mga pagbabala, pagtuligsa, at paghihimagsik. Ang
pagdidikit ng mga pasking ito ay ibinintang sa mga kasapi ng kapisanan ng mga estudyante. Dahil dito
ay ipinadakip sila at naparamay si Basilio, bagay na ipinagdamdam nang malabis ni Juli na kanyang
kasintahan.
Ang mga estudyanteng ito ay may mga kamag-anak na lumakad sa kanila upang mapawalang-sala sila,
si Basilio ay naiwang nakakulong dahil wala siyang tagapagmagitan. Sa isang dako naman ay
ipinamanhik ni Juli kay Pari Camorra na tulungan siya upang mapalaya nguni't sa halip na makatulong
ang paring ito ay siya pang nagging dahilan ng pagkamatay ni Juli, gawa ng pagkalundag nito sa
durungawan ng kumbento.
Upang maisagawa ni Simoun ang kanyang balak na paghihiganti, ay nakipagsama siya sa negosyo kay
Don Timoteo Pelaez, ang ama ni Juanito. Sa ganitong paraan ay nagawa niyang maipagkasundo ang
kasal nina Juanito at Paulita Gomez. Ang magiging ninong sa kasal ay ang Kapitan Heneral.
Naanyayahan din niya upang dumalo sa piging na idaraos, ang mga may matatas na katungkulan sa
Pamahalaan at mga litaw na tao sa lunsod.
Pagkaraan ng dalawang buwang pagkapiit ay nakalaya rin si Basilio sa tulong ni Simoun. Kaagad siyang
nagtungo kay Simoun upang umanib sa paghihimagsik. Sinamantala ni Simoun ang ganitong
pagkakataon upang ipakita sa binata ang bomba na kanyang ginawa. Ito ay isang lampara na may
hugis-granada at kasinalaki ng ulo ng tao. Ang magarang ilawang ito ay siya niyang handog sa mga
ikakasal na sina Juanito at Paulita. Ipalalagay ni Simoun ang lamparang ito sa gitna ng isang kiyoskong
kakanan na ipasasadya niya ang pagkakayari. Ang ilawán ay magbibigay ng isang maningning na
liwanag at pagkaraan ng dalawampung minuto ay manlalabo. Kapag hinagad na itaas ang mitsa upang
paliwanagin, ay puputok ang isang kapsulang fulminato de mercurio, ang granada ay sasabog at
97
kasabay nito ay ang pagkawasak at pagkatugnaw ng kiyoskong kakanan — at walang sinumang

maliligtas sa mga naroroon. Sa isang dako naman, ay malakas na pagsabog ng dinamita sa lampara ay
siyang magiging hudyat upang simulan ang paghihimagsik na pangungunahan ni Simoun.
Mag-iikapito pa lámang ng gabí ng araw ng kasal, at si Basilio ay palakad-lakad sa tapat ng bahay ng
pinagdarausan ng handaan. Di-kawasa'y nanaog si Simoun upang lisanin niya ang bahay na yaong di
malulutawan ng pagsabog. Ang nanlulumong si Basilio ay sisinod sana ngunit namalas niyang dumating
si Isagani, ang naging katipan at iniirog ni Paulita. Pinagsabihan niya itong tumakas ngunit di siya
pinansin kaya't napilitan si Basilio na ipagtapat kay Isagani ang lihim na pakana subalit hindi rin
napatinag ang binatang ito.
"Nanlalamlam ang lampara," ang pansin na di mapalagay na Kapitan Heneral. "Utang na loob, ipakitaas
ninyo, Pari Irene, ang mitsa."
Kinuha ni Isagani ang lampara, tumakbo sa azotea at inihagis ito sa ilog. Sa gayon ay nawalan ng bisa
ang pakana ni Simoun para sa isang paghihimagsik sa sandatahan. Tumakas sya sa bahay ni Pari
Florentino, sa baybáyin ng karagatang Pasipiko. Nang malapit nang mapagabot ng mga alagad ng
batas ang mag-aalahas, uminom siya ng lason upang huwag pahúli nang buháy. Ipinagtapat niya sa pari
ang tunay niyang pagkatao at isinalaysay niya dito ang malungkot na kasaysayan ng kanyang búhay.
Mula nang siya ay bumalik sa Pilipinas buhat sa Europa, labintatlong taon na ang nakalipas, ang pag-
iibigan nila ni Maria Clara at pagbabalatkayo niya na mag-aalahas sa pakay na maiguho ang
Pamahalaan at makipaghiganti sa pamamagitan ng isang paghihimagsik. Pagkatapos na
mangungumpisal ay namatay si Simoun.
Sa nais na maiwaksi ang napakalaking kayamanang naiwan ng mag-aalahas, kayamanang naging
kasangkapan nito sa pagtatanim ng mga buktot na gawain ay itinapon ni Pari Florentino sa karagatan
ang kahong asero na kinatataguan ng di-matatayang kayamanan ni Simoun.
11.3.
Kabanata 1 – 39
Kabanata 1: Sa Ibabaw Ng Kubyerta Kabanata 21: Mga Anyo Ng Taga-Maynila
Kabanata 2: Sa Ilalim Ng Kubyerta Kabanata 22: Ang Palabas
Kabanata 3: Alamat Kabanata 23: Isang Bangkay
Kabanata 4: Kabesang Tales Kabanata 24: Mga Pangarap
Kabanata 5: Ang Noche Buena ng Isang Kutsero Kabanata 25: Tawanan At Iyakan
Kabanata 6: Si Basilio Kabanata 26: Mga Paskin
Kabanata 7: Si Simoun Kabanata 27: Ang Prayle At Ang Estudyante
Kabanata 8: Maligayang Pasko Kabanata 28: Pagkatakot
Kabanata 9: Ang Mga Pilato Kabanata 29: Ang Huling Pati-Ukol Kay Kapitan Tiyago
Kabanata 10: Kayamanan At Karalitaan Kabanata 30: Si Huli / Si Juli
Kabanata 11: Los Banos Kabanata 31: Ang Mataas Na Kawani
Kabanata 12: Placido Penitente Kabanata 32: Ang Bunga Ng Mga Paskil
Kabanata 13: Ang Klase Sa Pisika Kabanata 33: Ang Huling Matuwid
Kabanata 14: Sa Bahay Ng Mga Mag-aaral Kabanata 34: Ang Kasal Ni Paulita
Kabanata 15: Si Ginoong Pasta Kabanata 35: Ang Piging
Kabanata 16: Ang Kasawian Ng Isang Intsik Kabanata 36: Mga Kapighatian Ni Ben Zayb
Kabanata 17: Ang Perya Sa Quiapo Kabanata 37: Ang Hiwagaan
Kabanata 18: Ang Mga Kadayaan Kabanata 38: Kasawiang Palad
Kabanata 19: Ang Mitsa Kabanata 39: Ang Katapusan
Kabanata 20: Si Don Custodio
11.4.
Mga Tauhan sa El Filibusterismo Ni Jose Rizal.
 Simoun - ang mayamang mag-aalahas, na nakasalaming may kulay, na umano'y tagapayo ng

Kapitan Heneral ngunit siya ay si Juan Crisostomo Ibarra na nagbalik upang maghiganti sa kanyang
mga kaaway.
 Isagani - ang makatang kasintahan ni Paulita, pamangkin ni Padre Florentino.
 Basilio - ang mag-aarál ng medisina at kasintahan ni Juli.
 Kabesang Tales - ang naghahangad ng karapatan sa pagmamay-ari ng lupang sinasaka na
inaangkin ng mga prayle.
 Tandang Selo - ama ni Kabesang Tales na nabaril ng kaniyang sariling apo.
 Senyor Pasta - Ang tagapayo ng mga prayle sa mga suliraning legal.
 Ben Zayb - ang mamamahayag sa pahayagan na si Ibañez.
98
 Placido Penitente - ang mag-aaral na nawalan ng ganang mag-aral sanhi ng suliraning

pampaaralan.
 Padre Camorra - ang mukhang artilyerong pari.
 Padre Fernandez - ang paring Dominikong may malayang paninindigan.

 Padre Salvi - ang paring Franciscanong dating kura ng bayan ng San Diego.
 Padre Florentino - ang amain ni Isagani
 Don Custodio - ang kilalá sa tawag na Buena Tinta
 Padre Irene - ang kaanib ng mga kabataan sa pagtatatag ng Akademya ng Wikang Kastila
 Juanito Pelaez - ang mag-aarál na kinagigiliwan ng mga propesor; nabibilang sa kilalang angkang
may dugóng Kastila
 Macaraig/Makaraig - ang mayamang mag-aaral na masigasig na nakikipaglaban para sa pagtatatag
ng Akademya ng Wikang Kastila ngunit biglang nawala sa oras ng kagipitan.
 Sandoval - ang kawaning Kastila na sang-ayon o panig sa ipinaglalaban ng mga mag-aaral
 Donya Victorina - ang mapagpanggap na isang Europea ngunit isa namang Pilipina; tiyahin ni
Paulita.
 Paulita Gomez - kasintahan ni Isagani ngunit nagpakasal kay Juanito Pelaez.
 Quiroga - isang mangangalakal na Intsik na nais magkaroon ng konsulado sa Pilipinas.

