Theodor Herzl Zionist Founder

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Theodor Herzl ZIONIST FOUNDER.
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Theodor Herzl
Benjamin Ze’ev Herzl
May 2, 1860
Born
Budapest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary)
July 3, 1904 (aged 44)
Died Edlach (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenau_an_der_Rax), Austria-Hungary
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary)
1904–1949: Döblinger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bling) Friedhof,Vienna
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna), Austria
Resting 1949–present: Mt. Herzl (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Herzl),Jerusalem
place (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem)
31°46′26″N 35°10′50″E (https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?
pagename=Theodor_Herzl&params=31_46_26_N_35_10_50_E_)
Residence Vienna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna)
Citizenship Austria-Hungary (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary)
Education Law (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law)
Alma mater University of Vienna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna)
Journalist, playwright, writer,political activist
Occupation
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activism)
Known for Father of modern politicalZionism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism)
Spouse(s) Julie Naschauer (m. (married) 1889–1904)
Signature
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_Herzl_signature.svg)
Theodor Herzl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Theodor Herzl (Hebrew (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language): ‫תאודור ֶה ְר ֵצ ל‬‎Te’odor
Hertsel, Hungarian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language): Herzl Tivadar; May 2, 1860 –
July 3, 1904), bornBenjamin Ze’ev Herzl (Hebrew
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language): ‫ִּב ְנ ָיִמ ין ְזֵא ב ֶה ְר ֵצ ל‬‎Binyamin Ze’ev Hertsel), also known in
Hebrew as ‫חֹוֵזה ַה ְמ ִד יָנה‬‎, Chozeh HaMedinah (lit. “Visionary of the State”) was an Austro-Hungarian
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian) journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer.
He was one of the fathers of modern political Zionism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism). Herzl
formed the World Zionist Organization
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization) and promoted Jewish migration
to Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)) in an effort to form a Jewish state (Israel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel)).
While Herzl is often mistakenly identified as the first major Zionist

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism) activist, scholars such as Yehuda Bibas
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Bibas), Zvi Hirsch Kalischer
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer) and Judah Alkalai
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Alkalai) were promoting Zionist ideas before him.
Early life[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Theodor_Herzl&action=edit&section=1)]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_6969_Herzl_Family.jpg)
Herzl and his family, c. 1866–1873
He was born in Pest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary), the eastern part of Budapest

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest), Kingdom of Hungary
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary) (nowHungary
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary)), to a secular Jewish
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Jewish) family. His father’s family were originally from Zimony
[1]
(today Zemun (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemun), Serbia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia)).
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-1) He was the second child of Jeanette and
Jakob Herzl, who were German-speaking, assimilated Jews.
Jakob Herzl (1836–1902), Herzl’s father, was a highly successful businessman. Herzl had one sister,
Pauline, a year older than he was, who died suddenly on February 7, 1878, of typhus
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhus).[2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
2) Theodor lived with his family in a house next to the Dohány Street Synagogue
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue) (formerly known as Tabakgasse
Synagogue) located in Belváros (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_City_(Budapest)), the inner city of
the historical old town of Pest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary), in the eastern section
of Budapest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest).[3]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-3)[4]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-4)
As a youth, Herzl aspired to follow in the footsteps of Ferdinand de Lesseps

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps),[5]
builder of the Suez Canal
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal), but did not succeed in the sciences and instead developed a
growing enthusiasm for poetry and the humanities. This passion later developed into a successful career
in journalism and a less-celebrated pursuit of playwrighting.[6]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-6) According to Amos Elon,[7]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-7) Herzl considered himself to be an atheist. As
a young man, Herzl was an ardent Germanophile who saw the Germans as the best Kulturvolk (cultured
people) in Central Europe and embraced the German ideal of Bildung
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildung), whereby reading great works of literature by Goethe and
Shakespeare could allow one to appreciate the beautiful things in life, and thus become a morally better
person (the Bildung theory tended to equate beauty with goodness).[8]
(https://en wikipedia org/wiki/Theodor Herzl#cite note Buruma 2C Ian page 180 8)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Buruma.2C_Ian_page_180-8) Through Bildung,
Herzl believed that Hungarian Jews such as himself could shake off their “shameful Jewish
characteristics” caused by long centuries of impoverishment and oppression, and become civilized
[8]
Central Europeans, a true Kulturvolk along the German lines.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Buruma.2C_Ian_page_180-8)
In 1878, after the death of his sister, Pauline, the family moved to Vienna
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna), Austria-Hungary, and lived in the 9th district, Alsergrund
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsergrund). At the University of Vienna, Herzl studied law. As a young
law student, Herzl became a member of the German nationalist Burschenschaft
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burschenschaft) (fraternity) Albia, which had the motto Ehre, Freiheit,
Vaterland (“Honor, Freedom, Fatherland”). He later resigned in protest at the organisation’s antisemitism
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism).[9]
After a brief legal career in the University of Vienna

