Reference No: KLL-FO-ACAD-000 | Effectivity Date: August 3, 2020 | Revisions No.

: 00

VISION MISSION
A center of human development committed to the pursuit of wisdom, truth, Establish and maintain an academic environment promoting the pursuit of
justice, pride, dignity, and local/global competitiveness via a quality but excellence and the total development of its students as human beings,
affordable education for all qualified clients. with fear of God and love of country and fellowmen.

GOALS
Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa aims to:
1. foster the spiritual, intellectual, social, moral, and creative life of its client via affordable but quality tertiary education;
2. provide the clients with reach and substantial, relevant, wide range of academic disciplines, expose them to varied curricular and co-curricular
experiences which nurture and enhance their personal dedications and commitments to social, moral, cultural, and economic transformations.
3. work with the government and the community and the pursuit of achieving national developmental goals; and
4. develop deserving and qualified clients with different skills of life existence and prepare them for local and global competitiveness

DISCLAIMER: The contents of this module including the clip arts, cartoons, and photos were lifted from different
sources including but not limited to books, pdf files and websites. The credits and copyright of the materials are given
to its respective rightful authors and creators. More so, this module has been conceptualized and localized for the
purpose of the educational distance learning of Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa College of Communication Arts. In no
way does this module should be reproduced, sold and used for commercial purposes and by other academic
institutions.

Module 2
Forms and Sounds of Poetry

A stanza is one or more lines (or verses) of verse, consisting of a division of a poem or verse. It corresponds,
versification, to a paragraph in prose, which may, or course, consist of from one to many sentences. It is a
formalized unit of a poem, of two, or more lines recurrently identical in line length, metrical structure and rhyming
patterns, where rhyme is used.

Forms of Stanza:

There are poems which are composed of one line each.

I see in you the estuary that enlarges and spreads itself grandly as it pours into the great sea.

A couplet is a stanza containing two rhyming lines. Couplet rhyming is a device of rhyming in which each pair of
lines, usually of the same length and metric or accent pattern, rhyme together.

Poems are made by fools like me

But only God can make a tree – Joyce Kilmer

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A triplet or a tercet is a stanza composed of three lines.

Shine! Shine! Shine!

Pour down your warmth, great sun.
While we bask, we two together – Whitman

A quatrain is a stanza of four lines. It is the most popular stanza length in the English versification.

Tiger, tiger, burning bright

In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye
Framed thy fearful symmetry? – Blake

A cinquain is a stanza or poem of five lines. It was formerly called a quintain.

Hail to thee, blithe spirit!

Bird thou never wert,
That from Heaven, or near it,
Pourest thy full heart
In profuse strain of unpremeditated art – Shelley

A sextect is a stanza of six lines.

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. – Wordsworth

A septet is a stanza of seven lines and an Ottawa rime is a stanza of eight lines and more.
A sonnet is a poem or stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines, with a rigidly prescribed rhyme scheme.

When I consider how my light is spent

Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker and present
My true account, lest he returning chide;

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 Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?
I fondly ask. But patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies. “God doth not need
Either man’s work or his own gifts. Who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His
State is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed
And post o’er land and ocean without rest;
They also serve who only stand and wait. – Milton

FORM:

A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or metrical pattern, but it can still be
labeled according to its form or style. Here are the three most common types of poems according to form:

1. Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who expresses strong thoughts and
feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones, are lyric poems.

2. Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the plot line of a story [i.e. the
introduction of conflict and characters, rising action, climax and the denouement].

3. Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the speaker. It uses elaborate imagery
and adjectives. While emotional, it is more "outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and
introspective.

In a sense, almost all poems, whether they have consistent patterns of sound and/or structure, or are free verse,
are in one of the three categories above. Or, of course, they may be a combination of 2 or 3 of the above styles.

Here are some more types of poems that are sub types of the three styles above:

Ode:
It is usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza
pattern.