 Juli - anak ni Kabesang Tales at katipan ni Basilio.
 Hermana Bali - naghimok kay Juli upang humingi ng tulong kay Padre Camorra.
 Hermana Penchang - ang mayaman at madasaling babae na pinaglilingkuran ni Juli.
 Ginoong Leeds - ang misteryosong Amerikanong nagtatanghal sa perya.
 Imuthis - ang mahiwagang ulo sa palabas ni Ginoong Leeds
 Pepay - ang mananayaw na sinasabing matalik na kaibígan daw ni Don Custodio.
 Camaroncocido - isang espanyol na ikinahihiya ng kanyang mga kalahi dahil sa kanyang panlabas
na anyo.
 Tiyo Kiko - matalik na kaibígan ni Camaroncocido.
 Gertrude - mang-aawit sa palabas.
 Paciano Gomez - kapatid ni Paulita.
 Don Tiburcio - asawa ni Donya Victorina.
11.5.
MGA KABANATA BUOD
Kabanata 1: Sa Ibabaw Ng Kubyerta (Buod)
Naglalayag ang Bapor Tabo sa may Ilog Pasig, isang umaga ng Disyembre at patungong Laguna. Nasa
ibabaw ng kubyerta ang mga makakapangyarihan na tao tulad nina Don Custodio, Donya Victorina,
Kapitan Heneral, Padre Salvi, Padre Irene, Ben Zayb, Donya Victorina, at Simoun.
Napapasama si Simoun sa mga mayayaman dahil kilala nila ito bilang isang maimpluwensiyang
alahero. Kilala siya sa buong Maynila dahil naiimpluwensiyahan ito ng Kapitan Heneral.
Upang mapawi ang pagkainip sa mahaba at mabagal na biyahe, napag-usapan nila ang pagpapalalim
ng Ilog Pasig. Iminungkahi ni Don Custodio na mag-alaga ng itik. Sinambit naman ni Simoun na
kailagang gumawa nang tuwid na kanal na mag-uugnay sa lawa ng lawa ng Laguna at sa Maynila.
Sandaling nagkainitan sina Don Custodio at ang ilang prayle dahil sa magkaiba nilang suhestiyon at
mithiing ipatupad. Ayaw naman ni Donya Victorina na makapag-alaga ng pato sa kanilang lugar dahil
darami raw ang balut na pinandidirihan niya.
Kabanata 2: Sa Ilalim Ng Kubyerta (Buod)
Nagtungo si Simoun sa ilalim ng kubyerta. Masikip at siksikan doon dahil may mga pasahero at naroon
din ang mga bagahe at kargamenrto.
Naroon si Basilio na isang mag-aaral ng medisina at si Isagani na isang makata mula sa Ateneo. Kausap
nila si Kapitan Basilio. Napag-usapan nila ang balak ng mga mag-aaral tungkol sa pagtuturo ng wikang
Kastila na hindi naging matagumpay.
99
Napag-usapan din ng dalawa ang nobya ni Isagani na si Paulita Gomez, pamangkin ni Donya Victorina
de Espadaña.
Maya-maya pa ay lumapit si Simoun kina Basilio at Isagani. Ipinakilala ni Basilio si Simoun kay Isagani.
Nagwika si Simoun na hindi siya nadadalaw sa lalawigan nina Basilio at Isagani dahil mahirap ang lugar
at walang bibili ng alahas.
Nagpatuloy ang usapan ng tatlo hanggang sa inalok ni Simoun ng serbesa ang dalawa. Tumanggi sila at
sinabi ni Simoun na ayon daw kay Padre Camorra, kaya mahirap at tamad ang mga tao sa kanilang
lugar ay panay tubig ang iniinom at di alak.
Kabanata 3: Alamat (Buod)
Nauwi ang usapan sa ibabaw ng kubyerta sa mga alamat. Nagsimulang ikuwento ng Kapitan ang
alamat ng Malapad-na-Bato. Ayon sa alamat, itinuturing daw na banal ng mga katutubo ang lugar at
tahanan ng mga espiritu.
Ngunit nang manirahan daw dito ng mga kriminal ay nawala ang pangamba sa mga kaluluwang
naroon. Sa mga tulisan na natakot ang mga tao.
Si Padre Florentino naman ang nagsalaysay ng alamat ni Donya Geronima. Nagkaroon dawn g
kasintahan ang Donya ngunit naging arsobispo ito sa Maynila. Sinundan daw ng babae ang katipan at
kinulit sa alok na kasal. Upang makapagtago, nanahan ang dalawa sa isang yungib malapit sa Ilog
Pasig.
Nakuwento din ang alamat ni San Nicolas na nagligtas sa Intsik na muntik nang patayin ng isang
buwaya. Naging bato daw ang buwaya nang dasalan ng Intsik ang santo.
Nabling naman ang usapan sa lugar kung saan namatay si Ibarra. Ipinaturo ni Ben Zayb kung saan iyon
banda sa Ilog Pasig. Natahimik at namutla naman si Simoun.
Kabanata 4: Kabesang Tales (Buod)
Anak ni Tandang Selo si Kabesang Tales. May tatlong anak naman ang Kabesa na sina Lucia, Tano, at
Juli. Pumanaw si Lucia dahil sa malaria.
Naging marangya ang buhay nila dahil sa sipag ni Tales. Magbubukid siya at umasenso sa kaniyang
tubuhan.
Ninais niyang pag-aralin si Juli ng kolehiyo upang makapantay ang kasintahang si Basilio. Gayunman,
tinaasan sila ng buwis sa tubuhan hanggang sa inangkin ng mga prayle. Dinala ito sa korte ngunit
natalo siya.
Nakulong naman si Tales nang magdala ito ng patalim at may nakitang pera sa kaniya. Pinatutubos
naman siya sa halagang 500. Upang may pantubos sa ama, isinanla niya ang laket na bigay ng
kasintahan na noong ay pagmamay-ari ni Maria Clara.
Ngunit di ito sapat kaya namasukan siyang katulong kay Hermana Penchang noong bisperas ng Pasko.
Dahil sa masalimuot na nangyari sa kanilang pamilya ay hindi na nakapag-aral pa si Juli na pangarap ng
kaniyang ama para sa dalaga.
Kabanata 5: Ang Noche Buena ng Isang Kutsero (Buod)
Gabi na nang makarating si Basilio sa kanilang bayan. Nasabay pa siya sa prusisyong pang-Noche
Buena. Naabala pa sila dahil binubugbog ang isang kutserong si Sinong na nalimutan ang kaniyang
sedula.
Matapos ay napag-usapan nila ang rebulto ni Metusalem, ang pinakamatandang taong namalagi sa
daigdig. Idinaan naman ang rebulto ng tatlong Haring Mago na nakapagpaalala kay Sinng kay Haring
Melchor.
100
Itinanong naman ng kutsero kay Basilio kung nakaligtas na ang kanang paa ng bayaning si Bernardo
Carpio na naipit umano sa bundok sa San Mateo. Pinaniniwalaan kasing hari ng mga Pilipino si Carpio
na makapagpapalaya sa kanila.
Nahuli muli si Sinong dahil namatay ang ilaw ng kaniyang kalesa. Dinala na siya sa presinto at si Basilio
ay naglakad na lamang.
Sa paglalakad niya ay napansin niyang wala man lang parol at tahimik ang bayan kahit Pasko na.
Dumalaw si Basilio sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago at naisalaysay ang pangyayari kay Kabesang Tales at Juli.
Kabanata 6: Si Basilio (Buod)
Umalis si Basilio sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago, madaling araw pa lamang. Nagtungo siya sa libingan ng
mga Ibarra sapagkat anibersaryo ng pagyao ng kaniyang ina.
Nag-alay siya ng isang panalangin para sa ina. Matapos iyon ay lumisan na rin si Basilio at bumalik na sa
Maynila.
Muntik nang magpatiwakal si Basilio noon dahil sa mga suliraning hinaharap. Nakita lamang siya nina
Tiya Isabel at Kapitan Tiago at kinupkop at pinag-aral ito sa Letran. Hirap noong unang taon sa eskwela
si Basilio at tanging “adsum” o “narito” ang kaniyang nababanggit.Nakukutya rin siya dahil sa kaniyang
lumang kasuotan. Gayunman, walang nakapigil kay Basilio na mag-aral.
Nagkaroon ng guro si Basilio na tinangka siyang lituhin sa isang aralin. Ngunit nasagot ni Basilio nang
ilang beses ang tangka ng guro.
Dahil dito ay nagkaroon sila ng alitan at nagkaroon pa ng laban sa sable at baston. Naging sobresaliente
din siya o may may pinakamataas na marka.
Hinikayat naman siya ni Tiago na mag-aral sa Ateneo Municipal kung saan siya kumuha ng medisina.
Kabanata 7: Si Simoun (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito masisilayan ang talas ng kaisipan ng dalawang tauhan na sina Simoun at Basilio.
Pagkatapos ng labing-tatlong taon ay muling nakita ni Basilio ang misteryosong lalaki na tumulong sa
paglilibing sa kanyang inang si Sisa. Ito ay ang nagbabalat-kayong mag-aalahas na si Simoun.
Si Basilio ang unang nakatuklas ng lihim ni Simoun. Bukod sa kanyang huwad na katauhan ay batid din
ng binata ang binabalak ni Simoun na himagsikan laban sa mga mapang-aping kasapi ng pamahalaan.
Inalok siya ni Simoun na makiisa sa kanyang layunin, ngunit ito ay kanyang tinanggihan. Ang pangarap
ni Simoun ay makatapos ng medisina at matubos sa pagiging alila ang kanyang kasintahan na si Huli.
Ang mga layunin na ito ay pinagtawanan at kinutya ni Simoun. Sinabihan niya ang binata na walang
kabuluhan ang buhay na hindi inuukol sa dakilang layon. Ayon sa kanya ay dapat na maging malaya
muna sila sa mga mang-aalipin para makamit nila ang mapayapang buhay.
Hindi naging sapat ang mga pangaral ni Simoun upang tuluyan niyang makumbinsi ang binatang si
Basilio.
Kabanata 8: Maligayang Pasko (Buod)
Si Huli ay larawan ng isang babae na pilit nagpapakatatag na balang araw ang kanyang mga panalangin
ay masasagot ng isang himala.
Kagaya ng nakagawian ni Huli siya ay gumising ng maaga at buong pusong umaasa na sana ay hindi na
sisikat ang araw. Tinignan niya ang ilalim ng larawan ng Birhen sa pagbabasakaling nagkaroon na ng
himala.
101
Huminga nang malalim ang dalagang si Huli at namulat na lamang bigla na mali pala ang mga
sapantaha niya tungkol sa milagro. Pinagtawanan na lamang niya ang kanyang sarili habang siya ay
abalang nag-gagayak.
Nagmadali siyang nagbihis upang pumunta sa bahay ng bago niyang panginoon, si Hermana
Pencahang. Bago siya umalis kinausap at binilin niya ang kanyang lelong. Nang mapansin iniya ang
nangingilid na luha ng matanda ay dali-dali siyang umalis.
Sa bahay ni Tandang Selo ay dumating ang kanyang mga kamag-anak upang mamasko. Sinalubong
niya ang mga ito, ngunit nagulat siya dahil anumang gawin niyang magsalita o sumigaw ay walang
boses na lumalabas sa kanyang bibig.
Kabanata 9: Ang Mga Pilato (Buod)
Sa kabanata na ito ipinakita ni Rizal ang pamamayani ng kasakiman at pagiging tuso ng mga prayle.
Ang nakakalunos na sinapit ni Kabesang Tales ay nakarating sa bayan. Ang ilan ay naawa sa matanda,
samantala ang mga guwardiya sibil at mga prayle ay nagkibit lamang ng balikat.
Si Padre Clemente na siyang tagapangasiwa ng hasyenda ay mabilis na naghugas kamay sa narinig na

