omsaa0n, 616 Sein Rlercn- aps om Mie Haale Wi OprF ir Wear at Cormin hwodeling Reference - Hydropneumatic Tanks Produc); HAIER Version(s; CONNECT Eaton, Va pea. Nodeing Overview “Tis TechNet expla hw the Hydopreumati Tank ment works ais pia ppcaton n HAMVER,onsaa0n, 616 Silence taper Tat - Oe [ie Hisace Wi OpFor Wreacir-atyCormi For information on modeling hycropneumatic tanks during an EPS in WaterGEMS or WaterCAD, soo: Malling hycroonesmatic tanks in.an EPS in WaterGEMS and WaterCAD Background The Hydropneumatic Tank elementin HAVER represents a cylindrical o spherical pressure vessel containing fi a the bollom and an enrapped gas (usualy aor nizogen) overlying the gue. Ris sometimes referred to as a gas vessel, ar chamber, or pressurized surge tank \When the hysropneumatic tanks being fled (usually fom a pump), the water vlume increases and the srs compressed. When the pumpis turned of, the ‘compressed ar maintains pressure inthe system unt te water drain and the pressure drops. This storage of energy as compressed ar allows fra high hydraulic grade to be achieved in a relatively smal tak, whereas the traditonal, unpessurized surge tank woud need tobe constructed as high as the hydraulic grade you need to achieve. This is because the hytraulic grade Ina hyéropneumatic tank's the elevaton pus the water level PLUS the pressure head © 7s above it, whereas ina surge tank. tis the water surface elevation. Thus, a surge tanks typically nt practical fora high head system? So, Hthe 1. youmate tank contains enough (pressurizes) gas to prevent water columns from separating, canbe a very effective way to avoid or reduce pressure surges. “The most comman use of hydropneumatic tank for surge pretctionis for controling transients caused by rapid pump start up and shut down. fa typical ‘emergency pump shutdown scenario, the low pressure dowmsurge can cause severe subatmospheric pressure. Column separation can occur and severe high pressure upsurges can occur upon vapor pocket collapse. So, protective equipment is often necessary to provide water and head to the system upon Transient Reports), you will see the maximum volume ‘of gas thats needed during the transient analyls. You wil hen need to provide a hydropneumatic ark that wil be abe to accommodate that maximum volume ‘of gas and stil not become empty of water. the gas volume exceeds the fl tank volume you wil see a user natfcation, but the gas volume is allowed to increase beyond tha. For more explanation about his, see: icopneumaic tank user noUicaions: “gas volume exceeds velume of ark” “ils is containing tank Note that you might encounter a situation where the gas vlume inthe hydropreumatic tank continues to inerease no mater how long he simulation is ‘extended. This can occurin situations where there I no other boundary condton {water source lke another lark or reservoir) at a higher elevation than the tank, 80 as long as the pump remains of, the hydropneumatc tank wll cotnue to drain. You may need to consider how long the pumps wil remain off and 1 alymodela pump shutdown followed by slant. ‘When you are not using the bladder option, you must entra total vlime for the hyeropneumatic tank inthe "Volume (Tank property fl, bu this is for reference purposes during the transient simulation Fhe velume of gs during the transient simulation exceeds the total tank volume thal you entered, you will ‘encounter @ user notification about the maximum gas volume being greater than the entered tank velume. However, HAVER wil ill compute gas vlumes ‘above the total ark volume, based onthe gas law, Not only wil his indicate that there is something wrong, butt will abo indicate by how much, Meaning, the user can view the maximum gas volume required (hn the text ouput log withthe current tank confguraton, make the necessary adjustments, then re-run the simulation. For example, a user entered 500 ters as the intial gas velume and 1500 ters as the total tank volume, but the output log shows maximum gas volume of 1640 iters. This means tha during te transient simulation, the heal dropped so low that he expanded gas volume occupied more than 1500 ters. tls the ser tha ther desired tanks almost big enough, but nt quit. ney somethin helen ly WOBnshgletenee—tyopraarat-lrks nasomsaa0n, 616 Sia Rlerce- rape Tt - Oe ie Hisace Wi- OpFor Wir Wrsacir-aty Cori er Netiicatione babe "Hes etd ger vlan (1 St cre vere ot yaapoeaan (Sm Alrlnk oa ed Incase this situation occurs, itis important fo realize that he toa tank size isnot necessarlythe only factor For example, the intial gas volume atthe steady Stato hysraulic grade was smal, the maximum gas velume during the transient may be less and within tho desired total tank sizo, Othor things such as a diferent orice can also influence the effectiveness ofa tank tha isa certain size. So, just because the reported gas volume is higher than the tank size youtdike, doesnt necessarily mean that you need bigger tank You may be ble to contol the maximum gas volume by changing other parameters, therefore allowing the same tank size to be used. Since you may belimited (due to cost, physical space or ther reasons) in trms of te largest tank size you can provide, adustmentof these other things may be necessary. With HANMER, you can easily test deren configurations of your tank to find the optimized protection for your pipeline. In some cases, you may have a requirement stating that a certain percentage ofthe tank volume must be quid inthe steady state conor. You may also limit on the total tank size, maximum pressure, bladder pre-charge pressure, etc. So, youl need to design around these requirements This link has ‘ salinformaton on this: Hyckooneumatictankuser notification: Calcated volume of gas exceeds the volume af the tank, Note also that an empty tank gas volume = total ank volume) does not necessary mean a gas pressure of zero. When the tank is empty the gas may stil be pressurized. Conversely the gas pressure may reach zero before the tanks fuly empty. See futher below “Ante on pressure at an emply condition™ Differential Orifice “The piping connection between the hydropneumatic tank and the system shouldbe sized to provide adequate hydraulic capacity when the chamber is clscharging, as well as to cause a heads sufficient to esipate transient energy and prevent the chamber rom filing too quietly. Bath ofthese requirements ‘are me through the use fa piping bypass as depicted below.” ‘orem le sonettyindes_bydiay nla ly W910Uhodsbgcleteet—hyoraara-lrhs wsomsaa0n, 616 nog Rance: Hyrormeate ak Open rece Ws Operiows Mat Hance Oth mei riches Comers te SRS ws (9 Arcramaer “Ratio Of Losses," and "Diameter (Tank niet rice)” In HAVER, the headlosses associated with this can be modeled by using the "Minor Loss Coefici atvibutes ofthe hytropneumatic tank This i refered to as the diferente rice, because the ratio oflosses allows you to have the infow headlosses different {1 “eutow headlosses. Inthe above lustraton, you can see thatthe check valve causes inflows to undergo larger headlosses 9s water passes tough 985. So, the rao oflosses atribute is usvallylrger than 1.0 and applies to inflows. Coupee Ons irotebgeireee-beaprae ts or eomntin nbcmieantvtres__ nyo hyéales ant yon Waomsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- ape Tt - Oe ie Hisace Wi OpFor Wir Wreacir-aty Cori “Tho minor loss coofclont that you enter is used for tank outflows. For tankfaws, the minor loss coofclent is multiplied by the rato oflosses and the resulting coofciont is used, The effect of afferent ofice canbe large for some aystoms "Note: You may consider adjusting the minor loss coefficient to represent multiple losses through the tank assembly. For example, you may have minor losses ‘rom bends, fitings, the tank inlet itself and the aferental orice assembly. In this case, you can set the ‘minor loss coefcient” value to represent all those losses, but remember thatthe velocity used to calculate them is based on the area ofthe "ameter (tank ine) Also, youl nd to setup the ratio of losses ‘such thatthe losses through the entre tank assembly appropriately accounts forth adional oss through the bypass ofthe diferent ofc. ‘Consider the two profes below, showing the maximum transient head fora pipeline during an emergency pump shutdown event. The fist profile shows the results without a dtferentalorfice apolied; the orfice diameter is 17S mm wih a raon of losses set to 1.0. The second profil includes an orfice of 100 mm ‘and a ratio of losses set o 2.5. As you can see, it helps reduce the maximum transient pressures inthe system, Ths could also mean a possible reduction in total required tank size, ‘orem le sonethyindes_bydiay nla ly WO10Uhodsbgcleteet—hyorarat-lrhsomsaa07n, 616 inna Rane: Hyronraerate an Opto ence Ws -Operons Ma Matic Bath Onn top —__FALPa Hm ad nd Apo Value dite ‘00°__=@_— smo mga ipo Ten parent comin nk cmeantahvtraves_rtobarn yale an hydany_w st Ohedeearne—-heeoonrai ile oromsaao7, 616 tne Rane: Hyroreeae a Opto ie ance Ws -Opmrons Mai Wate Path Or 200 v Beavaisee - Ful Path: Hyaulc Grade and leper Volume om 9f0___sn00 sono __7enon 1am 12sam0_1.sqn00 osm) ture Bladder ‘Aflextle and expanedable Hadier is sometimes used to keep the gas and uid separate in the hyeropneumatic tank. Since there is no contact between the compressed air and the wate, tere is no dssoluton. Theres thus no requirement fora permanent reglaton system such as an ar compressor, which Is otherwise ypicaly required (since the gas slowly dissolves into the water)? |r most cases the bladder "balloon" contains the gas, but in other cases, the gas sin the area between the tank casing anda Ladder that surrounds where the Water rom the main ows in and out (meaning "water in bladder" as opposed to “arin ladder). For ransient modeling in HAMMER, tis is not a facto, since ‘o> Joomunte ene. cmsceahytk_ roar hyeaesarrybmy_w ht Binafeeeernee-byeapiraes sgomsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerrce- taper Tt - One [ie Hace Wi OpFor Wreacir-atyCormi there is sti a certain volame of gas and a gas/pressureroatonship that determines the change in pressure due toa change in volume and vice versa \When usin bladder, a pre-charge!’ pressure i rst applied, before the tanks connected tothe system and submited to pipeline pressure. Normally the pre- charge is done toa bladder “balloon” containing the ar or gas, but in the aforemerioned "water bladder case, the pre-charge is dane to the area between the bladder membrane and the tank wals. However in both cases, the pre-charge wil resutin gas occupying the entre tank volume (V) a a certain pressure (P), which HAMIVER uses (with te gas law) to determine how pressure and volume change during the transient simulation. For example, based on the hydraulic grade inte nal condiions in HAMIVER, ituses that pre-charge pressure paired wih the tota tank volume to determine how much te area whore the gas resides is compresses. “Transient protection performance when using a bladdertype tank tends tobe sensitive to the pre-charge pressure, since it determines the ital gas volume: ‘and senstvty to pressure changes, Sometimes you may have a requirement on the pre-charge pressure, such as being 5% ofthe normal pale prossure (Otherwise, you may need 1o use tral-anc-eror to fi the best pre-charge presse, When using the bladder tank option, prior to and during a transient computation AMER assumes the blader is atthe preset pressure but isolated from the system. + HAMMER assumes a vitual isolation vale is opened, such thatthe (typally higher) system pressure is now feltby the bladder + Based on the gas law, HAMVER computes the new volume of the air inside the bladder. + When the tansient occurs, HAMMER expands or convacis the volume inside the bladder accordingly, [Afer the simulation is complete, you can lookin the tex output fes to see what the preset pressure, pre-ransient velume (at system pressure) and ‘subsequent variatons in pressure and volume have occurred, "Note: The pre-Charge pressure ie. Pressure (Gas-Preset) neds fo be defined in terms of Gauge pressure. During calculations, atmospheric pressure is _ackied which then becomes absolute pressure, which s required forthe Gas lawcalculations. The hycropneumatic tank gas pressure resus are reported in {rms of absolite pressure. An example calculation fortis is shown in te below section "Wit Badr’ please referto that for an istration More on how Bladder-based tanks work can be found futher below under the section "Transient simulation behavior” ney sonrectanyes__tdrbanv hela ely WBS letenee-tysopraarat-rks siomsaa0n, 616 inna Rane: Hyrraeate ak Options |W rece Ws Operon [Mat Hanke Oth mei Before submiting tank to pipeline pressure ‘After submitung tank to pipetine pressure Bladder compressed bladder eccupies Pressure ~ Preset presse Cloned off from pipeline —— open te pipeline “Air in Bladder” "Water in bladder” Pump Check Valve comin nbn cmancatvtraves_robar nhac anyday st Oederaarne—-heomnrai ieomsaa0n, 1616 Seg eterces apr emit Bethy Onin ‘When using a hytropneumatictankjust downstream of a pump staion, check valve slam is a common concem. Ths is because after the low pressure ‘transient rom a pump shutdown event, the tank maintains a high downstzeam hytraulc grado, which quickly causes the check valve downstream of the pump to close, So, anor-siam check valo is fypially used in these cases. “The user must carefully model he check valve by considering its behavior. By default, the check valve node element and check valve property ofa pipe ‘assume an instantaneous closure upon frst detection of reverse flow. Tis means no reverse velocty wil ld up before closure occurs. this does ot match the behavior of your chock valve, be sure to use the "Open Time," "Closure Time,” and "Pressure Threshold” options forthe check vale node element. This wi ‘alow you to model the delay in opening and closing ofa check valve. Hydropneumatic Tank i Gheck Valwe 1 Pump 1 Initial Conditions Behavior ‘As with any transient simulation, a model wth a hydropneumatic tank must begin ina steady state condtion. HAWVER uses the WaterGEMS hydraulic engine to compute the steady state ital conditions, which are used as the slang point for the transient simulation. For a hydropneumat tank, the nial conditions provide a hydraulic grade and infow/outow tothe transient calculation engin.onsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- taper Tt - oe [ie Hisace Wi- OpFor Wi Wreacir-aty Cori Steady State vs. EPS “Typically the inal condltions are computed as a steady state by selecting "Steady statu" as the "Time Analysis Type in the Steady StatwEPS solver calculation ‘options. you must compute an Extended Period Simulation (EPS), be aware that you wil need to select a time step forthe ransint calculation to use as its ital conditions using the “ita transient un transient calculation option. You wil also likely naed fo use a small setting forthe Hydraulic Time Step “ield in the Steady StalelEPS Saver caltlaton options since a hytrooneumatic tank iypcaly cycles relatively uc, With EPS, you wil key also need to sat up controls for your pump based on the tank hydraulic grade. Lastly, the change in HGL and volume during the Sis calculated using ether a constant area approximation or the gas law, depending on the selection of Tank Calculation Model fldin the hycropneumatic tank properties However, whan modeling a hycrooneumatic tank hats meant for ransent surge protection iypically operates underline’ pressure, so you usualy do not need to analyze changes during EPS. The typical approach i lo use a steady state simulation as the al conctions and tose the "real as Junction" atibute to True at as Junction? 