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna) and Salzburg
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg),[10] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
10) he devoted himself to journalism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism) and literature
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature), working as a journalist for a Viennese newspaper and a
correspondent for Neue Freie Presse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse), in Paris, occasionally
making special trips to London (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) and Istanbul
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul). He later became literary editor of Neue Freie Presse, and wrote
several comedies and dramas for the Viennese stage. His early work did not focus on Jewish life. It was
of the feuilleton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuilleton) order, descriptive rather than political.[11]
Zionist intellectual and activist[edit

(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzl-balcony.jpg)
Theodor Herzl in Basel, 1897
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzldohanyi.jpg)
A plaque marking the birthplace of Theodor Herzl, Dohány Street Synagogue

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue), Budapest
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest).
As the Paris correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, Herzl followed the Dreyfus affair
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair), a notorious anti-semitic
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism) incident in France in which a Jewish French
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France) army captain was falsely convicted of
spying for Germany (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany). Herzl was witness to mass rallies in Paris
following the Dreyfus trial. There has been some controversy surrounding the impact that this event had
on Herzl and his conversion to Zionism. Herzl himself stated that the Dreyfus case turned him into a
Zionist and that he was particularly affected by chants of “Death to the Jews!” from the crowds. This had
been the widely held belief for some time. However, some modern scholars now believe that due to little
mention of the Dreyfus affair in Herzl’s earlier accounts and a seemingly contrary reference he made in
them to shouts of “Death to the traitor!” that he may have exaggerated the influence it had on him in
order to create further support for his goals.[12]
Jacques Kornberg claims that the Dreyfus influence was a myth that Herzl did not feel necessary to
deflate and that he also believed that Dreyfus was guilty.[14]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-14) Another modern claim is that, while upset
by antisemitism evident in French society (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people), Herzl, like
most contemporary observers, initially believed in Dreyfus’ guilt and only claimed to have been inspired
by the affair years later when it had become an international cause celebre
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_celebre) and that, rather, it was the rise to power of the anti-
Semitic demagogue Karl Lueger (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lueger) in Vienna in 1895 that
seems to have had a greater effect on Herzl, before the pro-Dreyfus campaign had fully emerged. It was
at this time that Herzl wrote his play “The New Ghetto,” which shows the ambivalence and lack of real
security and equality of emancipated, well-to-do Jews in Vienna.
According to Henry Wickham Steed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham_Steed), Herzl was initially