balita. Sinisi pa niya si Kabesang Tales dahil sa pagsuway ng huli sa utos ng korporasyon. Idiniin pa niya
ang matanda na nagtatago ng mga armas.
Pinagsabihan ni Hermana Penchang ang alipin na si Huli na magdasal sa wikang Kastila. Ito daw ang
dahilan kung bakit napipi at naghihirap ang kanyang ama. Hindi daw sila marunong manalangin sa
langit.
Buong galak na nagdiwang ang mga pari dahil sa pananalo nila sa usapin tungkol sa hasyenda.
Sinamantala nila ang pagkakataon upang ipamigay ang mga lupain ni Kabesang Tales. Maging ang
matanda ay bibigyan ng kautusan ng tinyente na lisanin ang kanyang sariling tahanan.
Kabanata 10: Kayamanan At Karalitaan (Buod)
Si Simoun ay tumuloy sa bahay ni Kabesang Tales. Siya ay may dalang pagkain at ang kanyang ibang
kailangan, at dalawang kaban ng mga alahas.
Nagsidatingan na ang mga mamimili ng alahas ni Simoun na sina Kapitan Basilio at ang kanyang anak
na si Sinang at kanyang asawa, at si Hermana Penchang na kung saan may balak bumili ng isang
singsing na may brilyante para sa birhen ng Antipolo.
Lahat sila ay galak na galak sa dala dalang alahas ni Simoun, sapagkat si Kabesang Tales naman ay
napaisip sa kayamanang dala dala ni Simoun.
Inilabas ni Simoun ang kanyang mga bagong hiyas. Dito naman pumili si Sinang at iba pa. Tinuro ni
Sinang ang isang kuwintas at pinabibili ito sa ama niyang si Kabesang Tales.
Ang kuwintas na pinili ni Sinang ay ang kuwintas ng kanyang naging kasintahan na pumasok sa
pagmomongha. Ito ay may halagang limang daang piso.
Kabanata 11: Los Banos (Buod)
Noo’y ika-31 ng Disyembre. Ang Kapitan Heneral kasama si Padre Sibilya at Padre Irene ay naglalaro ng
tresilyo sa bahay-aliwan sa Los Banos.
Nagpatalo ang dalawang kura dahil ang nais lamang nila na mangyari sa panahon na iyon ay kausapin si
Kapitan tungkol sa paaralan ng Kastilang balak ng kabataan. Ngunit maraming iniisip an Kapitan,
kagaya ng papeles ng pamamahala, pagbibigay biyaya, pagpapatapon, at iba pa.
Ang paaralan ay hindi ganoon ka-importante sa Kapitan. Nagalit naman si Padre Camorra dahil sa
sinadyang pagkatalo ni Padre Irene, at hinayaang manalo si Kapitan.
102
Pinalitan naman ni Simoun si Padre Camorra. Biniro naman ni Padre Irene ang binata na ipusta ang
kanyang mga brilyante. Pumayag naman ito sapagkat wala namang maipupusta ang kura. Subalit
sinabi ni Simoun na kapag siya ang nanalo, bibigyan nila siya ng pangako.
Sa kakaibiang kondisyon ng binata ay lumapit si Don Custodio, Padre Fernandez, at Mataas na Kawani.
Tinanong nila ang binata kung para saan ang kanyang mga hiling. Sinagot naman ng binata ay para ito
sa kalinisan at kapayapaan ng bayan.
Kabanata 12: Placido Penitente (Buod)
Si Placido Penitente ay nag-aaral sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas at nasa ikaapat na taon na siya ng
kolehiyo. Ngunit, malungkot ang binata at nais na niyang tumigil sa pag-aaral.
Pinakiusapan siya ng kanyang ina na kahit tapusin nalang ang natitira niyang taon sa eskwelahan. Ang
ideyang tumigil sa pag-aaral ay naisipan ni Penitente dahil sa mga kasamahan niya sa Tanawan. Siya
ang pinakamatalinong studyante at bantog sa paaralan ni Padre Valerio noon.
Isang araw nagulat si Penitente nang tinapik siya ni Juanito Paelez, isang anak ng mayamang
mestizong Kastila.
Kinamusta siya ni Paelez sa bakasyon nito kasama si Padre Camorra at saka kinuwento naman ito ng
binata.
Tinanong din ni Paelez si Penitente tungkol sa kanilang leksyon dahil noong araw lamang na iyon ang
unang pagpasok ni Paelez. Niyaya naman ni Paelez si Penitente na maglakwatsa, ngunit tumutol
naman ito.
Kabanata 13: Ang Klase Sa Pisika (Buod)
Ang silid sa pisika ay maluwag at parihaba ang sukat. Malalaki rin ang mga bintana na mayroong rehas
na bakal. Sa magkabilang panig ng kuwarto ay mayroong upuang kahoy na aabot sa tatlong baitang
ang taas. Doon umuupo ang mga mag-aaral na nakaayos batay sa titik ng kanilang apelyido.
Kahit malaki ang silid, makikita namang wala itong anumang palamuti. May mga kagamitan at
instrumento para sa pag-aaral sa pisika ngunit nakasalansan naman sa isang aparador na nakakandado.
Si Padre Millon ang maestro sa Pisika na tanyag sa paaralan ng San Juan de Letran. Isa-isa niyang
tinatawag ang mga mag-aaral upang tanungin ng aralin. Ang magkaibigang Pelaez at Placido ay
nagsesenyasan na magturuan. Inapakan ni Pelaez ang paa ng kaibigan bilang hudyat ngunit napasigaw
si Placido.
Siya tuloy ang napagbalingan ng inis ng guro at tinanong. Utal-utal siyang sumagot at nagalit ang pari
at binigyan siya ng mababang marka habang nakatanggap pa ng lait at mura mula sa pari. Nainis si
Placido at biglang umalis sa klase na ikinagulat ng lahat.
Kabanata 14: Sa Bahay Ng Mga Mag-aaral (Buod)
Pag-aari ni Makaraig ang bahay na tinutuluyan ng mga mag-aaral. Marangya ang pamumuhay niya at
nag-aaral ng abogasya. Siya rin ang pinuno ng mga mag-aaral na may kilusan para sa nais nilang
Akademya sa wikang Kastila.
Inanyayahan niya sina Sandoval, Pecson, Pelaez, at Isagani sa isang pagpupulong. Positibo ang
pananaw nina Isagani at Sandoval na papayagan ang kanilang panukala. Habang si Pecson naman ay
duda kaya nagkaroon sila ng pagtatalo.
Ibinunyag ni Makaraig na ipinagtatanggol daw sila ni Padre Irene sa kanilang plano. Kailangan na
lamang daw nilang mapapayag si Don Custodio, isa sa mga bahagi ng lipon ng paaralan, sa
pamamagitan nina Ginoong Pasta na isang manananggol at si Pepay na isa namang taga-aliw.
Malalapit daw kasi ang mga ito sa pari.
Napagkasunduan ng mga mag-aaral na kay Ginoong Pasta sila hihingi ng tulong dahil marangal itong
tao at tiyak na magiging maayos ang paraan at proseso ng pagkumbinsi sa prayle.
103
Kabanata 15: Si Ginoong Pasta (Buod)
Bilang pagtupad sa kanilang misyon, tinungo ni Isagani ang tanggapan ni Ginoong Pasta. Kilala si
Ginoong Pasta sa talas ng kaniyang isip at angking katalinuhan. Sa kaniya lumalapit ang mga pari
upang manghingi ng payo kung nasa isang gipit na sitwasyon.
Nakipag-usap si Isagani sa Ginoo tungkol sa kanilang balak. Nais niyang kausapin ni Ginoong Pasta si
Don Custodio at mapasang-ayon ito.
Naisalaysay ni Isagani kay Ginoong Pasta ang misyon ng kanilang kilusan. Nakinig naman ang Ginoo
ngunit akala mo ay walang alam at walang pakialam sa kilusan ng mga mag-aaral. Nakiramdam naman
si Isagani kung naging mabisa ba ang mga salita niya sa Ginoo.
Pagkatapos ng ilang sandali, sinabi ng Ginoo ang kaniyang pasya. Ayaw niya raw makialam sa plano ng
mga mag-aaral dahil maselan daw ang usapin at mas makabubuti raw na ang pamahalaan na lamang
ang kumilos hinggil dito.
Kabanata 16: Ang Kasawian Ng Isang Intsik (Buod)
Isang negosyanteng Intsik si Quiroga. Sa kabila ng hinaharap na pagkalugi ng kaniyang negosyo ay