'As mentioned above, in many cases a hydropneumatic lank may be implemented orl for transient protection. During a steady slate conditon, the tank may ‘simply operate under the corresporalng normal/ steady state head (Ihe pressure). So, fr simplification, tis sometimes preferable to select "True forthe reat as Junction’ trout in the tank properties. Dalng this allows the inal cantons sclver to compute a hysraule grade atthe tank location, ane the user ‘simply assumes thatthe ark has already responded to the hyéraulc grade andthe ai volume has expanded ar contracted accordingly In this case, tho user ‘only needs to enter the nial vlume of gas under the “Transient” section af the tank proper that coresponds to the hydraulic grade during thei Condtons (unless using a bladder) is important o remember thatthe tank is only treated as a junction inte intial condtons. During the vansient simulation is sb treated as a hysropneumatic ark, you already know the hydraulic grade that you would ike to use as the inal contions, you Would choose "False" for "Trea as Junction" and enter the hycaulic grade under the "Physica" eecton of the tank properties. The Intal coeltons solver wil hen comput the lw and head in the rest of the eystom, ‘withthe hycronneumatc tank a the Boundary condtion, this cage, the tank wil ikely have ether anetinlow or outlow, to balance energy across the ‘system, So your ansient simulation may not begin at a true steady condition ney somethin helen ly WOBnshgletenee—tyopraarat-lrks oromsaa0n, 616 Sia Rlerrce- ape Th - oe [ise Hisace Wi OpFor Wir Wreacir-aty Corin Initial Conditions Attributes ‘The folowing atbutes of the hydrapneumatic tank influence the intial conltions calculation (steady state or EPS). You wll noice tha they areal within the ‘Operating Range” or “Physical” section ofthe hydrapneumatic tank properties. + Elevation (Base) - The elevation of he base ofthe tank. is used as a reference when entering intel hydraullc grade in terms of Level" lather wore, i the "Elevation (Base)" is set o 20 meters andthe operating range is set to "Level", "Love (ta) value of 1.0 represents an elevation of 21 meters. ‘+ Operating Range Type - Specty whether the inital hydraulc grade of the tanks based on levels measured ftom the base elvaton or as elevations ‘meaured rom the dlabal datum (zero). Note that pressure calculations use the “Elevation” fel inthe physical section of the properties (eee furor below), ‘+ HLGL (tia) or Level Initia) - Depending onthe operating range type Selected, his represents the known bouncaryhydraue grade a the tank during steady stale, Remember that includes the water surface elevation pus the pressure head ofthe compressed ain the hydropneumatc tank. The {ransiont simulation wil begin wth his head, However, you have selected “Truc forthe "Treat as Junction” abut, the transient simulation wilignore 's value and instead use the computed steady stale hytrauc grade seen inthe “Resuls” section of the tank properties. Note: The computed hycraule grade stil represents the watr surface PLUS the air pressure head. It s the total head a that pontin the system (see furthor _above for mor information on the “Treat 8s Junction” attribute). you ran a steady state, trating the tank asa junction to find the "balanced headin the tank (2s it already responded tothe system conelions) but then wanted to change t back to being trated as tank (for purposes of analyzing the behavior in an EPS simulator), yet stl bogin the simulation wh tho same, balanced head. Todo ths, you would copy the computed hyaauilc grade (ram tho results section ‘ofthe properties) into memory, set Treat as Junction?" to "Fase" then paste that hydraule grade value info the “HGL (iia) "fea. When re-computig rial conditions, the intial results vl thn be equivalnt fo the original case where te tank was treated as a junction. + Liquid Volum (Initia) - This roprasents the volume of quid in the tank atthe stat of thei conditions, corresponding tothe inital HG. This includes te inactive volume below the effective volume when using the “Constant Avea Approximation’ tank calculation model. tis mainly used during an EPS run, ney somethin halon aly WBS letene—tyopraaat-lrks snomsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- ape Tat - Oe [ie Haack OpFor Wr Wreracir-aty Corin but als to estabish the intial gas volume used by the transient simulation when “Treat as Junction is soto "False". hn that case, the inal gas velume is the diference betwoen the “Volume Tank)" and te "Ligud Volume (ita). When "Treat as Junction" is set to “True, te nia liquc volume ld is not directly used by the Vansient simulation Elevation -The elevation fram which o calculate pressure in the hyeropneumatic tank The most accurate elevation woul typically represent the bottom ofthe tank However, the botiom of the tank's clase to the ground surface elevation, the ground elevation can be used as well could also beset to the ‘estimated water surface, since the air pressure used inthe gas law equations above that point. However, the betlom elevation and water surface are ‘yplally very close, so ths likely will not make a noticeable dference, Note: Ia user is using "Fed" Elevation Type, te value entered here wil always be sed forthe pressure calculations, ithe user believes thatthe water surface elevation will have a signifcant impact on the pressure calculation, they should set Elevation Type to "Variable Elevation” and enter he tank dimensions. + Volume (Tank) - This represents the ttalntemal volume of he tank. an EPS run, of when “Treat a junction” is set o “False” this is used to find the inal gas volume so thatthe gas law equation can be used, he ference between this andthe “Liquid Volume (na). This is also used when using the bladder opton to establish the pressure/volume relationship used during te transient simulation, HAMMER assumes the bladder occupies tis flank volume atts "preset pressure so this ful tank volume value is needed by the gas law equation. As for the transient simulation isl, the ful tank volume atbute is only used indirectly since I establishes the intial conditons. Since by default the gud service elevation in ahycropneumatictankis not racked dis assumed tobe fixed, the "Volume (tank attribute is also used for reference purposes curing the transient simulation. See "Tank Type" further below _seder"Transint Simulation Atibutos" fr futher information. The calculated volume of gas is compared tot to determine ifthe tark becomes empty. + Treat as Junction? - Selects whether o not the tanks Weated as a junction during the iil conctions. False," the "HGL (itl) o” “Love (ita) field 's used forte nial head, "True" the nial conditions solver acts as if the tank’ a junction and computes tne pressure, + Tank Catculation Model - Species whether to use the gas law ofa constant area appraximatn method during EPS intial condions. The constant area approximation uses alin 's nondinear and follows te gas law-as gas is compressed, i becomes harder to compress it mor, + Amospheric Pressure Head - When using the gas lw tank calelation mode, this field represents atmospheric pressure atthe location being modeled « relatonshi; the user must speciy minimum and maximum HGL and the corresponding volume between, The gas law madel ‘This is required because the gas law equation works in absolut pressure, as opposed fo gauge pressure. Note: The “atmospheric pressure head” fields not used during the transient simulation, The ransiert calculation engine assumes an atmospheric pressure oad oft atm or 10.39 motors ‘+ HGL On/HGL Off- Exposed winen using the constant area approximation method. The "HL On fields the lavest operational hydraulc grade desired, ‘and the "HL Of i the highest operational hytrauc grade desired. Corresponding controls should be entered totum the pump on and off during an EPS ‘orem le sonettyindes_hydtay yale ly WO1BUhodsbgcleteet—hypreara-lrhs ssonsaa0n, 1616 Sei Rlerce- rape Tat - enw ie Hisacoe Wi- OpFor Wi Wren aty Cori ‘Simulation, Note that ypicaly a transient simulation wil use steady stale intial condions, so these fields are not considered; only the steady slate HL {and user-entored gas volume are used to define the inal volume and head forthe transient simulation, + Volum (effective) - Exposed when using the constant area approximation method. Represents the volume between the “HGL On" and "HL Of feds. Gas Law