“fanatically devoted to the propagation of Jewish-German ‘Liberal’ assimilationist doctrine”.[15]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-15) However, Herzl came to reject his early
ideas regarding Jewish emancipation
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation) and assimilation
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_assimilation) and to believe that the Jews must remove themselves
[16] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-16)
from Europe. Herzl grew to believe that
antisemitism could not be defeated or cured, only avoided, and that the only way to avoid it was the
establishment of a Jewish state.[17] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-17) In June,
1895, he wrote in his diary: “In Paris, as I have said, I achieved a freer attitude toward anti-semitism …
Above all, I recognized the emptiness and futility of trying to ‘combat’ anti-semitism.” Herzl’s editors of
Neue Freie Presse refused any publication of his Zionist political activities. A mental clash gripped
Herzl, between the craving for literary success and a desire to act as a public figure.[18]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-18) Around this time, Herzl started writing
pamphlets about ‘A Jewish State’. Herzl claimed that these pamphlets resulted in the establishment of
the Zionist Movement, and they did play a large role in the movement’s rise and success.[19]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-19) His testimony before the British Royal
Commission reflected his fundamental, romantic liberal view on life as the ‘Problem of the Jews’.
Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) (The State of
the Jews), which was published February 1896 to immediate acclaim and controversy. The book argued
that the Jewish people should leave Europe if they wished to, either for Argentina or, preferably, for
Palestine, their historic homeland. The Jews possessed a nationality; all they were missing was a nation
and a state of their own.[20] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-20) Only through a
Jewish state could they avoid antisemitism, express their culture freely and practice their religion
without hindrance.[21] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-21) Herzl’s ideas spread
[22]
rapidly throughout the Jewish world and attracted international attention.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-22) Supporters of existing Zionist movements,
such as the Hovevei Zion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovevei_Zion), immediately allied themselves
with him, but establishment Jewry vilified him and considered his ideas as a threat to their attempts at
integration and a rebellion against God.
A philosophy for a homeland[edit

In Der Judenstaat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) he writes:
“The Jewish question persists wherever Jews live in appreciable numbers. Wherever it does not exist,
it is brought in together with Jewish immigrants. We are naturally drawn into those places where we
are not persecuted, and our appearance there gives rise to persecution. This is the case, and will
inevitably be so, everywhere, even in highly civilised countries—see, for instance, France—so long as
[23]
the Jewish question is not solved on the political level.”
The book concludes:

Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans
will rise again.
Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a State will have it.
We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes.
The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness.
And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully and
beneficially for the good of humanity.[24] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
24)
Diplomatic liaison with the Ottomans[edit

Herzl began to energetically promote his ideas, continually attracting supporters, Jewish and non-
Jewish. According to Norman Rose, Herzl “mapped out for himself the role of martyr … as the Parnell
[25]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Parnell) of the Jews”.
On March 10, 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hechler), the Anglican minister to the British Embassy. Hechler
had read Herzl’s Der Judenstaat, and the meeting became central to the eventual legitimization of Herzl
and Zionism.,[26] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-jewishmag.com-26) Herzl
later wrote in his diary, “Next we came to the heart of the business. I said to him: (Theodor Herzl to Rev.
William Hechler) I must put myself into direct and publicly known relations with a responsible or non
responsible ruler – that is, with a minister of state or a prince. Then the Jews will believe in me and
[27]
follow me. The most suitable personage would be the German Kaiser.”
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-27) Hechler arranged an extended audience
with Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden), in April, 1896. The Grand Duke
was the uncle of the German Emperor Wilhelm II (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II). Through
the efforts of Hechler and the Grand Duke, Herzl publicly met Wilhelm II in 1898. The meeting
[28]
significantly advanced Herzl’s and Zionism’s legitimacy in Jewish and world opinion.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)
In May 1896, the English translation of Der Judenstaat appeared in London as The Jewish State. Herzl had
earlier confessed to his friend Max Bodenheimer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bodenheimer) that
he “wrote what I had to say without knowing my predecessors, and it can be assumed that I would not
[29]
have written it [Der Judenstaat] had I been familiar with the literature”.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzl_Flag.jpg)
A sketch in Herzl’s Diary of a proposed flag for the Zionist

