CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the review of related literature, synthesis

and conceptual framework for this study, in which the researchers present

their expected outcome from their selected variables, will also be shown.

A study from the university of Cebu Institute of Technology (2021)

stated that Banana Fiber possesses effective mechanical qualities which

makes it highly durable, light weight, fire resistant, and biodegradable. This

fiber, derived from pseudo-stem, has already been used to make handcrafted

bags, ornamental paper, mats, rope, lamp stands, and composite material. It

is widely known as one of the fundamentals in textile materials, which adds as

an eco-friendly dimension in the industry providing an alternative to traditional

materials. The usage of banana pseudo-stem aligns with several Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) that represents sustainable approach to resource

utilization.

Explained by Badanayak, P., Jose, S., & Bose, G. Banana (2023),

pseudostems are now acknowledged as a resourceful raw material with a

variety of uses. Banana pseudostem fiber extraction, characterization,

modification, and utilization have received a lot of study attention. Manual

extraction is subordinate to mechanical extraction. A fiber's surface is modified

via surface treatments to make it acceptable for specific uses. Banana

pseudostem fiber is currently utilized to create activated carbon, nano- and

microcrystalline cellulose, green composites, technical textiles, and other

products due to its high cellulose content, good to moderate strength,

fineness, fiber length-to-breath ratio, and other qualities. The manual and

mechanical extraction of banana fiber, as well as its quality assessment,

morphology, chemical makeup, physico-mechanical characteristics, and

numerous surface modification procedures are all covered in this review

paper.

According to PAPER DESK (2021), After harvesting, the farmer cuts

the banana trees and throws away enormous amount of these stems into the

fields because after harvesting the fruit, there is no significant use of banana

trees. Constructing a tissue paper through the banana stem will be good for

farmers because after harvesting the fruit there is no use of this but using the

banana stem for the production of tissue paper will help the farmers get some

money and will increase their interest in culminating banana crops. Several

industries manufacture the tissue paper using bamboo, hardwood, softwood

and jute etc. as the raw material, because it contains very good percentage of

cellulose. On this basis, banana stem acts as a very suitable alternative raw

material, containing very good percentage of cellulose. Banana trees separate

into mainly three parts viz. leaves, stem and roots but the leaves and roots

are cut out as it has no use. Cellulose is the main Raw Material for tissue

paper and the stem part of banana trees contains the highest percentage of

cellulose.

Based on Yuan et al., (2021) Plastic possesses desirable

properties such as low cost and weight, electric insulation and resistance to
heat, chemicals and water. However, these come with escalating

environmental costs including global warming, increasing non-biodegradable

wastes in landfills and ocean pollution with hazardous effects on marine

species all accelerated by the growing volume of utensils consumed in the

hospital sector during Covid-19.

Meanwhile, elaborated by Sakare, et al. (2020), A study was conducted

on producing greaseproof packaging paper utilizing banana pseudostem fiber.

After being beaten to freeness of 60°SR and 70°SR, handsheets (40 1 g/m2)

manufactured from Kraft pulp made from banana fiber were coated with

carboxymethyl cellulose (3% and 5% w/v) and sodium alginate (3% and 5%

w/v). Different handsheets were compared for their mechanical (tensile index

and bursting strength) and barrier (contact angle, grease resistance, and air

resistance) properties. Significant variations between the treatments were

found for each of the reactions that were studied. The "turpentine oil test"

results showed that handsheets made at 70°SR and subsequently coated with

3% and 5% carboxymethyl cellulose were resistant to grease. Handsheets

(70°SR) covered with 5% carboxymethyl cellulose had the highest tensile

index (65.00 3.46 Nm/g), burst strength (3.76 0.21 kg/cm2), contact angle

(41.27 0.45o), and air resistance (29.95 0.38 s/100 ml). But when considering

the amount of coating absorbed per square inch of the sheet, handsheets

created with pulp freeness of 70oSR in combination with a coating of 3%

carboxymethyl cellulose appear to be more efficient and can be used to

package butter.