nagawa pa nitong magpatawag ng isang hapunan. Pakay niya na magkaroon ng konsulado ang Tsina sa
bansa. Inimbitahan niya ang mga military, kawani ng gobyerno, mga prayle, at kapuwa negosyante.
Naroon din si Simoun. Hindi lamang pagsama sa hapunan ang pakay ng alahero kung hindi maging ang
paniningil sa utang ni Quiroga. Gayunman, dahil nga sa pagkalugi ng kaniyang negosyo, hindi siya
makababayad kay Simoun ng limang libong piso.
Inalok naman siya ni Simoun na maaari niyang bawasan ng dalawang libong piso ang pagkakaurang ng
Intsik kung papaya itong maitago ang mga armas sa kaniyang bodega.
Ipinaliwanag ni Simoun na wala raw dapat ikatakot ang negosyante sapagkat unti-unti rin umanong
ililipat ang mga ito sa ibang lagakan. Walang nagawa ang Instik kung hindi pumayag sa alok ni Simoun.
Nag-uusap naman sina Don Custodio tungkol sa ipadadala sa bansang India upang matutong gumawa
ng sapatos para sa sandatahan.
Kabanata 17: Ang Perya Sa Quiapo (Buod)
Umalis na sa bahay ni Quiroga ang labindalawang bisita niya. Ngayon naman ay pupunta sila sa isang
peryahan sa Quiapo at sa bahay ni Mr. Leeds.
Aliw na aliw ang pari na si Padre Camora sa mga babaeng nakikita niya sa peryahan. Kilala kasi bilang
makamundo ang prayleng iyon. Lalong nadagdagan ang kaniyang tuwa nang makasalubong si Paulita
Gomez. Kasama nito ang kaniyang tiyahin na si Donya Victorina. Iyon lang, kasama din nila si Isagani na
katipan ni Paulita.
Nakarating sila sa isang tindahan ng mga rebultong kahoy. Doon ay nagsabihan ng mga kahawig ng
estatwa ang mga kasama ni Mr. Leeds. Sabi ng isa na ang estatwa ay kahawig ni Ben Zayb habang ang
isa naman daw ay kahawig ni Camora dahil maraming likha ang mga kahawig ng pari.
Mayroon silang nakitang larawan na kahawig ni Simoun. Wala sa paligid ang alahero kaya napag-
usapan nila ito. Nagwika naman si Ben Zayb na baka natatakot lamang si Simoun na mabunyag ang
lihim ng kaibigan si Mr. Leeds.
Kabanata 18: Ang Mga Kadayaan (Buod)
Sa kabanatang ito makikita ang malaking pagkakahawig ng dalawang karakter na sina Simoun at Mr.
Leeds.
Bago mag-umpisa ang pagtatanghal ni Mr. Leeds ay siniyasat muna ni Ben Zayb ang buong bulwagan.
Maging ang mga gamit ng Amerikano ay hindi rin niya pinalampas.
Pilit siyang naghahanap ng salamin, isang bagay na karaniwang ginagamit sa pandaraya sa mga
tanghalan. Wala siyang natagpuan kaya inumpisahan na ang palabas.
104
Naglabas ng maitim at luma na kaha si Mr.Leeds. Sinabi niya na natagpuan niya ito sa isang lumang
libingan. Pagkatapos niyang sumigaw ng mga salitang banyaga ay kusang nabuksan ang kaha.
Dito ay tumambad ang isang ulong anyong bangkay na mayroong mahaba at makapal na buhok. Mula
sa kadiliman ay mayroong nagsalita na parang tumatangis at humihingi ng tulong.
Ang kuwento ng misteryosong boses ay tungkol sa mga mapang-aping prayle at saserdote noong
panahon ni Amasis (isang pinuno sa Ehipto). Dahil sa mga narinig ay kinilabutan at hinimatay si Padre
Salvi.
Kabanata 19: Ang Mitsa (Buod)
Si Placido ay larawan ng isang karaniwang kabataan. Siya ay mapusok, nagkamali ngunit sa bandang
huli ay nahanap din ang tamang daan tungo sa magandang kinabukasan.
Labis ang hinagpis ni Kabesang Tales dahil sa desisyon ni Placido hinggil sa kanyang pag-aaral.
Kinausap niya ang kanyang anak na ipagpatuloy ang kanyang pag-aaral hanggang sa makatapos ng
abogasya.
Dahil dito ay lalong nagpuyos ang kalooban ng binata at iniwan ang kanyang ina. Sa kanyang
paglalakad sa bayan ay nakita niya si Simoun. Lumapit siya dito at isinalaysay ang nangyari sa kanya.
Sinadya ni Simoun na isama si Placido sa pagawaan ng pulbura. Nasaksihan ng binata ang hirap ng
kalagayan ng mga mangagawa ni Simoun. Sunod nilang pinuntahan ang bahay ng mag-aalahas.
Dito niya nakita ang isang bata na kasing edad niya ngunit malayong matanda ang itsura kumpara sa
kanya. Ipinaliwanag ni Simoun na ito ay sanhi ng mabibigat na gawain na naiatang sa kanya. Dahil sa
mga nasaksihan ay namulat ang isip at kalooban ni Placido.
Kabanata 20: Si Don Custodio (Buod)
Si Don Custodio Salazar ay isang Katolikong mapaglinlang. Hindi siya naniniwala sa pangungumpisal,
sa milagro ng mga santo at ang pagiging banal ng papa.
Bata pa si Don Custodio nang dumating siya sa Maynila. Dahil sa kanyang mataas na katungkulan ay
nakapangasawa siya ng isang mayamang taga-lunsod. Ginamit niya ang pera ng kanyang asawa sa
pangangalakal. Siya ay naging tanyag at napabilang sa mga kinikilalang tao sa lipunanan.
Mahigit na dalawang linggo na sa poder ni Don Custodio ang usapin tungkol sa paggamit ng wikang
Kastila sa loob ng akademya. Siya ang naatasan na gumawa ng pag-aaral at magbigay ng pasya kung
ang paggamit ba ng mga estudyante ay naayon o hindi.
Ang pag-iisip ni Don Custudio ay mahirap mawari. Minsan ay kakampi at pinagtatabggol niya ang mga
Indiyo. Samantalang kung minsan ay hiinahamak niya ang pagkatao ng mga ito.
Sa kanyang pagbibigay ng pasyatungkol sa usapin, isa lang ang gusto niyang mangyari, ang mapasaya
ang mga prayle lalo na si Padre Irene.
Kabanata 21: Mga Anyo Ng Taga-Maynila (Buod)
Ang pagtatanghal sa Dulaang Variadades ay nagdulot ng salungat na opinyon. Ang grupo nina Padre
Salvi ay tutol sa pagtatanghal ng dulaan, habang ang mga kawani, hukbong dagat at taong lipunan ay
nasasabik na sa nalalapit na pagtatanghal ng nasabing palabas
Maaga pa ang gabi ay ubos na ang mga bilyete. Nagsimula na ring dumating ang mga panuhin at mga
manonood, isa na rito si Camaroncocido.Siya ay buhat sa isang kilalang angkan ng Kastila ngunit
nabubuhay na tila hampas-lupa dahil sa kanyang pananamit.
Dumating din si Tiyo Kiko, ang kayumangging matanda na hinahangaan sa kanyang maayos na bihis
mula ulo hanggang paa. Sila ni Camaroncocido ay parehong nabubuhay sa pagbabalita at pagdirikit ng
mga kartel ng mga dulaan.
105
Ang katotohanan ay labag sa kalooban ng mga prayle ang pagtatanghal dahil sa isyu ng moralidad at
kalaswaan na paksa ng dula. Ngunit sa huli ay pumayag din sila dahil sa panghihinayang sa perang
malilikom mula sa bentahan ng bilyete.
Kabanata 22: Ang Palabas (Buod)
Marami sa mga nanood ng palabas ay hindi nasiyahan dahil sa hindi mawaring kahulugan ng wikang
Pranses.
Maatagal na naantala ang pagsisimula ng dula dahil sa matagal na pagdating ng Heneral. Napuno ang
lahat ng palko na nakalaan sa mga panauhin maliban sa isa na nakalaan sa mag-aalahas na si Simoun.
Nabigla ang mga kabataang sa pagdating ng isa sa mga tutol sa pagtatanghal, si Don Custodio. Ang
matapang naman nitong depensa ay inutusan siya ng mga kinauukulan upang magsilbing ispiya.
Masaya ang lahat nang mag-umpisa na ang palabas. Ngunit habang ito ay tumatagal ay unti-unting
nalilito ang mga nanood. Marami sa mga panauhin ay hindi nakakaintindi ng wikang Pranses.
Lalo pang nagkalituhan nang tangkain ng ilan na isalin ang dula sa wikang Kastila. Marami kasi sa mga
taga-salin ay pawang mga nagmamagaling lamang ngunit ang katotohanan ay hindi rin nila lubos na
iintindihan ang salitang Pranses.
Ikinagulat ng lahat ang pagtayo at paglabas ng grupo mga mag-aaral sa kalagitnaan ng dula.
Kabanata 23: Isang Bangkay (Buod)
Naging palasispan kay Basilio ang dahan-dahan na pagkalat ng lason sa buong katawan ni Kapitan
Tiyago.
Tahimik na nag-aaral si Basilio nang biglang dumating ang mag-aalahas sa tahanan ni Tiyago.
Kinumusta muna ni Simoun ang kalagayan ng maysakit pagkatapos ay sinabi niya agad ang kanyang
pakay sa binata
Sa kabila ng matigas na pagtanggi ng binata ay muli niya itong pinakiusapan. Humingi siya ng pabor na
kung puwede ay pamunuan ni Basilio ang isang pulutong upang maghasik ng kaguluhan sa kalathang
Maynila.
Ito ang naisip na paraan ni Simoun upang maitakas niya sa kumbento si Maria Clara. Nagulat si Basilio
sa tinuran ni Simoun kaya sinabi niya sa mag-aalahas na si Maria Clara ay pumanaw na.
Nagulat at nayanig ang mundo ni Simoun sa narinig na balita. Ayaw niyang maniwala sa sinabi ni Basilio
ngunit ipinakita ng binata ang sulat ni Padre Salvi na labis na tinangisan ng amang si Tiyago.
Hindi maiwasan ni Basilio ang maawa sa noo’y nanlumumo na si Simoun.
Kabanata 24: Mga Pangarap (Buod)
Lingid sa kaalaman ni Donya Victorina ang kanyang nawawalang asawa na si Don Tiburcio ay nasa
pangangalaga ng tiyuhin ni Isagani.
Kumalat sa bayan ang usapin ng biglaang pagkakasakit ng alaherong si Simoun. Naging mailap siya sa
tao at hindi halos tumatanggap ng sinumang panauhin sa loob ng kanyang tahanan.
Sa kabilang dako naman ay matiyagang hinihintay ni Isagani ang kaniyang kasintahan na si Paulita.
Habang naghihintay ay sumagi sa kanyang isipan ang mga pangarap niya para Inang Bayan.
Dahil sa matagal na paghihintay ay naisipan na niyang umuwi nang biglang dumating ang isang
karwahe lulan sina Juanito, Paulita at si Donya Victorina. Magiliw siyang tinanong ng matanda kung
mayroon na ba siyang balita kay Don Tiburcio. Sinagot naman ito ni Isagani na kunwari ay walang alam.
Ipinagtapat ni Paulita sa kasintahan na ang nililigawan ni Juanito ay ang kanyang Ale. Dahil dito ay
naging lubos ang kagalakan ng binata kaya sinabi rin niya sa dalaga ang totoong kalagayan ni Don
106
Tiburcio.
Kabanata 25: Tawanan At Iyakan (Buod)
Ang simpleng piging ng mga mag-aaral ang magiging mitsa upang sila ay usigin ng pamahalaan.
Hindi pa man lumalabas ang pasya ni Don Custodio tungkol sa usapin ng pagtututro ng wikang Kastila
ay batid na ng grupo nina Sandoval ang kahihinatnan nito.
Ayaw ng mga prayle at ng pamahalaan na matuto ng wikang Kastila ang mga Indiyo. Wala daw
karapatan ang mga ito na gamitin ang kanilang wika. Dahil dito ay tiyak na ang magiging kapasyahan ni
Don Custudio. Papanig siya sa kagustuhan ng mga kinauukulan.
Kagaya ng kanilang napagkasunduan ang labing-apat ay nagtipon sa isang pansiterya upang