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist)movement.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_7188_Herzl_on_board_reaching_the_shores_of_Pales
tine.jpg)
Herzl on board a vessel reaching the shores of Palestine, 1898
In Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, June 15, 1896, Herzl saw an opportunity. With the assistance of Count Filip
Michał Newleński (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
[30]
title=Count_Filip_Micha%C5%82_Newle%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1),
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-30) a sympathetic Polish
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles) émigré with political contacts in the Ottoman Court, Herzl
attempted to meet Sultan Abdulhamid II (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II) in order to
present his solution of a Jewish State to the Sultan directly. He failed to obtain an audience but did
succeed in visiting a number of highly placed individuals, including the Grand Vizier, who received him
as a journalist representing the Neue Freie Presse. Herzl presented his proposal to the Grand Vizier: the
Jews would pay the Turkish foreign debt and attempt to help regulate Turkish finances if they were
given Palestine as a Jewish homeland under Turkish rule. Prior to leaving Istanbul, June 29, 1896,
Newleński obtained for Herzl a symbolic medal of honor.[31]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-31) The medal, the “Commander’s Cross of
the Order of the Medjidie (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie)“, was a public
relations affirmation for Herzl and the Jewish world of the seriousness of the negotiations.
Five years later, May 17, 1901, Herzl did meet with Sultan Abdulhamid II
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II),[32]
but the Sultan refused Theodor Herzl’s offer
to consolidate the Ottoman debt in exchange for a charter allowing the Zionists access to Palestine
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)).[33]
Returning from Istanbul, Herzl traveled to London to report back to the Maccabeans
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabaeans), a proto-Zionist group of established English Jews led by
Colonel Albert Goldsmid (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goldsmid). In November 1895 they
received him with curiosity, indifference and coldness. Israel Zangwill
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Zangwill)bitterly opposed Herzl, but after Istanbul Goldsmid
agreed to support Herzl. In London’s East End, a community of primarily Yiddish speaking recent
Eastern European Jewish immigrants, Herzl addressed a mass rally of thousands on July 12, 1896 and
was received with acclaim. They granted Herzl the mandate of leadership for Zionism. Within six
months this mandate had been expanded throughout Zionist Jewry: the Zionist movement grew rapidly.
A World Congress[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

In 1897, at considerable personal expense, he founded Die Welt of Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and planned
the First Zionist Congress (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress)in Basel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel), Switzerland. He was elected president (a position he held until his
death in 1904), and in 1898 he began a series of diplomatic initiatives to build support for a Jewish
country. He was received by Wilhelm II on several occasions, one of them inJerusalem
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem), and attended the Hague Peace Conference
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Peace_Conference), enjoying a warm reception from many
statesmen there.
His work on Autoemancipation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoemancipation) was pre-figured by a

similar conclusion drawn by Marx’s friend Moses Hess (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Hess),
in Rome and Jerusalem(1862). Pinkser had never yet read it, but was aware of the distant and far off Hibbat
Zion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovevei_Zion). Herzl’s philosophical instruction highlighted the
weaknesses and vulnerabilities. To Herzl each dictator or leader had a nationalistic identity, even down
to the Irish from Wolfe Tone onwards. He was drawn to the mawkishness of Judaism rendered
distinctively as German. But he remained convinced that Germany was the centre (Hauptsitz) of anti-
semitism rather than France. In a much quoted aside he noted “If there is one thing I should like to be, it
is a member of old Prussian nobility” ([34] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
34)
Herzl appealed to the nobility of Jewish England – the Rothschilds, Sir Samuel Montagu, later
cabinet minister, to the Chief Rabbis of France and Vienna, the railroad magnate, Baron Hirsch.
He fared best with Israel Zangwill (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Zangwill), and Max Nordau

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Nordau). They were both well-known writers or ‘men of letters’ –
imagination that engenders understanding. Hirsch’s correspondence led nowhere. Baron Albert
Rothschild (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
[35]
title=Baron_Albert_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1) had little to do with the Jews
(https://en wikipedia org/wiki/Theodor Herzl#cite note 35)
Herzl was disliked by the
bankers (Finanzjuden) and detested them. Herzl was defiant of their social authority. He also shared
Pinkser’s pessimistic opinion that the Jews had no future in Europe; that they were too anti-semitic to
tolerate because each country in Europe had tried anti-Semitic Assimilation. In Berlin they said Juden
raus in a well worn phrase. Herzl therefore advocated a mass exodus from Europe to the Judenstaat.
Pinkser’s manifesto was a cry for help; a warning to others Mahnruf, a call for attention to their plight.
Herzl’s vision was less about mental states of Jewry, and more about delivering prescriptive answers
about land. “The idea that i have developed is a very old one; it is the restoration of the Jewish State”,
was a follow-up of Pinkser’s early
weaker version Mahnruf an seine Stammesgenossen von einem nassichen Juden[37]
Herzl, Zionism and the Holy Land[edit