As said by Pereira, et al. (2022) In order to make membranes that

may be utilized as bio-packages, the cellulose from the pseudostem of the

banana (Musa acuminata) was extracted and acetylated (CA). Extracts from

the Butia catarinenses (Butia) pulp or seed (CA-BS) were employed to embed

the CA membrane. The produced CA, CA-BS, and CA-BP membranes were

evaluated for their physical-chemical, mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial

properties. The cellulose extraction method resulted in a substance with about

92.17% cellulose (DS = 2.85). The purity, degree of cellulose acetylation, and

incorporation of Butia extracts into the membranes were all determined by

FTIR. The CA-BS and CA-BP membranes had a narrower contact angle and

a higher swelling ratio when compared to the CA membrane. Additionally,

butia seed or pulp extracts reduced the elastic modulus and deformation

following break as compared to the CA membrane. The TGA research

confirmed the membranes' thermal stability, but the DSC analysis showed that

the sections and the CA matrix were compatible. Additionally, a food simulant

media was introduced with less than 1% of the Butia seed and pulp extracts

from the membrane. The CA-BS and CA-BP membranes' potential use as bio-

packaging for food preservation is further supported by their capacity to stop

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli from growing on their surface.

As studied by Othman (2020), banana pseudostems (BP), a source

of cellulose that has the potential to be used in biodegradable food packaging,

are not widely used. Our study focuses on exploiting BP waste in powder form

to generate potential food packaging materials that are environmentally

friendly. Solvent casting was used to generate starch/BP films at different BP

percentage compositions (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% on the dry basis of

starch). It was examined how different BP compositions in starch percentages

affected the films' morphological, optical, mechanical, and barrier capabilities.

The optical and mechanical properties of the starch films were diminished by

the addition of BP. However, the mechanical and barrier properties of the films

improved as the BP content rose. For potential food packaging applications,

starch/BP films can be produced with the suitable BP powder percentage

composition of 40 wt%.

As believed by Carato et al, (2019) it was to be checked to see if the

results alter noticeably according on the time spent mixing, boiling, drying,

and concentrating NaOH. You should also check to see if the output varies

depending on the type of banana used. The weight carrying capacity, water

resistance, and flexibility of the paper formulation should all be considered

when assessing its durability.

As explained by Bhatnagar, R. K., Gupta, G., & Yadav, S. (2023).

Banana fibers are biodegradable, have a low elongation, high strength, and

great fire and moisture resistance. They also offer a substantial amount of

potential. With measurements of the tensile strength being 529-914 MPa, the

specific tensile strength being 392-677 MPa, the young's modulus being 27-

32 MPa, the specific young's modulus being 20-24 MPa, the failure strain

being 1%-3%, and the density being 950-750 Kg/m3.

In accordance with Deshmukh et al., (2019) Kraft chemicals were

employed to produce a 12.5% by weight solution. 14.31% Na2CO3, 58.65%

NaOH, and 27.04% Na2SO4 are present. The prepared liquor was added to

the sample, just covering the chips. After that, the system was heated at 120

C for 1.5 to 2 hours. Using an agitator, as depicted in Figs. 3 and 4 allowed for

continual agitation.
 As tested by Subagyo, A., & Chafidz, A. (2020). Parenchyma and gum

make up about 30-35 percent of the banana pseudo-stem fiber produced by

the decorticator machine. These gums and cells, which are frequently

insoluble in water, must be eliminated before the fiber is physically spun into

fine yarn count.

Acknowledged by Ghamande, M. et al, (2018) Castile soap, gum,

natural glue, alum, and gum can all be used to waterproof paper. These two

ingredients are dissolved in warm water. The mixture is uniformized by

vigorously swirling it. The paper is then submerged in the solution and left to

dry while being hung. This procedure waterproofs the paper and provides

protection.

Meanwhile reported by Cho, R. (2022, October 19). To fully

understand the variety of effects and benefits of a particular bag, we must

look at its life cycle. A life cycle analysis (LCA) looks at how much energy is

used and what kind of impact a product has on the environment at every

stage of its existence, from creation to disposal. Gathering the raw materials,

processing them, producing the product, packaging it for shipping,

transporting and distributing it, utilizing it and maybe reusing it, recycling it,

and finally discarding it are all included in this process.

In line with Thompson, C. (2018) Paper bags are compostable or

recyclable and biodegradable. However, mass production necessitates the

use of a lot of water, fuel, and felled trees. Additionally, they are typically not

made of recycled materials because new paper has fibers that are stronger
and longer. Cotton is a crop that typically requires a lot of pesticides and water

to grow and is used to make cloth bags. Reusable bags made of nonwoven

polypropylene plastic are also widely used, and their production actually

requires less carbon.