ipagdiwang ang kahihinatnan ng pasya. Tanging si Basilio at si Juanito ang hindi nakarating sa nasabing
pagtitipon.
Masayang nagbibiruan ang mga mag-aaral at maingay na tinutuligsa ang mga prayle. Iniugnay pa ang
mga ito sa bawat pagkain na kanilang pinili.
Bago sila natapos ay napansin ni Isagani ang isang binata na nagmamasid at tila sibubaybayan ang
kanilang ginagawa. Nang makita siya ay mabilis ito na umalis lulan ng sasakyan ni Simoun.
Kabanata 26: Mga Paskin (Buod)
Ang araw ng pag-uusig ang babago sa mapayapa at tahimik na buhay ni Basilio.

Maagang gumising si Basilio para pasyalan sa pagamutan ang kanyang mga pasyente. Bukod dito ay
pupuntahan din niya ang kaibigang si Makaraig upang kunin ang hiniram na pera para makuha na niya
ang kanyang grado.
Habang patungo sa pamantasan ang binata ay napansin niya ang grupo ng mga mag-aaral na
pinapalabas sa loob ng paaralan. Maingay nilang pinag-uusapan ang mga mag-aaral na sangkot sa
paglulunsad ng himagsikan.
Gumapang ang takot sa buong katawan ni Basilio dahil sa kanyang mga narinig. Kumalma lamang ang
kanyang kalooban nang malamang walang kinalaman sina Simoun at Kabesang Tales sa usapin ng
himagsikan.
Sa paghahanap niya kay Makaraig ay nakasalubong niya ang mga guwardiya sibil. Pinigilan siya sa
pagpasok at pinaghintay sa labas ng bahay ng kanyang kaibigan.
Paglipas ng ilang sandali ay dumating ang kabo at pati siya ay inimbistigahan.
Laking gulat na lamang ni Basilio dahil pati siya ay isinakay sa karwahe at hinatid papunta sa tanggapan
ng Gobyerno Sibil.
Kabanata 27: Ang Prayle At Ang Estudyante (Buod)
Nasa tanggapan ng katedratikong si Padre Fernandez ang kaniyang mag-aaral na si Isagani. Inusig ng
pari si Isagani sa pagtatalumpati nito sa harap ng mga mag-aaral at kung kasama ba ito sa hapunan.
Tinatapat siya ng binata na hinangaan naman ng pari dahil karaniwan daw sa mga ganoon ay
tumatanggi. Sumagot si Isagani na kung ano raw ang mga mag-aaral ay dahil iyon sa mga pari.
Nagpalitan ng papuri ang dalawa sa kabila ng palitan ng argumento. Gayunman, naisa-isa ni Isagani
ang mga sakit ng mga pari sa pagiging guro. Sinabi naman ng pari na malabis na ang sinasabi ni Isagani.
Nagpatuloy si Isagani at sinabing ang kalayaan at karunungan ay kasama sa pagkatao ng mga nilalang.
Nagwika din si Isagani tungkol sa gawain ng mga pari na pandaraya at panlalamang sa mga Pilipino
upang maging maginhawa lamang.
107
Hindi nakapagsalita ang pari at ngayon lamang niya naranasang magipit sa pakikipagtalo sa isang
estudyanteng Filipino.
Kabanata 28: Pagkatakot (Buod)
Nagwika ang mamamahayag na si Ben Zayb na wasto ang kaniyang sinasabi na masama sa Pilipinas
ang pagkatuto ng mga kabataan.
Nagdulot ng takot sa lahat ang mga paskil, kabilang ang mga pari, heneral, at mga Intsik. Hindi na rin
dumalo sa pagtitinda ni Quiroga ang mga pari.
Nais namang konsultahin ng takot ding si Quiroga si Simoun tungkol sa mga sandatang nakatago sa
ilalim ng bahay. Ngunit nagpaabot lang ng mensahe si Simoun na wag galawin ang mga ito.
Nagpunta siya kay Don Custodio ngunit ayaw din nito ng bisita dahil sa takot kaya kay Ben Zayb siya
nagtungo. Nakita niya ang dalawang rebolber sa ibabaw ng mga dokumento ng manunulat kaya umalis
na ito agad.
Nagpunta naman si Padre Irene sa bahay ni Tiago upang ibalita ang kahindik-hindik na pangyayari.
Nabalisa si Tiago dahil sa takot at di kinaya ang kuwento. Nawalan na ito ng buhay. Kumaripas naman
ng takbo ang pari.
May napabalita namang may nagpaagaw ng salapi sa isang binyagan na pinagkaguluhan ng mga tao
roon. Inakalang mga pilibustero ang gumawa noon.
Hinabol ng mga sibil ang mga ito. May nahuli ring dalawang lalaking nagbabaon ng mga armas na
hinabol din ng mga sibil habang isang beterano naman ang napatay.
Kabanata 29: Ang Huling Pati-Ukol Kay Kapitan Tiyago (Buod)
Abala ang marami sa gaganaping marangyang libing ni Kapitan Tiago. Napunta ang naiwan niyang
kayamanan sa Sta. Clara, sa Papa, at sa mga pari. Ang dalawampung pisong natira ay ibinahagi bilang
pangmatrikula ng mga mag-aaral.
Hindi malaman noong una kung ano ang damit na isusuot ni Tiago sa kaniyang libing. May
nagmungkahi na isang damit-Pransiskano, at mayroong nagsabing isang prak na paborito ng Kapitan.
Ngunit nagpasya si Padre Irene na isang lumang damit na lang ang isusuot.
May mga usapang ding nagpapakita ang kaluluwa ni Tiago bitbit ang kaniyang panabong na manok
habang puno ang bibig ng nganga. Sinabi tuloy ng iba na hahamunin ni Tiago ng sabong si San Pedro sa
langit.
Marangya ang libing na maraming padasal at paawit. Marami ding kamanyan at agua bendita na inialay
sa kabaong.
Ang katunggali naman ni Tiago na si Donya Patrocinio ay inggit na inggit sa libing ni Tiago at nais na
ring mamatay upang mailibing rin nang marangya.
Kabanata 30: Si Huli / Si Juli (Buod)
Malaking usapan sa San Diego ang pagpanaw ni Kapitan Tiago at pagkakahuli kay Basilio. Labis
namang nalulungkot si Juli dahil sa nangyari sa kasintahan.
Sa pagnanais na makalaya si Basilio ay naisip niyang lumapit kay Padre Camorra. Ngunit nag-aalangan
ito dahil sa maaaring gawin sa kaniya. Gayunman, ilang gabi nang binabagabag si Juli sa kaniyang
panaginip.
Nabalitaan pa nitong nakalaya na ang mga kasama ni Basilio dahil sa tulong ng mga kaanak. Naisip
niyang wala nang tutulong kay Basilio dahil wala na rin si Tiago.
Ayaw man niya ay nagtungo si Juli kay Padre Camorra bilang nag-iisa niyang pag-asa para sa nobyo.
Nagtungo si Juli sa kombento.
108
At tulad ng naiisip ni Juli, hinalay siya ng pari. Dahil hindi kinaya ang kahihiyang ginawa, tumalon si Juli
sa bintana ng kombento.
Hindi kinaya ng lolo ni Juli na si Tandang Selo ang nangyari sa apo. Wala siyang makuhang hustisya
para sa apo kaya sumama na lamang ito sa mga tulisan ng bayan.
Kabanata 31: Ang Mataas Na Kawani (Buod)
Sa tulong ng mamamahayag na si Ben Zayb, hindi lumabas sa mga pahayagan ang pagkamatay ni Juli.
Tanging lumabas sa mga sirkulasyon ay ang kabutihan ng Heneral na gawa-gawa lamang nila.
Nakalaya na sa piitan sina Isagani at Makaraig. Si Basilio na lamang ang nasa loob ng bilangguan.
May dumating na mataas na kawani at nais nitong palabasin si Basilio sa kulungan. Sinabi niyang
mabuti si Basilio at sa katunayan ay malapit nang matapos sa kurso sa medisina.
Gayunman, lalo lamang napahamak si Basilio sa sinabi ng kawani. Panay kasi ang pagtuligsa ng Heneral
sa mga sinasabi nito.
Sinabihan ng kawani ang heneral na dapat itong matakot at mahiya sa bayan. Sabi naman ng heneral,
sa Espanya siya may utang na loob dahil sila ang nagbigay ng kapangyarihan at hindi ang mga Pilipino.
Bigong lumisan ang kawani na kinabukasan ay nagbitiw umano sa puwesto at babalik na lamang
Espanya.
Kabanata 32: Ang Bunga Ng Mga Paskil (Buod)
Nagbago ang mukha ng edukasyon sa San Diego dahil sa nangyaring pagpapaskil. Wala na halos mga
magulang ang nagpapaaral ng mga anak. Habang bihira naman ang nakakapasa sa mga pagsusulit.
Kabilang sa mga hindi nakapasa sina Makaraig, Juanito Pelaez, Pecson, at Tadeo. Natuwa pa si Tadeo
na di nakapasa at sinunog pa ang mga libro nito.
Nagmamadali namang nagpunta ng Europa si Makaraig habang si Juanito naman ay kasama ng ama
nito sa negosyo.
Pinalad namang makapasa sina Isagani at Sandoval habang wala pang pagsusulit si Basilio dahil nasa