[38]
Herzl visited Jerusalem for the first time in October 1898.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-38) He deliberately coordinated his visit with
that of Wilhelm II to secure what he thought had been prearranged with the aid of Rev. William Hechler
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hechler), public world power recognition of himself and
Zionism.[39] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-39) Herzl and Wilhelm II first met
publicly on October 29, atMikveh Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikveh_Israel), near present-
[26]
day Holon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holon), Israel. It was a brief but historic meeting.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-jewishmag.com-26) He had a second formal,
public audience with the emperor at the latter’s tent camp on Street of the Prophets
[28]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_of_the_Prophets) in Jerusalem on November 2, 1898.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-ReferenceA-28)[40]
The English Zionist Federation, the local
branch of the World Zionist Organization was founded in 1899, that Herzl had established in Austria in
1897.
In 1902–03, Herzl was invited to give evidence before the British Royal Commission on Alien
Immigration (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Royal_Commission_on_Alien_Immigration&action=edit&redlink=1). His appearance brought him
into close contact with members of the British government, particularly with Joseph Chamberlain
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain), then secretary of state for the colonies, through
whom he negotiated with the Egyptian government for a charter for the settlement of the Jews in Al
‘Arish (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_%27Arish) in the Sinai Peninsula
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula), adjoining southern Palestine.
In 1903, Herzl attempted to obtain support for the Jewish homeland from Pope Pius X
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X), an idea broached at 6th Zionist Congress. Palestine could
[43]
offer a safe refuge for the those fleeing persecution in Russia.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-43) Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Merry_del_Val) ordained that the Church’s policy was
explained non possumus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_possumus) on such matters, decreeing that
as long as the Jews denied the divinity of Christ, the Catholics could not make a declaration in their
favour. The pogroms included 47 Jews
murdered at Kishinev (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishinev), and hundreds more injured, their
property looted and destroyed. The delegates to the Congress backed Herzl’s line of argument. A
vociferous minority of opposition came from those who thought adoption of a Ugandan Plan over
Palestine was a sell-out. Still later the East African Scheme failed, dying with Herzl himself. It was taken
off the agenda in 1905. Yet another nationalistic splinter group with Zionist aspirations, in England
called the Jewish Territorial Association (JTO) was founded.
After the failure of that scheme, which took him to Cairo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo), he
received, through Leopold Greenberg (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=L.J.Greenberg&action=edit&redlink=1), an offer (August 1903) from the British government to
facilitate a large Jewish settlement, with autonomous government and under British suzerainty
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty), in British East Africa
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_Africa). At the same time, the Zionist movement was
threatened by the Russian government. Accordingly, Herzl visited St. Petersburg
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) and was received by Sergei Witte
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Witte), then finance minister, and Viacheslav Plehve
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Plehve), minister of the interior, the latter placing on record
the attitude of his government toward the Zionist movement. On that occasion Herzl submitted
proposals for the amelioration of the Jewish position in Russia. He published the Russian statement, and
brought the British offer, commonly known as the “Uganda Project
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Uganda_Program)“, before the Sixth Zionist Congress (Basel,
August 1903), carrying the majority (295:178, 98 abstentions) on the question of investigating this offer,
[45] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
after the Russian delegation stormed out.
45) In 1905 the 6th Zionist Congress, after investigations, decided to decline the British offer and firmly
[46]
committed itself to a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
AHeimstatte – a home land for the Jewish
people in Palestine secured by public law.[47] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-
47)
Death and burial[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzel_coffin_honor_guard.jpg)
Honor guard stands beside Herzl’s coffin on Mount Herzl
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Herzl) in Jerusalem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzl_grave_1921.jpeg)
Herzl’s grave in 1921
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodor_Herzl_Grab_20032005.JPG)
First grave of Theodor Herzl in the cemetery of Döbling