Elegy:
It is a lyric poem that mourns the dead. [It's not to be confused with a eulogy.]It has no set metric or stanzaic
pattern, but it usually begins by reminiscing about the dead person, then laments the reason for the death, and
then resolves the grief by concluding that death leads to immortality. It often uses "apostrophe" (calling out to the
dead person) as a literary technique. It can have a fairly formal style, and sound similar to an ode.

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Sonnet:
It is a lyric poem consisting of 14 lines and, in the English version, is usually written in iambic pentameter. There are
two basic kinds of sonnets: the Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet and the Shakespearean (or Elizabethan/English)
sonnet. The Italian/Petrarchan sonnet is named after Petrarch, an Italian Renaissance poet. The Petrarchan sonnet
consists of an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines). The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains
(four lines each) and a concluding couplet (two lines). The Petrarchan sonnet tends to divide the thought into two
parts (argument and conclusion); the Shakespearean, into four (the final couplet is the summary).

Ballad:
It is a narrative poem that has a musical rhythm and can be sung. A ballad is usually organized into quatrains or
cinquains, has a simple rhythm structure, and tells the tales of ordinary people.

Epic:
It is a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero.

Qualities of an Epic Poem:

 narrative poem of great scope; dealing with the founding of a nation or some other heroic theme
requires a dignified theme requires an organic unity requires orderly progress of the action always has a
heroic figure or figures involves supernatural forces

 written in deliberately ceremonial style

Other types of poems include:

Haiku:
It has an unrhymed verse form having three lines (a tercet) and usually 5,7,5 syllables, respectively. It's usually
considered a lyric poem.

Limerick:
It has a very structured poem, usually humorous & composed of five lines (a cinquain), in an aabba rhyming pattern;
beat must be anapestic (weak, weak, strong) with 3 feet in lines 1, 2, & 5 and 2 feet in lines 3 & 4. It's usually a
narrative poem based upon a short and often ribald anecdote.

THE SOUNDS OF POETRY

Poets use sound in a variety of ways to enhance their poems. Here are some examples of sound techniques poets
use to create mood, tone and images. Use the guide when you are interpreting poetry or selecting poems for
choral reading. Rhyme Scheme: Poets organize rhyming words in a variety of patterns called rhyme schemes. End

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rhyme is the rhyming of words at the ends of lines of poetry. Internal rhyme is the rhyming of words within one line
of poetry. Here are some examples of end rhymes. Can you find examples of internal rhyme?

Rhyme Scheme:
Poets organize rhyming words in a variety of patterns called rhyme schemes. End rhyme is the rhyming of words at
the ends of lines of poetry. Internal rhyme is the rhyming of words within one line of poetry. Here are some
examples of end rhymes. Can you find examples of internal rhyme?

“Trees” by Joyce Kilmer (aabb)

I think that I shall never see (a)
A poem lovely as a tree. (a)
A tree that may in summer wear (b)
A nest of robins in her hair. (b)

“The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes (aabcb)

The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees.
The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas.
The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor.
And the highwayman came riding-
Riding – riding—
The highwayman came riding, up to the old inn-door.

“Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe (ababcb)

It was many and many a year ago,
In the kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived, whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love, and be loved by me.

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 “The Cremation of Sam McGee” by Robert W. Service (abcbdefe)
There are strange things done in the midnight sun
By the men who moil for gold;
The Arctic trails have their secret tales
That would make your blood run cold;
The Northern Lights have seen queer sights,
But the queerest they ever did see
Was that night on the marge of Lake Lebarg
I cremated Sam McGee

Meter:
Meter is the systematic regularity in rhythm; this systematic rhythm (or sound pattern) is usually identified by
examining the type of "foot" and the number of feet.

Repetition:
Repetition is the recurring use of a sound, a word, a phrase, or a line.Repetition can be used to appeal to our
emotions, create mood, and to emphasizeimportant ideas. Notice how Edgar Allan Poe uses repetition in
“Annabel Lee” to create emotional effects:

And the stars never rise, but I feel the bright eyes

Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;

And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side

Of my darling—my darling—my life and my bride,

In the sepulcher there by the sea,

In her tomb by the sounding sea.