piitan pa ito.
Nabalitaan na rin ni Basilio ang nangyari kay Juli at ang nawawalang si Tandang Selo dahil sa kutserong
si Sinong na tanging dumadalaw kay Basilio.
Napabalita ring ikakasal na sina Juanito at Paulita. Dahil doon ay magkakaroon umano ng isang piging
na inaabangan na ng mga tao roon. Ito ang unang malaking pagtitipon matapos lumaganap ang takot
sa kanilang bayan.
Kabanata 33: Ang Huling Matuwid (Buod)
Isang hapon ay nagkulong si Simoun sa kaniyang kuwarto at ayaw magpaabala. Tanging si Basilio
lamang daw ang papapasukin kapag dumating ito. Ilang sandali pa ay dumating na rin ang binata.
Laking gulat ni Simoun sa hitusra ni Basilio. Payat na payat ito, magulo ang pananamit, at tila isang
patay na nabigyan lamang muli ng buhay.
Agad na ipinarating ni Basilio ang kagustuhan nitong umanib kay Simoun at sumama sa mga plano nito
na dati ay tinanggihan niya. Naisip daw kasi niya na hindi pa niya naigaganti ang kaniyang magulang at
kapatid na yumao.
Natuwa naman si Simoun at nagpunta sila sa laboratoryo at doon ay ipinakita ang isang pampasabog.
Sabi ni Simoun ay gagamitin daw ito sa Kapistahan.
109
Tila isang ilawan o lampara ang anyo ng pampasabog na gagamitin nila. Nagbilin si Simoun na magkita
sila ni Basilip sa tapat ng parokya ng San Sebastian para sa huling pagpaplano.
Kabanata 34: Ang Kasal Ni Paulita (Buod)
Nasa lansangan si Basilio at tumungo sa kaibigang si Isagani upang makituloy. Ngunit wala ang
kaibigan sa bahay nito at maghapon daw na di umuwi.
Iniisip ni Basilio ang magaganap na pagsabog. Ikawalo na ng gabi at kakaunting sandali na lamang ay
sasabog na ang lampara.
Nakita niyang bumaba sina Paulito at Juanito sa sasakyan bilang bagong kasal. Nahabag siya para sa
kaibigang si Isagani.
Inisip niyang ayain ito sa himagsikan ngunit naisip niyang di ito papayag dahil wala pa namang pasakit
na naranasan sa buhay. Naisip din ni Basilio ang ina at kapatid. Kaya hindi na rin siya makapaghintay sa
mangyayaring pagsabog.
Dumating na rin si Simoun sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago kung saan gaganapin ang piging. Dala nito ang
lamparang mayroong pampasabog.
Nanumbalik sa alaala ni Basilio ang mga panahong nasa tahanan siya ni Tiago. Nakita niya kung gaano
karangya ang bahay at kagamitan sa tahanan ni Kapitan Tiago.
Kabanata 35: Ang Piging (Buod)
Nag-umpisa nang dumating ang mga bisita sa piging. Naroon na ang bagong kasal kasama si Donya
Victorina. Nasa loob na rin ng bulwagan si Padre Salvi pero ang heneral ay hindi pa dumarating.
Nakita na rin ni Basilio si Simoun dala ang ilawan na pampasabog. Nang mga oras na iyon, nag-iba ang
pananaw ni Basilio at nais nang maligtas ang mga tao sa loob sa nakatakdang pasabog mula sa
lampara. Ngunit hindi siya pinapasok dahil sa madungis niyang anyo.
Sa di kalayuan ay nakita niya ang kaibigang si Isagani. Dali-daling umalis ang binata mula sa usapan
dahil naisip si Paulita.
Habang nasa itaas naman, nakita nila ang isang papel na may nakasulat na “MANE THACEL PAHRES
JUAN CRISOSTOMO IBARRA.”
Sabi ng ilan ay biro lamang iyon ngunit nangangamba na ang ilan na gaganti si Ibarra. Sinabi ni Don
Custodio na baka lasunin sila ni Ibarra kaya binitiwan nila ang mga kasangkapan sa pagkain.
Nawalan naman ng ilaw ang lampara. Itataas sana ang mitsa ng ilawa nang pumasok naman si Isagani
at kinuha ang ilawan at itinapon sa ilog mula sa asotea.
Kabanata 36: Mga Kapighatian Ni Ben Zayb (Buod)
Agad na umuwi si Ben Zayb mula sa bahay ni Kapitan Tiago at hindi makatulog. Dito ay nakaisip na
naman niyang gumawa ng balita na bayani raw ang kapitan, ang mga prayleng sina Salvi at Irene, at si
Don Custodio.
Gayunman, ibinalik ng patnugot ng kanilang diyaryo ang sulat ni Ben dahil ipinagbawal daw ng heneral
ang pag-alala sa anumang nangyari noong gabing iyon.
Nabalitaan naman ni Ben ang pagsulob sa Ilog Pasig. Ninais na naman niyang gumawa ng balita ukol
doon.
Ngunit natagpuan niya ang sugatang si Padre Camorra na pinagnakawan daw ng mga naghimagsik.
Gustong dagdagan ni Ben ang bilang ng mga lumusob.
`May nahuli sa mga tulisang naghimagsik. Umamin itong kasama sila sa pangkat ng isang alyas
Matanglawin. Hudyat dawn g paglusob nila ang pagputok na nangyari.
110
Di naniniwala ang mga nag-aklas na si Simoun ang pinuno nila. Ngunit nawawala na si Simoun at wala
na rin ang mga armas doon.
Kabanata 37: Ang Hiwagaan (Buod)
Kahit na gumawa ng hakbang ang pamahalaan ay lumaganap pa rin ang balita sa mga mamamayan. Isa
sa mga sanhi ng pagkalat ng balita ay si Chikoy na nagdala ng alahas kay Paulita.
Kaniya-kaniya nang hula ang mga tao sa kung sino ang maysala. May nagsasabi na si Don Timoteo o si
Isagani na kaagaw ni Juanito kay Paulita. Binalaan si Isagani ng may-ari ng tinutuluyan ngunit di ito
nakinig.
Nagpatuloy ang mga usapan tungkol sa pagsabog. Lumakas ang hinala ng mga naroon nang maisip nila
si Simoun.
Kapansin-pansin daw kasi ang pag-alis niya bago ang hapunan. Sila rin umano ni Don Timoteo ang nag-
ayos ng piging at pinaalis ang lahat.
May mga nagsabi naman na baka mga prayle ang nagpasabog. Mayroon ding naniniwala na si Quiroga
o si Makaraig.
Ngunit buo na sa isip nila na si Simoun dahil kasalukuyan na ring nawawala ito at pinaghahanap na ng
mga sundalo.
Kabanata 38: Kasawiang Palad (Buod)
Pinagdadakip ng pamahalaan ang pinaghihinalaang tulisan upang mawala ang kanilang mga
kinatatakutan.
Ang mag dinadakip ay pinahihirapan ng mga sibil na Pilipino. Iginagapos ang mga ito at pinalalakad ng
tanghali. Ginagawa nila nang walang anumang pananggalang sa init sa tanghali ng Mayo.
Nagwika si Mautang na isang Pilipinong guwardiya sibil na may karapatan silang pahirapan ang mga
nakapiit dahil pare-parehas naman silang mga Pilipino.
Maya-maya pa ay may mga tulisang sumugod at pinaulanan sila ng bala. Nasawi si Mautang at ang ilan
pang mga sibil.
May nakita naman si Carolino na isang lalaki sa may talampas na itinataas ang kaniyang baril ngunit di
niya ito makita nang maayos dahil tirik ang araw.
Nakita ni Carolino ang isa sa mga nabaril nila. Nakita niyang iyon ang kaniyang Lolo Selo. Tumuturo ito
sa talampas na ilang sandali lang ay nawalan na ng buhay. Hindi makapaniwala si Carolino na
mapapatay niya ang kaniyang lolo.
Kabanata 39: Ang Katapusan (Buod)
Nagmamadaling umalis si Don Tiburcio dahil akala ay siya ang pinadadakip na Kastila. Ngunit ang
tinutukoy ay si Simoun na nasa puder ni Don Florentino.
Natagpuan niya si Simoun na sugatan at sinabi naman ng alahero na nakuha niya ang sugat sa isang
aksidente.
Naghihinala naman ang pari sa katotohanan. Nalaman niyang isang tulisan si Simoun nang mabasa ang
telegrama. Tanging si Don Tiburcio lamang ang nais ni Simoun na mag-alaga sa kaniya.
Tumigil sa pagtugtog ng kaniyang harmonya ang pari. Naisip kasi nito ang pakutyang pag-ngiti ni
Simoun.
Nanumbalik ang lahat ng ginawa ni Simoun—ang pagpapalaya ni Simoun kay Isagani sa piitan at ang
paggawa nito ng paraan upang makasal sina Paulita at Juanito.
111
Agad na pinuntahan ng pari si Simoun sa silid nito. Nakita niyang tila nanghihina na ang alahero, tila
may malubhang sakit. Nalaman ng pari na nagpatiwakal ito at uminom ng lason. Dinasalan ng pari ang
binata hanggang nalagutan ng hininga.
XI. MODULE 12
OBJECTIVE: Unravel the enduring legacy of Rizal.
TOPIC: Mi Ultimo Adios