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6bling_Cemetery), Vienna
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna).
Herzl did not live to see the rejection of the Uganda plan. At 5 p.m. July 3, 1904, in Edlach, a village
inside Reichenau an der Rax (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenau_an_der_Rax), Lower Austria
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria), Theodor Herzl, having been diagnosed with a heart issue
earlier in the year, died of cardiac sclerosis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerosis_(medicine)). A day
before his death, he told the Reverend William H. Hechler
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_William_H._Hechler): “Greet Palestine for me. I gave my
heart’s blood for my people.”[48] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-48)
His will stipulated that he should have the poorest-class funeral without speeches or flowers and he
added, “I wish to be buried in the vault beside my father, and to lie there till the Jewish people shall take
my remains to Israel”.[49] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-49) Nevertheless,
some six thousand followed Herzl’s hearse, and the funeral was long and chaotic. Despite Herzl’s
request that no speeches be made, a brief eulogy was delivered by David Wolffsohn
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wolffsohn). Hans Herzl, then thirteen, read the kaddish
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaddish).[50] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-50)
In 1949, his remains were moved from Vienna (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna) to be reburied on
the top of Mount Herzl (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Herzl) in Jerusalem
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem), named in his memory.
Family[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article
(https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8
Hebrew.(December 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. [show]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_6697_Herzel_In_Childhood.jpg)
Herzl as a child with his mother Janet and sister Pauline
Herzl’s grandfathers, both of whom he knew, were more closely related to traditional Judaism than were
his parents. In Zemun (Zemlin), his grandfather Simon Loeb Herzl
(https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Loeb_Herzl&action=edit&redlink=1) “had his hands
on” one of the first copies of Judah Alkalai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Alkalai)‘s 1857 work
prescribing the “return of the Jews to the Holy Land and renewed glory of Jerusalem”. Contemporary
scholars conclude that Herzl’s own implementation of modern Zionism was undoubtedly influenced by
that relationship. Herzl’s grandparents’ graves in Semlin can still be visited. Alkalai himself witnessed
the rebirth of Serbia from Ottoman rule in the early and mid-19th century and was inspired by the
Serbian uprising and subsequent re-creation of Serbia.
In June 25, 1889, he married Julie Naschauer, daughter of a wealthy Jewish businessman in Vienna. The
marriage was unhappy, although three children were born to it: Paulina, Hans and Margaritha (Trude).
Herzl had a strong attachment to his mother, who was unable to get along with his wife. These
difficulties were increased by the political activities of his later years, in which his wife took little
interest.[51] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-51)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_28527_Herzl_with_his_kids.jpg)
Herzl and his children in 1900
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzl_with_daughters.jpg)
Herzl and his children on a trip in 1900
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_32009_Herzl_statue_in_Dimona.JPG)
Herzl Statue in Dimona
His daughter Paulina suffered from mental illness and drug addiction. She died in 1930 at the age of 40
of a heroin (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin)overdose.[52]
His only son Hans was given a secular upbringing and Herzl notably refused to allow him to be
circumcised.[53] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-53)[54]
After Herzl’s early death, Hans successively
converted [56] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-56) and became a Baptist, then a
Catholic, and flirted with other Protestant denominations. He sought a personal salvation for his own
religious needs and a universal solution, as had his father, to Jewish suffering caused by antisemitism.
Hanz Herzl voluntarily had himself circumcised May 29, 1905;[57]
(https://en wikipedia org/wiki/Theodor Herzl#cite note 57)