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In “Casey at the Bat” by Ernest Lawrence Thayer, word repetition is used effectively to

create a mood:

Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright,

The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light;

And somewhere men are laughing, and somewhere children shout,

But there is no joy in Mudville: Mighty Casey has struck out.

Alliteration:
Alliteration is the repetition of beginning consonant sounds. The tonguetwister, “Peter Piper picked a peck of
pickled peppers,” overuses alliteration. Alliterationis easy to use, but it is a challenge to use it well when writing
poetry. Look for excellent examples in “The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes.

Assonance:
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Notice how many “O” soundsoccur in this poem by Nina Bogan:

How strange it is

To hover over words, like the smoke

From the loggers’ fires, over the valley.

Consonance:
Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within words,not just at the beginning. Count the “S”
sounds as they appear in this verse of “TheWalrus and the Carpenter” by Lewis Carroll:

The moon was shining sulkily,

Because she thought the sun

Had got no business to be there

After the day was done—

“It’s very rude of him,” she said,

“To come and spoil the fun!”

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Onomatopoeia:
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that create the sounds they describe.Words like buzz, hum, clank, and crash
represent a sound. Listen for the sound of horsehoofs repeated in “The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes:

Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear;

Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear?

Tone :
Tone conveys the speaker’s implied attitude toward the poem’s subject. Tone is an abstraction we make from the
details of a poem’s language: the use of meter and rhyme (or lack of them); the inclusion of certain kinds of details
and exclusion of other kinds; particular choices of words and sentence pattern, or imagery and figurative language
(diction). Another important element of tone is the order of words in sentences, phrases, or clauses (syntax).

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

Word meanings are not only restricted to dictionary meanings. The full meaning of a word includes both the
dictionary definition and the special meanings and associations a word takes in a given phrase or expression. For
example, a tiger is a carnivorous animal of the cat family. This is the literal or denotative meaning. But we have
certain associations with the word: sinuous movement, jungle violence, and aggression. These are the suggestive,
figurative or connotative meanings.

FIGURATIVE/CONNOTATIVE DEVICES

1. Simile is the rhetorical term used to designate the most elementary form of resemblances: most similes are
introduced by "like" or "as." These comparisons are usually between dissimilar situations or objects that
have something in common, such as "My love is like a red, red rose."
2. A metaphor leaves out "like" or "as" and implies a direct comparison between objects or situations. "All
flesh is grass."
3. Synecdoche is a form of metaphor, which in mentioning an important (and attached) part signifies the
whole (e.g. "hands" for labour).
4. Metonymy is similar to synecdoche; it's a form of metaphor allowing an object closely associated
(but unattached) with a object or situation to stand for the thing itself (e.g. the crown or throne for a king
or the bench for the judicial system).

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5. A symbol is like a simile or metaphor with the first term left out. "My love is like a red, red rose" is a simile.
If, through persistent identification of the rose with the beloved woman, we may come to associate the
rose with her and her particular virtues. At this point, the rose would become a symbol.
6. Allegory can be defined as a one to one correspondence between a series of abstract ideas and a series of
images or pictures presented in the form of a story or a narrative. For example, George Orwell's Animal
Farm is an extended allegory that represents the Russian Revolution through a fable of a farm and its
rebellious animals.
7. Personification occurs when you treat abstractions or inanimate objects as human, that is, giving them
human attributes, powers, or feelings (e.g., "nature wept" or "the wind whispered many truths to me").
8. Irony takes many forms. Most basically, irony is a figure of speech in which actual intent is expressed
through words that carry the opposite meaning.
1. Paradox: usually a literal contradiction of terms or situations - e.g. "All animals are equal, but some
are more equal than others!"
2. Situational Irony: when a situation in life or a story is incongruent - e.g. a firehall burns down
3. Dramatic Irony: audience has more information or greater perspective than the characters
4. Verbal Irony: saying one thing but meaning another
1. Overstatement (hyperbole)
2. Understatement (meiosis)
3. Sarcasm

Irony may be a positive or negative force. It is most valuable as a mode of

perception that assists the poet to see around and behind opposed attitudes, and
to see the often conflicting interpretations that come from our examination of life.

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