vs. Constant Area Approximation For the intial conditions, the user must select ether "Gas Law’ or "Constant Area Appracmaton forthe "Tank Calculation Mode” attribute ofthe hydropneumatc tank. The constant area approximation selection exposes the “Volume (Efective)” “HGL On," and *HGL Off fields. The gas law selection ‘exposes the “Atmospheric Preset fled. These feds are primarily there to suppert the WaterCAD and WaterGENS produc, which can drety open a HAVER model. They ae only used to ack the change in HGL and volume for EPS simulations, which typically are not used in HANNER. Atransient analysis ‘ypically bogs with a steady stato simulation, which only considers the "HGL (ial and "Volume of Gas (ital). This ls because a steady slate simulation is a snapshot in time, so the head and volume are not changing, Soin most cases, it does not matter which tank calculation method you choose. You wl kely want to select "Gas Law” for simply, but addtional information an both approaches is provided below. ‘onstant area approximation: This method approximates a hydropneumate tank by constructing anormal tank based on hyraulc grades. The HG (On and "HGL Of fel represent the quid lve plus the pressure head, and an approximated dameter is computed based onthe effectve volume. So, you essentally have atl, skinny tank whase wate surface elevation aporexmates the NGL ina hydropneumatic tank + Gas Law. This method uses the deal gas law, PV=nR, to compute new hydraule grades as liquid volume changes inthe EPS simulation (NRT is ‘assumed tobe constant). The nal quid volume is eubtracted from the toa tank vlume ta find the gas velume. The physical elevation is subtracted fom ‘he inal HGL to find the gauge pressure. The almospherc pressure is added tothe gauge pressure lo get absolute pressure, which is used inthe ideal (2 law equation. Both methods typically yield similar sults within tho fective corral range, bu the gas law is technicaly more accural, Transient Simulation Behavior ‘orem le sonetyindes_hyday atl aloy_x WO10Uhodshgcleteet—hyoraara-lrhs ssomsaa0n, 616 Sia Rlerce- Hapa Tt - neo [ie Hauer Wi - OpFor Wreacir-aty Cori “Tho folowing section xolans how HAMVER handles hycrepneumatic tanks during the transient simulation, There are two distinct tank configurations: with a badder and without a blader. Without a Bladder “The transient simulation uses the hydraulic grade from the intial conto, along with the intial gas volume, which is ether user-entered ("Treat as Junction” = True) or calculated based on the dference between the "Volume (Tank) and “Liquid Volume (ita) ("Treat as Junction” = False). As pressure in the system drops due to a downsurge, his gas volume expands and water injects into the system. Pressure upsurges cause the gas to compress as water r= ‘enters the tank. This compression and expansion occurs in accordance with the isothermal gas law. constant numer of meles / mass of gas inthe tank and Constant temperate is assumed, so the nRT term inthe gas law equation is replaced by a constant, K. Tus, the equation used is PVA=K, Where P = absolute pressure (fest or meters), V= gas volume (cubic feet or cubic meters) and is the Gas Law Exponent specified inte tank properties. Thus, the Constant Kis computed from the initial gas velume raised to the exponent, multiple by the ital prossure. The pressure Piste intial hydraulic grade minus the tank physical elovaton, plus atmospheric pressure (1 atm or 10.33 meters). This way, anew ar volume can be computed based on pressure changes during the transient simulation, For example, considera tank where the intl gas volume is 0.8 m° intl Hydraulic grade is 150 m, physical elevation is 100 m and gas law exponents 1.1 From this, HAMMER computes the "K" constant as: (150-100 + 10.33)(0.8") = 47.2, Since is known now, the change in pressure can be computed based ‘on changes in volume due to inflow or outlow. the tank filed such thatthe gas volume was compressed to 0.5 m based onthe K constant of 472, this means thatthe coresponding pressure = (47-2) (0.8) = 101.175- 10.33 = 80,845 m and ahydraulc grade of 100 + 90.845 = 190.845 m. "Note: nthe formula above, the pressure Pis measured fom the bottom ofthe tank the physical elevation). This is because by defaut, HAMMER does not tack te liquid vel inthe hydropneumatic tank. This assumption shouldbe fe in most cases, because these tanks are usually relatively small and thus the change in que evel woud have a minimal impact. However if you would ike HAMMER to be able to account for the liquid love (water height}, check out the ‘section further down in the TechNote called “Tracking the Liquid Level.” Note: In HAMMER 08.11.01.32 and greater, the “Volume of ga (nal) fed only needs tobe entered if your hydropneumatc tank is reeled as a junction orf {you are choosing to specily custom inital contons (and are net using a blader. In other cases, the nal gas volume is derived from the ftal tank volume ‘minus the intial quid volume. ney somethin helen ly WOBnshgletenee—tyopraarat-lrks soscore 88 stg alone pera Opera ee Options Wer Weise at Comeen Anote on pressure at an empty condition: acas pressure of zero does not nacessarly create to when the tank becomes empty. The gas inthe tank may stil be pressurized when the gas velume exceeds te size ofthe tank or when the wae level fe tank reaches the bttom using "arial Elevator fr te Elevation Type). This also means hat you can have a stuaton where alanis no yet empty when the gas pressure cops to you use the variable elvaton table asthe elevation type, the wate level canbe calculated fora more accurate calculation of pressure (based on the water ‘surface elevation instead of based onthe tank physical elevation’), butte situation ssl he same, in thatthe gas pressure fs calculated basod on the gas law rations, For example, consider a case where the model reports a maximum volume of gas that is Stghty less than the otal tank volume, ye the minimum pressure of 98 is reported as 6 m absolit (or -4.3 gage pressure). nts case, the results incicate that when the hycraulc grade drops tothe bottom ofthe tank. the gas volume is stil greater than the fl tank size and the tankis nt yet empty. The HL then drops below the bottom and te tanks stil not quite empty of water, ‘This basicaly means that there Is a negative pressure inthe amost-empy tank, which can be imagined asthe water column "puling’ at gas pocket inside the tank. ha practical sense, tis may mean that he inal gas volume is too small for the gven intial pressure. However, increased, that changes the pressure Telaonship an the tank may become empty. With a Bladder your hydropneumatic tank has is gas contained wih a bladder (arin some cases the water is contained in the bladder and gas is between the bladder and ‘he tank wal), then you must enter a gas preset pressure. Ts isthe pressure inside the bladder (or more specifically the area where the argas is contained) before the tanks submited to pipeline pressure; basicaly he pressure thal you precharge ito, before installation. The preset pressure is typically & percentage ofthe pipeline pressure: a posse range is 5% to 80%, Since the tankis not yt installed when the bladder is precharged, t means thatthe gas takes up the entre tank volume, (Note that this i the case even with "water in bladder” cases, where the gas is contained inthe area between the bladder rmemorane andthe tank walls) So, HANMER can calculate the inal gas volume inside the lader (when submited to pipeline pressure) based on te fultark volume, the preset pressure andthe pipeline hydraulic grade, Fist, the constant Kin the gas law (PV = K) is computed based on this preset pressure and the {ulltank volime, "Volume (Tank)." The transient simulations inal gas volume s then computed based onthe K constant and te nal conditions hydeaulc ‘rade, The ital condions hydraule grade i ether the user-etered value inthe "HGL (ia) eld or the computed steady state hydraue grade, depending ‘on the "Treat as Junction” election, ‘orem le sonethyindes_bydiay nla