Hans shot himself to death on the day of his
[58]
sister Paulina’s funeral; he was 39 years old.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-aish63-58)
Hans left a suicide note explaining his reasons.
“A Jew remains a Jew, no matter how eagerly he may submit himself to the disciplines of his new
religion, how humbly he may place the redeeming cross upon his shoulders for the sake of his former
coreligionists, to save them from eternal damnation: a Jew remains a Jew. … I can’t go on living. I
have lost all trust in God. All my life I’ve tried to strive for the truth, and must admit today at the end
of the road that there is nothing but disappointment. Tonight I have said Kaddish for my parents—
and for myself, the last descendant of the family. There is nobody who will say Kaddish for me, who
went out to find peace—and who may find peace soon. … My instinct has latterly gone all wrong,
and I have made one of those irreparable mistakes, which stamp a whole life with failure. Then it is
[59] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-59)[60]
best to scrap it.”
In 2006 the remains of Paulina and Hans were moved from Bordeaux
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux), France, and reburied not far from their father on Mt. Herzl.
[58] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-aish63-58)[61]
Paulina and Hans had little contact with their young sister, “Trude” (Margarethe, 1893–1943). She
married Richard Neumann, a man 17 years her elder. Neumann lost his fortune in the Great Depression
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression). Burdened by the steep costs of hospitalizing Trude,
who suffered from severe bouts of depressive illness that required repeated hospitalization, the
Neumanns’ financial life was precarious. The Nazis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis) sent Trude
and Richard to the Theresienstadt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt) concentration camp
where they died. Her body was burned (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremated).[58]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-aish63-58) (Her mother, who died in 1907, was
cremated. Her ashes were lost by accident).
At the request of his father Richard Neumann, Trude’s son (Herzl’s only grandchild), Stephan Theodor
Neumann, (1918–1946) was sent for his safety to England in 1935 to the Viennese Zionists and the Zionist
Executive in Israel based there . The
Neumanns deeply feared for the safety of their only child as violent Austrian antisemitism expanded. In
England he read extensively about his grandfather. Zionism had not been a significant part of his
background in Austria, but Stephan became an ardent Zionist, was the only descendant of Theodor
Herzl to have become one. Anglicizing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicizing) his name to Stephen
Norman, during World War II, Norman enlisted in the British Army
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army) rising to the rank of Captain
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)) in the Royal Artillery
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery). In late 1945 and early 1946 he took the opportunity to
visit the British Mandate of Palestine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Palestine) “to
see what my grandfather had started.” He wrote in his diary extensively about his trip. What most
impressed him was the “look of freedom” on the faces of the children, which were not like the sallow
look of those from the concentration camps
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps) of Europe. He wrote upon leaving Israel,
“My visit to Israel is over. … It is said that to go away is to die a little. And I know that when I went
away from Erez Israel, I died a little. But sure, then, to return is somehow to be reborn. And I will
return.”[64] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-64)
Norman planned to return to Israel following his military discharge. The Zionist Executive had worked
for years through Dr. L. Lauterbach to get Norman to come to Israel as a symbol of Herzl’s returning.[65]
Operation Agatha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Agatha) of June 29, 1946, precluded that

possibility: British military and police fanned out throughout Israel and arrested Jewish activists. About
2,700 individuals were arrested. On July 2, 1946, Norman wrote to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn in Haifa. Her
father, Jacob Kahn, had been a good friend of Herzl and a well-known Dutch banker before the war.
Norman wrote, “I intend to go to Israel on a long visit in the future, in fact as soon as passport & permit
regulations permit. But the dreadful news of the last two days have done nothing to make this
easier.”[66] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-66) He never did return to Israel.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodor-Herzl.svg)
Artistic face of Herzl
Demobilized from the British army in late spring 1946, without money or job and despondent about his
future, Norman followed the advice of Dr.Selig Brodetsky
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selig_Brodetsky). Dr. H. Rosenblum, the editor of Haboker, a Tel Aviv
daily that later became Yediot Aharonot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yediot_Aharonot), noted in late
1945 that Dr. Weizmann deeply resented the sudden intrusion and reception of Norman when he
arrived in Britain. Norman spoke to the Zionist conference in London. Haboker reported, “Something
similar happened at the Zionist conference in London. The Chairman suddenly announced to the
meeting that in the hall there was Herzl’s grandson who wanted to say a few words. The introduction
was made in an absolutely dry and official way. It was felt that the chairman looked for—and found—
some stylistic formula which would satisfy the visitor without appearing too cordial to anybody among
the audience. In spite of that there was a great thrill in the hall when Norman mounted on the platform
of the praesidium. At that moment, Dr.Weizmann turned his back on the speaker and remained in this
[67]
[67]
bodily and mental attitude until the guest had finished his speech.”
The 1945 article went on to note that
Norman was snubbed by Weizmann and by some in Israel during his visit because of ego, jealousy,
vanity and their own personal ambitions. Brodetsky was Chaim Weizman’s principal ally and supporter
in Britain.
Chaim Weizmann secured for Norman a desirable but minor position with the British Economic and
Scientific Mission in Washington, D.C. In late August 1946, shortly after arriving in Washington, he
learned that his family had perished. Norman had re-established contact with his old nanny in Vienna,
Wuth, who told him what happened.
68)
Norman became deeply depressed over the fate of his family and his inability to help the Jewish
people “languishing” in the European camps. Unable to endure his suffering any further, he jumped to
his death from the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_C._Glover_Memorial_Bridge) in Washington, D.C. on November
26, 1946.
Norman was buried by the Jewish Agency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency) in