Quotes about Rizal
MATERIALS:
12.1.DOC 1 Mi Ultimo Adios
12.2. DOC 2 Quotes About Rizal
ACTIVITY:
Activity 1- Carefully read 12.1.The different stanzas of the poem Mi Ultimo Adios one by one.
1. What privileges can you pull out from each stanza?
2. What stanza of the poem is most touching to you?
Activity 2- Read 12.2. The Quotes about Rizal

1. Comments of the different manners by which Rizal has been cited by the quotes.
2. The quotes dearly appreciated Rizal as an empowered person. List down ten of Rizal’s
empowering traits?
3. If you were to speak about Rizal, what important values would you like to emphasize?
4. How would you sum up the values derives from Rizal’s life and works?
Assessment
 Write two paragraph essays about Rizal our foremost national hero.
 Post your comment as to whether Rizal’s heroism has won the essence of John 15:12-13 of the
bible.
12
My command is this: Love each other as I have loved you. 13 Greater love has no one than this: to
lay down one’s life for one’s friends. John 15:12-13
REFERENCES
Mi Ultimo Adios copy
Philippine Presidents Rizal day speeches
https://www.fabulousphilippines.com/mi-ultimo-adios-jose-rizal.html
https://www.tagaloglang.com/huling-paalam-ni-rizal/
https://www.panitikan
12.1.
My Last Farewell
Farewell, beloved Country, treasured region of the sun,

Pearl of the sea of the Orient, our lost Eden!
To you eagerly I surrender this sad and gloomy life;
And were it brighter, fresher, more florid,
Even then I’d give it to you, for your sake alone.
In fields of battle, deliriously fighting,

Others give you their lives, without doubt, without regret;
The place matters not: where there’s cypress, laurel or lily,
On a plank or open field, in combat or cruel martyrdom,
It’s all the same if the home or country asks.
I die when I see the sky has unfurled its colors

And at last after a cloak of darkness announces the day;
If you need scarlet to tint your dawn,
112
Shed my blood, pour it as the moment comes,

And may it be gilded by a reflection of the heaven’s newly-born light.
My dreams, when scarcely an adolescent,

My dreams, when a young man already full of life,
Were to see you one day, jewel of the sea of the Orient,
Dry those eyes of black, that forehead high,
Without frown, without wrinkles, without stains of shame.
My lifelong dream, my deep burning desire,

This soul that will soon depart cries out: Salud!
To your health! Oh how beautiful to fall to give you flight,
To die to give you life, to die under your sky,
And in your enchanted land eternally sleep.
If upon my grave one day you see appear,

Amidst the dense grass, a simple humble flower,
Place it near your lips and my soul you’ll kiss,
And on my brow may I feel, under the cold tomb,
The gentle blow of your tenderness, the warmth of your breath.
Let the moon see me in a soft and tranquil light,

Let the dawn send its fleeting radiance,
Let the wind moan with its low murmur,
And should a bird descend and rest on my cross,
Let it sing its canticle of peace.
Let the burning sun evaporate the rains,

And with my clamor behind, towards the sky may they turn pure;
Let a friend mourn my early demise,
And in the serene afternoons, when someone prays for me,
O Country, pray to God also for my rest!
Pray for all the unfortunate ones who died,

For all who suffered torments unequaled,
For our poor mothers who in their grief and bitterness cry,
For orphans and widows, for prisoners in torture,
And for yourself pray that your final redemption you’ll see.
And when the cemetery is enveloped in dark night,

And there, alone, only those who have gone remain in vigil,
Disturb not their rest, nor the mystery,
And should you hear chords from a zither or psaltery,
It is I, beloved Country, singing to you.
And when my grave, then by all forgotten,

has not a cross nor stone to mark its place,
Let men plow and with a spade scatter it,
And before my ashes return to nothing,
May they be the dust that carpets your fields.
Then nothing matters, cast me in oblivion.

Your atmosphere, your space and valleys I’ll cross.
I will be a vibrant and clear note to your ears,
Aroma, light, colors, murmur, moan, and song,
Constantly repeating the essence of my faith.
My idolized country, sorrow of my sorrows,

Beloved Filipinas, hear my last good-bye.
There I leave you all, my parents, my loves.
I’ll go where there are no slaves, hangmen nor oppressors,
Where faith doesn’t kill, where the one who reigns is God.
Goodbye, dear parents, brother and sisters, fragments of my soul,

113
Childhood friends in the home now lost,

Give thanks that I rest from this wearisome day;
Goodbye, sweet foreigner, my friend, my joy;
Farewell, loved ones, to die is to rest.
12.1.
HULING PAALAM
Paalam, sintang lupang tinubuan,

bayang masagana sa init ng araw,
Edeng maligaya sa ami’y pumanaw,
at perlas ng dagat sa dakong Silangan.
Inihahandog ko nang ganap na tuwa

sa iyo yaring buhay na lanta na’t aba;
naging dakila ma’y iaalay rin nga
kung dahil sa iyong ikatitimawa.
Ang nanga sa digmaan dumog sa paglaban

handog din sa iyo ang kanilang buhay,
hirap ay di pansin at di gunamgunam
ang pagkaparool o pagtagumpay.
Bibitaye’t madlang mabangis na sakit

o pakikibakang lubhang mapanganib,
pawang titiisin kung ito ang nais
ng bayang' tahanang pinakaiibig.
Ako’y mamamatay ngayong minamalas

ang kulay ng langit na nanganganinag
ibinababalang araw ay sisikat,
sa kabila niyong mapanglaw na ulap.
Kung dugo ang iyong kinakailangan

sa ikadidilag ng iyong pagsilang,
dugo ko’y ibubo’t sa isa man lamang
nang gumigiti mong sinag ay kuminang.
Ang mga nasa ko, mulang magkaisip,

magpahanggang ngayong maganap ang bait,
ang ikaw’y makitang hiyas na marikit
ng dagat Silangan na nakaliligid.
Noo mo’y maningning at sa mga mata

mapait na luha bakas ma’y wala na,
wala ka ng poot, wala ng balisa,
walang kadungua’t munti mang pangamba.
Sa sandaling buhay maalab kong nais

ang kagalingan mo’t ang paiwang sulit
ng kaluluwa kong gayak ng aalis,
ginhawa’y kamtan mo. Anong pagkarikit!
Nang maaba’t ikaw’y mapataas lamang,

mamatay at upang mabigyan kang buhay,
malibing sa lupang puspos ng karikta’t
114
sa silong ng iyong langit ay mahimlay.
Kung sa ibang araw ikaw’y may mapansin

nipot na bulaklak sa aba kong libing,
sa gitna ng mga damong masisinsin,
hagka’t ang halik mo’y itaos sa akin.
Sa samyo ng iyong pagsuyong matamis,

mataos na taghoy ng may sintang dibdib,
bayang tumaggap noo ko ng init,
na natatabunan ng lupang malamig.
Bayaan mong ako’y malasin ng buwan

sa liwanag niyang hilaw at malamlam;
bayaang ihatid sa aking liwayway
ang banaag niyang dagling napaparam.
Bayaang humalik ang simoy ng hangin;

bayaang sa huning masaya’y awitin;
ng darapong ibon sa kurus ng libing
ang buhay payapang ikinaaaliw.
Bayaang ang araw na lubhang maningas

pawiin ang ulan, gawing pawang ulap,
maging panginuring sa langit umakyat,
at ang aking daing ay mapakilangkap.
Bayaang ang aking maagang pagpanaw,

itangis ng isang lubos na nagmamahal;
kung may umalala sa akin ng dasal,
ako’y iyo sanang idalangin naman.
Idalangin mo rin ang di nagkapalad,

na nangamatay na’t yaong nangaghirap
sa daming pasakit, at ang lumalanghap
naming mga ina ng luhang masaklap.
Idalangin sampo ng bawa’t ulila

at nangapipiit na tigib ng dusa;
idalangin mo ring ikaw’y matubos na
sa pagkaaping laong binabata.
Kung nababalot na ang mga libingan