ly WO10Uhodsbgcleteet—hyorarat-lrhs sasonsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- taper Tat - oe ie Hisace Wi - OpFor Wreacir-aty Cori For example, cons der a tank that has boen given afl ylume of §00 Land te inal condtions pressure head ls 50 m, Assume that the pre-charge pressure is 5% of the steady state pipeline pressure. (This is a number that you would know ahead of me.) So, the gas preset pressure is seo 25 m (50 m times 418. Since Kis known now, the initia gas velume forthe transient (6418)(60.m40.33 m) = 0.108 m? = 108 L 594) is case, HANVER computes the’ constant a (2.5 m + 10:33 my(O5 m®) = ‘simulation after the bladder fs submited to pipeline pressure is computed as V= KIP Conversely, considera case where you want the tank’ bladder to be compressed to a specific size when submited to pipeline pressure (rather tran ‘assuming a percentage of pipeline pressure such as 5%) and would lke to know what you would need to enter fr the preset pressure to achieve ths ‘Assuming the same ful tank volumelsize of 500. the inal conltons pressure head of §0 m, ard assuming you want the ladder to be compressed tan ita gas volume of 200 L, we must caleuate the K constant based on the gas law when the tanks installed, where the “Piste inital pipeline pressure (SOm) and tho “V"is the desired gas volume of 200L (0.2 m3): K = (SOrn+10.33n)"0.2m'S = 12.086. Ned, take tis" and calculate the preset pressure thatthe adder would need to be charged to beter installed, where the bladder occupies the fll vie (S0OL /0.5 m8). The gas law equation can be rearranged in this case, fo PKIV: P= (12.066/ 0.5 m'8)-10.83 = 13:8 m. So, ou WOU need to use a preset pressure of 13.8 m to achieve an nal gas valume of 200 Lin a system where the ital pipeline pressure fs 50 m and the fll tank volume is 500 +The gas lowexponent is assumed tobe 1.0in this particuler calculation for fring the intial gas volume of he transient simulation. Once te transient ‘simulation begin, the gas law exponent entered inthe tank properis (which defaults fo 1.2) is used fr calculating changes in gs pressuretvolume, + Since the gas law works wth absolute pressures, atmospheric pressure head must be eckied inthe calculation, HAMMER assumed atmospheric pressure head is 1.0 atm, which is the 1.39 m you see inthe above example + Ifyou use the second approach above to calculate preset pressure based on assumed ital gas (bladder) volume, iis possible to end up wth a negative preset pressure, ithe ina pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. This can be a real situation because a slighty negative gauge pressure is stil a positive absolute pressure. Practicaly speaking. it means that your initia pressure Is very lowand the bladder would actualy bo sty dofated in ordr to achieve the desired inal gas volume. Under the assumption thatthe bladder fils the containing tank before being submited to piptine pressure, this Transient Reports > Transient Analysis Detaled Report. the top ofthe table of results forthe tank, note the volume fr time zero This i the intial gas volume - the compressed size of the bladder. Inutvely, as long asthe gas preset pressure i lower than the pipaline pressure in steady stato the ital volume of gas inthe tank wil be loss than the total volume. Typically the preset pressure i relatively small, but tat may not always be the case. Below is a comparison of two possible bladder tank Configurations (at opposite extremes ofthe spectrum) fora particular system, wth an emergency pump shut down event. ney somethin halon aly WBS letene—tyopraaat-lrks usinna Rane: Hyrraerate a Opeflon | ance Ws Operons Mi Matic Bath Oinn ‘Small Preset Pressure, 1000 liter tanke rte ah Gehan ° la ra|s|trsI@@| sie PAP: Regt vee comin nbn cmancatvtraves_robar nhac anyday st Oederaarne—-heomnrai ieomsaa0n, 616 tno Rance Hyroraeate an Opens ence Ws Operons Ma Matic Baty Cian Large Preset Pressure, 13000 liter tank Be aaixe = F eee ert Raa fe | pe teetering na gee soo is i= es Pel ‘Observe the graph of time vs. head atthe tank ation, summary f mivmax gas pressure (in meters) and gas velume (i cube meters) along with anstent profle envelope bu ine is minimum head, red tine is maximum head.) or communtin nkecmardahviraves_rdobarnhytales anyday st Oedegraarne—-heeomrai ie 2sonsaa07, 616 Sia Rlerce- ape Th - new [i Hsacae Wi -OprFle Wi Wreacr-aty Corin Inthe ist case, the pre-charge pressure is small compared tothe pipeline pressure, wih a 1000 tank. Inthe second case, te pre-charge pressure I large ‘compared tothe pipeline pressure, wih 213,000 L tank. With a low proset pressure, the bladder is intially compressed toa relatively small $e. So, itis less ely for the tank ta drain completly, and thus a relatively smal tank size is used without becoming empty. However, per te gas law, the rate of pressure decrease wil be higher fora vessel with a lower preset pressure. So, the graph and profe show minimum and maximum transient pressures tat may be too ‘extreme for his system. On th other hand, withthe high preset pressure case, the bladder s not compressed much when submited to pipeline pressure. So, ‘a much larger tank size is required to prevent the entre tank rom draining of water. However, in contrast tote low preset pressure case, the minimum and "maximum transion pressures are much mere reasonable. As you can See, the madeler needs to closely examine whal s happening in the resulls fr certain tank configurations. Testing diferent preset pressure values is something you can easily do in HANMER to see the effects of ether option. The text output logs ‘can show you the gas volumes are pressures during your simulation. "Note: Remember that HAMMER assumes that he size of your hydropneumatic tank's large enough s0 that does not become completly empty. So, regardless of whether you are using a bladder or no, i the volume of gas exceads the otal tank volume during the transient simulation, a notiiation wil be lsplayed, but gas volumes above the toll tanbladder volume wil sti be calculated since HANMER cannot madel an empty tank. Agas volume in excess of tank volume tells you is thatthe tank you used is ro sufcient and you wil ikely ned to considera diferent preset pressure, larger tank, diferent configuration + allprotetion, ete. For more explanation about this, see: Hycrconeumstic tank user nolfcatons: "gas volume exceeds volume of tank” or ‘is ts tani Transient Simulation Attributes “The folowing hydropnematc tank atvbutes influence the transient simulation calculation: ‘+ Diameter (Tank inlet Orifice) - Ths isthe size ofthe opening between the gas vessel and te main pipe Ine. tis typically smaller than te main pipe ‘ize. bis used to compute the correct veloc through the tank, so the correct headoss is computed basod onthe minor loss coofciont. Tho standard hheadloss equation is used for this: HI= K'VE2g, + Minor Loss Cootficiont (Outflow) - This isthe cooficient for computing headlosses using the standard headoss equation, H= KVE/2g. represents the headlosses for tank outflow. you lump other minor losses through the tank assembly (bends, tings, contraction, ee.) ito this coefficient, keop in ‘mind thatthe veloc is calculated using the area ofthe "Diameter (Tank het Orifice) that you entered. you want to neglect headloss across the tank and assume the heatloss is zero, you coud set the headoss/minor loss coefcint to zero. ney somethin helen ly WOBnshgletenee—tyopraarat-lrks esonsaa0n, 1616 Sia Rlerrce- rape Th - oe [ie Hisace Wi- OpFor Wir Wreacr-aty Corin * See also: Determining the Headless Coafclent fora hydrapneumatic tani or surge tank + Ratlo of Losses - Ths isthe rato of inflow to outflow headless. For flows into the tank, the minor loss coefficients mulled by this value and the losses ‘are computad using thal Fr flows out of the lark, HAMMER only uses the mina loss coeficint you entra minor loss coscent of 15 and a rato of losses of 25, the headless coefficient used when the tanks fing would be 1.5 X2. ‘+ Soe also: Using the Ratio of Losses fd for hydropneumatc tanks and surge tanks + Gas Law Exponent - Refers to the exponent to be used inthe gas law equation. (the kin PVK= constant) The usual angels 1.010 1.4. The defaut is 1.2, Note: For dipping tube type hytrepneumatic tanks, the gas law exponent value must be greater than 1.0, bul other hyeronnaumaic tank iypes can use ‘a vali of 1.0. Ausernotficaton willbe generated for cases where a value of 7.0 used fora dipping tube hytropneumatic tank + Volume of Gas (initial) - When not using a blader, the inital volume of gas isan important atibute. This is a required input fle, representing the volume: cof gas inside the tank at te steany state pressure (inal contin hydraulic grads minus tank physical elevation). During the transient simulation, tis 98s volume expands or compresses, depending onthe transient pressures inthe system. For example, consider 500 L tank with physica "elevation" of 20m and nal hyraulic grade of70 m, This means that the air pressure head is ~50 m. The user needs to decide how much volume the erirapped gas Pocket would take up at this pressure. 