As tested by Causon, T. (2023) Single-use plastics contribute

significantly to the global plastic waste problem, which is a major

environmental concern. Single-use plastics, especially commonly used plastic

bags, are mainly consumed in the retail sector. We have conducted research

to create practical and affordable alternatives that can significantly reduce the

impact of plastic waste on the environment. Banana fiber is used to make

banana paper bags, an eco-friendly alternative to plastic bags. We collected

quantitative data from targeted demographic groups for statistical analysis

through random sampling and survey distribution via Google Forms. To

efficiently obtain information, the surveys used cross-sectional and descriptive

developmental methods. In accordance with the responses given by the

survey's participants, developing a paper bag made from banana bark might

help minimize the usage of plastic bags and promote eco-friendly bags,

according to more than half of the respondents. Therefore, developing banana

paper bags to replace plastic bags is an important step in reducing plastic

waste and promoting sustainable business practices in the retail sector. Paper

bags made mainly from banana fibers have many outstanding advantages

over traditional plastic bags and provide a practical solution to the problem of

plastic pollution.
 SYNTHESIS

This study explores the pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives to

conventional packaging materials, specifically focusing on transforming

banana tree pseudo-stem fiber into eco-friendly paper bags. The research

study delves into a vital environmental concern, the development of eco-

friendly alternatives to traditional paper and plastic bags. Focused on

harnessing the potential of banana pseudo-stem, this study presents a holistic

approach to sustainability, encompassing ecological, economic, and social

dimensions. In relation to this, the study of Directo, J. F., Moril, I. A. F.,

Maestro, J. F., Sariba, F. F., Gan, R. F. (April 2022). While both studies share

the common goal of exploring the potential of banana pseudo-stem fiber and

to aid in the effort to save the environment by finding a remedy for the

ongoing pollution that we have been experiencing, they diverge in terms of the

outcome. This study stands out for its focus on water-repellent banana

pseudo-stem paper bags, offering a specific and unique approach within the

broader concept of Banana Pseudo-stem paper bag.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Figure 1 presents the conceptual model of the study, which outlines the

required equipment, process, and expected output. The model consists of

three (3) main blocks: Input, Process, and Output.

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

 The input shows the knowledge requirements and understanding of the
process for creating a paper bag with the use of banana pseudo-stem fiber.
The process involves the project’s full procedures of making an eco-friendly
paper bag. The processes for operation, testing, and assessment.

REFERENCES

Badanayak, P., Jose, S., & Bose, G. (2023). Banana pseudostem fiber: A

critical review on fiber extraction, characterization, and surface

modification. Journal of Natural Fibers, 20(1).

https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2023.2168821

PAPER DESK. (2021). Handmade paper making from banana tree.

https://www.paperdesk.in/handmade-paper-making-from-banana-tree/

Lam, S. S., Xia, C., & Sonne, C. (2022, August 1). The plastic crisis
underscores the need for alternative sustainable-renewable materials. Journal
of Bioresources and Bioproducts; Elsevier BV.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2022.06.001

Sakare, P., Bharimalla, A. K., Dhakane-Lad, J., & Patil, P. G. (2020).

Development of Greaseproof Paper from Banana Pseudostem Fiber for
Packaging of Butter. Journal of Natural Fibers, 18(12), 1974–
1982. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1710652

Pereira, N. R. L., Da Silva Lopes, B. A., Fagundes, I. V., De Moraes, F. M.,

Morisso, F. D. P., Parma, G. O. C., Zepon, Κ. M., & Magnago, R. F. (2022).
Bio-packaging based on cellulose acetate from banana pseudostem and
containing Butia catarinensis extracts. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 194, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.179

Othman, S. H. (2020, April 8). Starch/Banana Pseudostem biocomposite films

for potential food packaging applications. Othman |
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BioRes_15_2_3984_Othman_Starch_Banana_Pseudostem_Biocomposite

Cho, R. (2022, October 19). Plastic, Paper or Cotton: Which Shopping Bag is
Best? State of the Planet.
https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2020/04/30/plastic-paper-cotton-bags/

Bhatnagar, R. K., Gupta, G., & Yadav, S. (2023). A review on composition and

properties of banana fibers. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367023462_A_Review_on_Composi

tion_and_Properties_of_Banana_Fibers

Ghamande, M. et al, (2018) Preparation of Paper from Banana fiber. 75.oct

ijmte - cw.pdf (ijamtes.org)

Deshmukh et al., (2019) BANANA PSEUDO-STEM: AN ALTERNATIVE RAW

MATERIAL FOR PAPER MAKING. http://ijeast.com/papers/68-
73,Tesma404,IJEAST.pdf

Subagyo, A., & Chafidz, A. (2020). Banana Pseudo-Stem Fiber: Preparation,

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Magazine, S. (n.d.). Paper, Plastic or Reusable? STANFORD Magazine.

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paper bags.

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