ng sapot na itim ng gabing mapanglaw,
at wala ng tanod kundi pawang patay,
huwang gambalain ang katahimikan.
Pagpitaganan mo ang hiwagang lihim,

at mapapakinggan ang tinig marahil,
ng isang salteryo: Ito nga’y ako ring
inaawitan ka ng aking paggiliw.
Kung ang libingan ko'y limot na ng madla

ay wala nang kurus at bato mang tanda
sa nangagbubukid ay ipaubayang
bungkali’t isabog ang natipong lupa.
115
Ang mga abo ko’y bago pailanlang

mauwi sa wala na pinanggalingan,
ay makaulit munang parang kapupunan
ng iyong alabok sa lupang tuntungan.
Sa gayo’y wala ng anoman sa akin,

na limutin mo na’t aking lilibutin
ang himpapawid mo kaparanga’t hangin
at ako sa iyo’y magiging taginting.
Bango, tinig, higing, awit na masaya

liwanag at kulay na lugod ng mata’t
uulit-ulitin sa tuwi-tuwina
ang kataimtiman ng aking pag-asa.
Sintang Pilipinas, lupa kong hinirang,

sakit ng sakit ko, ngayon ay pakinggan
huling paalam ko't sa iyo'y iiwan
ang lahat at madlang inirog sa buhay.
Ako’y yayao na sa bayang payapa,

na walang alipi’t punong mapang-aba,
doo’y di nanatay ang paniniwala
at ang naghahari'y Diyos na dakila.
Paalam anak, magulang, kapatid,

bahagi ng puso’t unang nakaniig,
ipagpasalamat ang aking pag-alis
sa buhay na itong lagi ng ligalig.
Paalam na liyag, tanging kaulayaw,

taga ibang lupang aking katuwaan;
paaalam sa inyo, mga minamahal;
mamatay ay ganap na katahimikan.
Mariano Ponce (Mi Ultimo Adios)

March 9, 2015Uncategorized
The Last Poem of Rizal
By Mariano Ponce (Mi Ultimo Adios)
Characters:
Pearls of Orient Sea, our Eden lost
With gladness, I give you my life, sad and repressed.
Settings:
Vibrant and clear note to your ears I shall be.
Aroma, light, hues, murmur, song, moaning, deep.
Plot:
Farewell, parents, brothers, beloved by me
Friends of my childhood, in the home distressed
Conflict:
There I leave all: my parents, loves of mine, I’ll go where
are no slaves, tyrants or hangmen.
Theme:
Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, who brightened my way.
Rising Action:
A simple humble flour amidst thick grasses
116
Bring t up to your lips and kiss my soul so.

Instructions:
Warmth of your breath, a whiff of your tenderness
Let the mom with soft, gentle light me decoy
Let the down send forth its fleeting, brilliant light
Mood:
My dreams, when scarily a lad adolescent
My dreams when already a youth, full of vigor to attain
Document:
Don’t disturb their repose, don’t disturb the
Mystery: If you hear the sounds of cittern or psaltery
It is I, dear country who a song to you in tone
Climax:
Dear Philippines to my last goodbye, oh, harkens
These I leave all, my parents, loves of mine.
Ending:
Give thanks that now I rest from the wearsome
done: Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, who brightened
my way. Farewell, to all I love. To die to rest
12.2.
QUOTES ABOUT RIZAL
 Governor William Howard Taft to the Philippine Commission (1901)

Taft quickly decided that it would be extremely useful for the Filipinos to have a national hero of
their revolution against the Spanish in order to channel their feelings and focus their resentment
backward on Spain. But he told his advisers that he wanted it to be someone who really wasn’t so
much of a revolutionary that, if his lives were examined too closely or his works read too carefully,
this could cause us any trouble. He chose Rizal as the man who fit his model.
-Charles Bohlen, former Ambassador to the Philippines, in Portrait of A Cold Warrior by Joseph B.
Smith (1976)
 Under what clime or what skies, has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?
Congressman Henry Cooper of Wisconsin, at the House of Representatives on a debate whether to
grant autonomy to the Philippines, and right after reciting Rizal's valedictory poem, "Mi ultimo
adios" in English: before members of U.S. Congress (1902)
 It is eminently proper that Rizal should have become the acknowledged national hero of the
Philippine people. Rizal never advocated independence, nor did he advocate armed resistance to
the government. He urged reform from within by publicity, by public education, and appeal to the
public conscience.
-Governor W. Cameron Forbes, The Philippine Islands
 The American decision to make Rizal our national hero was a master stroke.
-Renato Constantino, Filipino historian, Dissent and Counter-Consciousness (1970)
 Although the Americans encouraged the hero-worship of Rizal, the man was already a national
hero to the Filipinos long before the Americans sponsored him as such.
-Ambeth R. Ocampo, Filipino historian, in "Rizal Without the Overcoat" (1995)
 There is no doubt that we would have made Rizal one of our heroes even without American
intervention.
-Renato Constantino, Filipino historian, Insight and Foresight (1997)
 Rizal's greatest misfortune was becoming a national hero of the Philippines. He is everywhere and
therefore nowhere.
-Ambeth R. Ocampo, Filipino historian, in "Meaning and History" (2001) The first Filipino.
-Leon Ma. Guerrero, Rizal's biographer and historian, The First Filipino: Biography of Jose Rizal
(1963)
 To echo the first Filipino, you get the Rizal you deserve. (alluding to Rizal's statement, 'You get the
government you deserve')
117
-E. San Juan, author, in his essay "Rizal in our Time" (1997)
 One of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking.

-Benedict Anderson, historian and political theorist, in his book The spectre of Comparison:
Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World (1998)
 Rizal is the spirit of contradiction; a soul that dreads the revolution, although deep down desires it.
-Miguel de Unamuno, philosopher-writer, in his essay "Rizal, the Tagalog Hamlet", in Rizal:
Contrary Essays (1990)
 A gem of a man. (Un perla de hombre.)

-Reinhold Rost, renowned 19th century philologist and head of the India Office, British Museum
 His coming to the world is like the appearance of a rare comet, whose brilliance appears only every
other century.
-Ferdinand Blumentritt, Philippinologist and Rizal's best friend, in his book Biography of Rizal,
translated from German by Howard Bray (1898)
 The life Rizal lived is a more abiding gift than the things he said and wrote. His life will forever be of
inestimable importance.
-Frank Laubach, in his book Rizal: ** Man and Martyr (1936)
 Sleep in the shadows of nothingness

Redeemer of an enslaved land —
Don't weep in the mystery of the tomb
Nor grieve the momentary triumph of the Spaniard;
For if the bullet ravaged your skull
Your idea vanquished an empire!
-Cecilio Apostol, Filipino poet, "Rizal, a Eulogy", on the 2nd anniversary of Rizal's death (30
December 1898)
i

Ge109 21 22

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ge109 21 22

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

A few Genuine Filipinos perform and fulfil these.

This course counts on you!

These practices are not of genuine Filipino.

Minamahal kung mag-aaral:

MATUTO, PAGNILAYAN, MAGMAHAL-Jose Rizal

Sisirin ang LAWA ng aklat para mapunan ang WALA.

Sa tamang GABAY kuha mo ang tamang BAGAY.

Sa kagustuhan nating lahat na mag-WAGI at mag-ANI ng magandang kinabukasan, gaya ni Rizal,

Panatilihin ang pag-INGAT, palaging puma GITNA sa labis at kulang.

TIBA kung ang pag-BATI ay BAIT.

Gawin nating BAKAL anomang BALAK meron tayo.

MALAY ang kinakailangan natin ngayon hindi LAMAY.

LAKAS at hindi SAKAL.

Manalig at maniwala tayo sa BANAL para manaig tayo sa LABAN.

Manawari ay patnubayan tayong lahat ng POONG MAYKAPAL.

JULIUS E. PELONIA #09061708700

Learning approaches in Historical Studies:

COMPONENTS OF THE SELF-INSRUCTIONAL LEARNING MODULE

Basic considerations for recipients:

I. Module 1- R.A. 1425 Rizal Law ----------------------------------------------------------------------------8-13

II.1. Summary Of Spanish Colonization Of The Philippines

III. Module-3- RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION

IV. RIZAL AND EDUCATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------25-32

V. Module 5-RIZAL IN OTHER LANDS----------------------------------------------------------------------32-35

VI. Module 6-RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT--------------------------------------------36-41

VII. Module 7-RIZAL’S EXILE, TRIAL AND DEATH----------------------------------------------------------41-47

VIII. Module 8-RIZAL AND THE NATION: SELECTED ESSAY ---------------------------------------------48-58

IX. Module 9-Annotation Of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos De Los Islas Filipinas-----------------------58-67

X. Module 10-NOLI ME TANGERE----------------------------------------------------------------------------67-95

XII. Module 12- Mi Ultimo Adios ------------------------------------------------------------------------------111-117

TOPIC: R.A. 1425 Rizal Law

1. Why is Rizal Law necessary in the college curriculum?

Decree of Emelio G. Aguinaldo 1898

Given in Malolos, December 20,1898

THE RIZAL LAW

B) REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

To The Philippine Youth

Hold high the brow serene, Of your grace be seen,

With thy mighty hand, Thou, who now wouldst rise

TOPIC: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT

1. Isa ka bang Tunay na Filipino? Patunayan mo.

1. Sapat ba ang binigay mong tugon na ikaw ay tunay na Filipino?

Act: What the Filipinos must necessary do?

SUMMARY OF SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.

Political System and the Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System

4. Distance of the colony

5. Personal interest over the welfare of the State

7. Overemphasis on religious matters

1. Obsolete teaching methods

3. Poor classroom facilities

7. Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning

8. Friar control over the system

Economic Development and the Rise of Filipino Nationalism

Factors Contributed to the Development of Filipino Nationalism:

 Influx of European Liberalism

 Opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869

→Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872)

Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century

Known also as the;