1 version 08.11.01.XX and greater, you are not specifying nial condtions and not treating the tank as a junction then the intial gas volume isnot ‘ay -ned and the fd wl not showup. This is because its either computed fom the inital condtions gas volume (ich isthe ful tank volume minus the intial liquid volume fora steady state) or based on the preset pressure fusing the bladder option). Note: In some cases, you may wan! to analyze a range of diferent ialal conditions, which could potentialy change th stating hyaraulc grade of your ‘hydropnoumatic tank. The gas law can be employedin this case. For example, ifyou know he intial gas volume is 200 Lata stoady state prossurehoad of 80 ‘m, you can comput the constant using the gas law PVS=K: (50 m + 10.39 m)(0:3 m?) = 18,099, So, if your newsteady state pressure heed s 20 m, the newiniia gas volume is computed as V = (18.099)(30 m+10.33 m) = 0.449 m! = 449 "Note: The transient calculation engine always uses an atmospheric pressure head of 1 atm or 10:33 m when solving the gas fowequation + Has Bladder? - Denotes whether the gas is contained wihin a bladder. itis set to True, HAMMER automaticaly assumes that the bladder occupied the {ulttane volume atthe preset pressure at some tme and that he air volume was compressed toa smaller size by the steady-state pressure in the system, Tho "Volume of Gas (ita) is not used in this case, since itis calculated based onthe fl tank size, preset pressure and steady sate pressure. ‘See “With a bladder topic for more informaton, ‘orem le sonetyindes_hyday atl aloy_x WO10Uhodshgcleteet—hyoraara-lrhs msomsaa0ny, 616 Sei Rlerce- Haperae Tat- Oe [ie Hisace Wi- OpFor Wreacir-aty Cori + Pressure (Gas-Preset)- This is te pressure inthe gas bladder befor itis exposed to pipeline pressure, Ofton called the "re-charge" pressure; ts, only exposed when selecting "rus" for "Has Bladder”. Th ls entered as gauge pressure. ‘+ Report Period - used to report extended results inthe Transiont Analysis Detaled Report. Represents aime stop increment For example, ‘would cause extended results to be reported every 10 ime stops. + Elevation Type - This alows you to spec the type of approach used In racking the gas-Squld interface, By default, the lgud surface elevation isnot tracked ands essentaly assumed tobe fied, athe tank physical bttom elevation. For more information an haw ths option i used for racking te auld clvation, 800 "Tracking the Lquid Lever futher below, tering 10" Analyzing Results “There are mary ways to view the results of your transient simulation. Fora hyéropneumatic tank, some results are available inthe powerful Transient Results Viewer tool and some are found inthe text utput 1 Jeet confise intial conatons resuts wih transient results. The result fold in the "Results" secon of the hydreaneumatic tank properties pertan fo {he intial condone calculations only. For example, you rightclick the lank, choose "Graph" and choose "Gas Volume (Calculated), "his wil at show you the ‘928 volume during the transient simulation tl be forthe intial conditions resus ony. Transient Results Viewer “The primary tool for viewing resus isthe Transient Results Viewer. To prepare for ts use, frst ensure that your transient calculation options are set up certwetly (Home > (Calelation) Options er Analysis > (Caleuaion) Options). Choose some elements under "Report points,” choose the desired report times and select "Tue" for "Generate Animation Data.” Next, create a prof of your pipeline under View > Profle. Then, compute your model and go to Heme > “Transiont Results Vewer or Aralysis > Transient Resuls Viewer ‘Tosco he transient envelope, select your profile path and click "Plo." To see how the head and vapor volume changes overtime throughout your rofl, click the “Animate button and use the animation conrls. This wil give you a good visualization of how the hydropneumatc tank performs, To see graphs of HGL, ney somethin halon aly WBS letene—tyopraaat-lrks ssomsaa0n, 616 Sia Rlerce- taper Tt - neo [ie Hsace Wi-OprFlor Wir Wreacir-aty Corin ‘low, andlor vapor volume over time, select one of your report points under "Time Hstries,” select the atibute to graph and cick plot. For example, you may want to see the flow and head atthe hydropneumatic tank location Note: the volume reperted inthe Tansiont Resuts Viewers ony aor gas introduced nt the palin. It doesnot show the volume of gas ins the Ihydropneumatic tank isl. The same applies to the "Ar Volume (Maximum, Transient)" fed shown inthe "Resuts (Transient) section ofthe hyaropneumatic {tank properties. Beginning wih HAVVER VBi SELECTseries 5, aditonal results are available inthe Transient Results Viewer. These were previously only avalable intext reports. For hydropneumatc tanks, the results avalable depend on the type of tank for example ipping tbe vs. regular sealed tank) {Gas volume - the volume of gas trapped inside the tank horeases as water drains from the tank Gas pressure -the prossure of tha gas inthe tank, as measured from the tank bottom (physical ovation), oom the water surface fusing the variable elevation curve option, ater level - the water surface elevation inside the tank - avallable for dipping tube type tanks fo example, where the “variable lovaion curve" fs used to © he tank dimensions inflow the fw rate of water ito the tank, Negative values indicate water autow (leaving the tank) ‘To access these, choose the Extended Node Data tab inthe Transient Results Viewer. ney somethin helen ly WOBnshgletenee—tyopraarat-lrks ausomsaao7n 16 inna alee: Hyrraeat ak Opens |W rece WS Operons [a anche Oth mei rll | Tine Hse Ete ds Dae srl Sera OSes Nate: esa Te Text Reports HAVIVER' text output rests also offer important informaton for nydropneumatc tanks. To prepare or viewing this information, frst check your transient calculaton optons. “Show standard cutout log" and “Enable Text Reports" shouldbe sett "Tus". Nex, enter a number for the "Report Period" ld of your lnydropneumatc tank. This represents how often extended text results willbe reported, For example, fyour time step is 0.01 seconds and you enter "10 forthe ‘report period. * moans yell see extonded tex results every 10 time stops or every 0.1 seconds, 'As mentioned above, some ofthese results are availabe inthe Extended Node Data tab in the Transient Results Viewer, For users with ober versions of HANIVER, they wl stil need to use the steps below to view the resus. or eomntin nbcmieantvtres__ nyo hyéales ant yon Wa irotebgeireee-beaprae ts sosinn alee: nyergrecrat on - Opeth a he Oper i Weare ath Corn hares (Tren) (1750 ate Leet 000 (Se Law Export 00 ox Bn? Tus 28 ‘The fist tex report of importance isthe Transient Analysis Output Log, under Report > Transient Reports. Scroll down tothe section staring wih "THE EXTREME PRESSURES AND VOLUVES". This pat ofthe repert summaries the maximum and misimum gas pressure and volume forthe tanslent Yon, NONE: PRESSURES 2ND VOLUMES ARE GIVEN I INPUT OMITS: PSE/@AL., £2./C0, FE., REL, oR WCU. M ‘o> Joomunte ene. cmsceahytk_ roar hyeaesarrybmy_w ht Binafeeeernee-byeapiraes seaomsaa0ny, 616 inn alee nyernrecrat on - Opeth |W ele - Oper or Nreruchr- Banh Corn Lastly to $00 a table of extended hydropneumatic tank resus, open the Transient Analysis Detaled Report, under Report > Transient Analysis Reports, Soll down near the bottom, tothe section staring with *"* Gas vesso at node" and you wil nd a table of gas volume, tank hydraulic grade, pipeline hydraulic grade an tank ielow, over time. The difference between the "head-gas" and "nead-pip isthe heasloss induced by the mir loss coefcient athe lark’s connecting pipe. Negative values fr “inflow” represent tank outiow. ‘See also: Diferences in hydronneumatic tank gas oressure resis ‘Starting in HAVER VBI SELECTories 5, this data can now be viewed directly rom the Extended Node Data tb in the Transient Results Viewer you have {an alder version of HAMMER, you must manually generate a graph using an external aplcation such as Mrosoft Excel, Here are the stops, assuming ‘Merosoft Excel 2007 * Hallightthe table of extended resus, hen copyipast tito separate. fle (using Windows Notepad) 2. Open Microsoft Excol and start a now spreadsheet. 3, Click he “Ds 4. Choose “Find wath, thon “nest '5. Set up te fats waths so that the colurms of data are separated appropriately. 6, Setup ane graph wth the appropiate colurms (Tie, plus whataver attibute you'd ike to gr $n. For example, volume of comin nbn cmancatvtraves_robar nhac anyday st Oederaarne—-heomnrai ie sosomsaa0n, 616 tno Rane: Hyroraerate at = Options esis WS Operons Ia anche Oth mei ee el em) Absolute vs Gauge Pressure in Results When viewing atime history of pressure inthe Translent Results Viewer forthe pipe endpoint aclacent to the tar, or when lacking athe maximum or ‘minimum transient pressure inthe properties ofthe pipe, this is shown as gauge pressure. “The maximum pressure of gas, minimum pressure of gas, andthe other gas pressure resus forthe tank node self (luting the user natifcation about "The _maximum and minimum pressure of gas is.) s cisplayed as the absolute pressure of the gas. This is dane tobe consistent with the gas pressure Calculaons, which are also in absclute pressure, See more here, oom nb cman rye hyéale ant yon Wa srotegeiee heaps soomsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- ape Tah - new ie Hauer Wi- OpFor Wir Wreacr-aty Cori Tracking the Liquid level ‘As of HANMER VBi SELEC Tseris 1 (08.11.01.92), HANMER supports racking ofthe liuidgas interface, via the “Elevation Type" field in the Hydropneumatic tank properties. Ths feld presents 3 options, Fixed, Mean Elevation and Variable Elevation, Fixed Tracie Pic) iat Cif) na) 1759 ated Loe 00 Gs ev Earest 100 Hes Baer Fae inne Caio Oalon) 050 feet This isthe defaut option fr the “Elevation Type" fd andis consstet with the behavior of previous versions. The qui elevation fs assumed tobe at a fred locaton during the transient simulation, equate the bottom of the tank. The gas pressure used in the gas law equation isthe pressure above the ser-entered lation Fel, accounting for iqud pressure plus the air pressure “This ls acceptable for most cases, mainly because the elevation dference between the range of possible quid loves is typically quite smal So it does not ‘account for much of a pressure diference. This can be observed by adjusting the "Elevaton” arb in the tank propor. Mean Elevation ney somethin helen ely WBS letenee—typraarat-rks sessomsaa0n, 616 Sia Rlerce- Hope Tt - Oe [ih Haack - OpFor Wir Wren aty Corin 1 Trait ics) ic Loe Conical Oxon) EE ae Seton =) Lard Elston es (x) 2200 ‘Selecting "Mean Elevation” exposes tye “Liquid Elevation Mean)" ld, whic allows you to epeely a custom lquid elevation, instead of assuming its equal to ‘he tank bottom (as is with the "iad" option). represents the average elevation ofthe qudlgas interface throughout a transient. This is usefulin cases where ‘the Iquid elevation is sigificarl higher than th lank bottom, but does nol move signifcanly during a transient simulation. So, although no tracking of changes in Iquid elevation occurs, talons you to gal a mote accurate calculation in some cases. The gas pressure used inte gas law equation during the Calculations isthe pressure above the mean elevation that you enter. Variable Elevation 5 raneit Phi ‘let (Tanke Cie) rn) 1759 Pa of oees 190 (es nw Saree 101 iar aes Ceci (Oss) 050 ‘Selecting "Variable Elevator” exposes the “Variable Elevation Curve" Fld, wich allows you to ener @ table of quid elevation versus equivalent diameter. The varia level hydropneumatic tank ype is for users whe have detailed information about the tank's geometry (such as a cylinder curved ends) and want to perform as accurate a simulation as possible. Typically, this type of representation would be selected inthe detailed design stage. would also be appropiate inthe case oflow-pressure systems andlor relatively all orks wih large movements of the interface relative to the HGL of he gas. The intial quid lovel is determined from the inal gas volume which is an input parameter, The tank cross-sectional ara at any elevation i interpolated rom an input table ofthe ‘orem le sonettyindes_hydbay ala ly_x WO10Uhodshgcleteet—hyoraara-lrhs ssaonsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerce- taper Tt - new [ie Hisace Wi -OprFle Wir Wreacir-atyCormin ‘vessels goometry spanning the range from the pipe connection atthe bottom to the tp ofthe tark. The equivalent iametars would be the green Ines inthe below example itustraton Vistietnaton Gane-Hyopnen. 1x/8 ‘Alte computing the transient simulation with a variable elevaton hycropneumatic tank, you can view the liquid level over ia by laking athe Transient ‘Analysis Detailed Report. This report i found under Repert> Transient Analysis Reports and wil show this extended, tabular cata forth tank when youve ‘entered a value forthe "Report Period” property ofthat tank (see "Text Reports" further above) ney somethin helen ely WBS letenee—typraarat-rks seom Me Haale Wp Wr Wear ay Cori ence: Hereprrat ‘= Gas vessel at node Hydropmeusatic Tank Time voluge —Head-cas.—— Level § cass oo oo Note: You must be using al east version 08.17.0231 of HAMMER in order to use the variable elevation option with a bladder. Validate or compute fails with notification about variable elevation curve not matching tank volume HAVVER wil compare the derived volume from your elevaon-area curve, to your ftal tank volume, ln some situations it may ook at he sum of then gas andiiquid volume. However, the “Liquid Vlume (ita) fil is not spayed if the "treat as junction? field is seo "ru", n version 10.03.01.08 and earl, the +0 transient simulation may faith the below user notction, where the tank volume mentioned inthe notification does not match up wth the tank that you entered: “The total of initial liquid volume and volume of gas (___m’) is bigger than calculated volume (___m’) by variable level curve." hnthis case, try changing "veat as junction?" to alse, set the “Liquid Volume (hia) to zero, then switch "rea as junction?” back to true and try again. This issue has boon reported to our dovelopers (reference # 482440) o be fxed in a future version. Other Types of Hydropneumatic Tanks “Thece are other types of hydropneumatic tanks which can be modeled in HAMMER. Detaled infoemation on how this work can be found in HAMMER's Help documentation naditon, the hydropneumatic madel sample fle in HAMVER VBi SELECTseres 5 and later has a scenario that includes dipping tube and ‘vented rydropneumatc tanks. These can be used to gota general idea of how te inputs ertred for ths.omsaa0ny, 616 Sei lence rape Tt - oe [ie Hisace Wi- OpFor Wreacir-aty Cori Vented Vessels “This ype of hydropneumatic tank has a double-acting a valve that adits ai into the system from the atmosphere, when the tank drops belaw atmospheric pressure (Walsh, 2007) vented hydropneumate tank's a caly a sealed tank wih the addon ofan air valve al the top, Ths alas ai at atmosphere pressure to ener the tank during a downsurge so that te device behaves lke a one-way surge tank. Duting an upsurge, the ar valve typical votes the ar ‘outiow so thal the gas wihin the ark’s compressed ard acts as a ‘cushion against tensions (st tke @ sealed hydropneumatic tank). This device offers ‘several practical bones - for example since the tank iypically has no gas inside, volume is maintained re sno need for compressors or a bladder to ensure a required gas ‘Noto: Curry vented hydropneumatic tanks can only use a doubl-actng ar valve. Te model a ventod tank with a triple-actng ar valve, the best workaround atthe moment would bo to other use a conservative value for your design, or uso an ai-flow curve that represonts an average of th large and smal outflow cote of your tile acting ar vave. Air Inlet | J Air Outlet Compressed Gas (ar utiow) Alt Pochet (aio) Lich Dipping Tube Vessel ney sonrectanyas_tdrbanv helo ly_x WOES leenee—typraarat-lrks sesonsaa0n, 616 Sei Rlerrce- opera Tat - ew [ih Hauer Wi-OprFle Wr Wreacir-aty Cori ‘Adipoing tube hycropneumatic tank has a dpping (or ventlaton) tube inside with an air vale atthe tp. One ofthe main advantage ofthe dipping tube tank is that doos not require a compressor or a bladder During normal operation the air valve is closed, the water loves above the bottom ofthe dipping tube, and gas is compressed inthe compression chamber. the hydraulic grade ine drops, such as ater a pump shuttown), the ciping tube tank acts Ike a regular (sealed) hycropneumatic tank util the water surface ‘ops below the bottom of the dipping tube, ater which the air valve opens anc allows air to enter at atmospheric pressure. The air ow rate is reported inthe text reports. Al this point, the tanks acting ike a surge tank thats open to atmosphere. Fthe hydraulic grade Ine increases again, such as the pumps turing back on), wil be expelled unl the hydraulic grade Ine rises enough to close the ar valve. At this point the water surface willbe above the bottom ofthe dlpping tube and the tank wil act tke a regular sealed hydropneumatic tank ance again, as the agas is trapped in the area around the dipping tube, known as the compression chamber. HAMMER uses the alr inlaw orice ekameter forthe lr venting caleuation, For @ Dipping tube hycropneumatic tank, the tank elevaton-area curve i used to calculate the tank velume, Before th arin the dipping tube tanks ‘compressed the air volume isthe tank volume above the boom elevation of the dipping ube. When the air is compressed, the gos law equation and the Nevstn tration method is used to calculate the water level an air volume in the tank. Using the gas law equation, an terative Newton method is used to ‘ete water leven the tank. nthe gas law equation calculation, the pressure ofthe aris Amospheric pressure + pressure head - evel “To calculate the intl sir (gas) vole, the elevaton-area curves used, slong withthe inl HGL and the elevation of the bottom ofthe dipping tube, The "Volume of Gas (inal eld is required it you ae choosing "rue" fo “reat as junction?" - when "tus" Is elected, means that you want the tank to “at” ‘on the system during the intial conditions (pressure in the tank stl tobe equal tothe normal pipeline pressure). The Volume of gas (ita)in that case is the volume thatthe trapped gas compresses to when the pressure inside the tank s equalto the nial conditions pressure, To determine the inal gas volume, ‘one possible option 1 consider isto use the gas law PV=nrt (simplified to 10 calcula that inital gas volume based onthe intial conditions pressure (P be sure to add atmospheric pressure) and the compression chamber volume (V). Size compression only starts to accur when the water leva rises tothe botom ofthe dipping tube, you can use the full compression chamber volume forthe intial gas law calculation, with an intial pressure of ero (zero gage, 1.0 absolute, calcula the °K, then use the gas law equation agen wih th inital conétions pressure P (expressed in absolute pressure), the K you frst Calculated, and solve for Vfor he intial gas volume that the chamber compresses toa thal pressure. [Note the belowinformation appli fo HAMMER V8i SELECTseris 6 and grealer (including CONNECT Eton): ney somethin helen ely WBS letenee—typraarat-rks ssomsaa0n, 616 inn alee nyernrerate Ta Osefbs a Hr aecie Wh -Opetons a ante Bey rma “The Viable Elevation curve ropesents te ful sizeof the tank, 0 you do not noed to exclude the dipping tube volume. The volume ofthe dipping tube is ‘automatically excluded from the volume af the compression chamber ‘The compression chamiver volume fs derived from the elevation area table and dipping tube size and the “Votume (Compression Chambery" is fr reference purposes. You may see a usernotication if there is a discrepancy. “The calculated gas volume fora dpping tube hyéropneumatic tank includes the gas volume inthe compression chamber and the gas velume in dplng tube ‘Note that whan the water levels above the bottom af the dipping tube, the comprassed gas is only contained wihin the compression chamber (graen shaded area in the diagram below), and accordingly the gas law calculations exclude the volume o the dipping tube. ‘ektion information can be found here: ips:ichalatereservirsfayal.com/en/serices/slsionsiwaste-waler-range/araa-selfrequlating-water-hammer protecton-tank (see vdeo at top) Nate: + To S00 the alr flow rate from the air valve, ensure that you have a number entered fr the "Report Period," then open the Transient Analysis Detaled ‘port. wait for it ola, then scroll tothe bot of the repert and look forthe section that begins with ** Hyropneumatic tank at node _** * You wil -se.a column for “Ac-Flow”. Not thatthe flow rate shown here iste fw rae a pene pressure, which wl be diferent tan the “we airflow rate, due to ferences in a density. See more here, As of 10.02.02.08, te ar flow rat isnot yo included inthe Extonded Node Data tab of the Transient Results Viewer + you see small disturbances (sigtly unstable results or smal unexpected juma/spke) in he transient resuts fra dipping tube tank, see: Di nydronneumatc tank sults display sudden jump oc appear unstable ing ube comin nk cmarcatvirves_rtobarnhytales anyday st Oedegraarne—-heeomrai ileace: Hytrornerate a Options ene Ws Operons Ia Heth Bath Oeinn Elevation Top —e Filling: air release Float closure —_air compression Example Model ‘om Joomunte. ne. cascentytks_rsokayhyeaesarrybny_w ht Binabeeaernee-byeapraesomsaa0n, 616 tno Rance: Hyrraerate at = Open |W etcire Ws - Operon [Mat anche Oth mei “The mod below is an example ofthe use of the Hydropnoumatc tark in HAMVER and has several scenarios for diferent configurations. This sample model 's included withthe HAMIVER installation, You can find it inthe Sample foler ofthe instalation fokter. Note: +The link belowis to aversion that can be opened in HAMMER VBl build 08.11.0132 and above. ‘+ Ackitional information can be found ia the Project Properties + You must be signed info downlsd te file. The Ink wl not work if you are not signed in, + This models for tustrative purposes only ‘lckto Dowload References +. Advanced We Dstbuton Modeling and Marseament - Wl, 2007 2, Chafatte reserva -htgesimncharlatersservos faye con 3, HAMMER Val, Tansiont Aralys's and Design taining course manual (TRND13190-11000"} 4. Fluid Tansions in Pipline Systems - Thorly, 2004 See Also Protective Eoulpment FAQ (General HAVER VBi FAQ. Extended Node Osta af odds wih ime history graph for hysronnaumatic tanks commit nb cmarcatvtrves_rdobarnhytales anyon st Oedegraarne—-heeomrai ileJs2 of he Gas Law Exponent During intial Conftions vs. Transient simulation 7 Mcchamber — # Hyseomaumats = HAVER Srassyo asso] gaslaw Blaccor@ asians Teste 7 falened2o1s of Gasvessel tank ydopoeumatictank — curstawt ous ientilalice Variable Eaton © aslwenocant —# TsloniAwiss © # Blair Trk — @ ‘Blair asso! ecstasy 2 2 ee int Yn fo ea strsion by 8% Jesse Oring \ etrena 2072952 00 Comat: 0 commit nk cmarcahvirves_rdobarnhytales anyday st Oedsaarne—-heeomnra ie