Washington, D.C. His tombstone read simply, ‘Stephen Theodore Norman, Captain Royal Artillery
British Army, Grandson of Theodor Herzl, April 21, 1918 − November 26, 1946’.[69]
Norman was the only member of Herzl’s
family to have been a Zionist, been to Israel and openly stated his desire to return.
On December 5, 2007, sixty-one years after his death, he was reburied with his family on Mt. Herzl, in
[70] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-70)[71]
the Plot for Zionist Leaders.
The Stephen Norman garden on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem—the only memorial in the world to a Herzl
other than Theodor Herzl—was dedicated on May 2, 2012 by the Jerusalem Foundation and the Jewish
American Society for Historic Preservation.
75)
On one of the walls of the garden, located between the Herzl Museum and the Herzl Educational
Center, is a quote from Norman from when he visited Israel in 1946. The quote sums up the meaning of
Zionism and Israel.
“You will be amazed at the Jewish Youth in Palestine … they have the look of freedom.”
Writings[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg)
Title page of Der Judenstaat. 1896
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altneuland.jpg)
Title page ofAltneuland. 1902
Beginning in late 1895, Herzl wrote Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews). The small book was initially
published February 14, 1896, in Leipzig, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, by M. Breitenstein’s Verlags-
Buchhandlung. It is subtitled “Versuch einer modernen Lösung der Judenfrage“, (“Proposal of a modern
solution for the Jewish question”). Der Judenstaat proposed the structure and beliefs of what political
Zionism was.
Herzl’s solution was the creation of a Jewish state. In the book he outlined his reasoning for the need to
reestablish the historic Jewish state.
“The idea I have developed in this pamphlet is an ancient one: It is the restoration of the Jewish State …”
“The decisive factor is our propelling force. And what is that force? The plight of the Jews. … I am
profoundly convinced that I am right, though I doubt whether I shall live to see myself proved so. Those
who today inaugurate this movement are unlikely to live to see its glorious culmination. But the very
inauguration is enough to inspire in them a high pride and the joy of an inner liberation of their
existence …”
“The plan would seem mad enough if a single individual were to undertake it; but if many Jews
simultaneously agree on it, it is entirely reasonable, and its achievement presents no difficulties worth
mentioning. The idea depends only on the number of its adherents. Perhaps our ambitious young men,
to whom every road of advancement is now closed, and for whom the Jewish state throws open a bright
prospect of freedom, happiness, and honor, perhaps they will see to it that this idea is spread …”
“It depends on the Jews themselves whether this political document remains for the present a political
romance. If this generation is too dull to understand it rightly, a future, finer, more advanced generation
will arise to comprehend it. The Jews who will try it shall achieve their State; and they will deserve it …”
“I consider the Jewish question neither a social nor a religious one, even though it sometimes takes these
and other forms. It is a national question, and to solve it we must first of all establish it as an
international political problem to be discussed and settled by the civilized nations of the world in
council.
“We are a people—one people.
“We have sincerely tried everywhere to merge with the national communities in which we live, seeking
only to preserve the faith of our fathers. It is not permitted us. In vain are we loyal patriots, sometimes
superloyal; in vain do we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our fellow citizens; in vain do
we strive to enhance the fame of our native lands in the arts and sciences, or her wealth by trade and
commerce. In our native lands where we have lived for centuries we are still decried as aliens, often by
men whose ancestors had not yet come at a time when Jewish sighs had long been heard in the country
…”
“Oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. No nation on earth has endured such struggles and
sufferings as we have. Jew-baiting has merely winnowed out our weaklings; the strong among us
defiantly return to their own whenever persecution breaks out …”
“Wherever we remain politically secure for any length of time, we assimilate. I think this is not
praiseworthy …”
“Israel is our unforgettable historic homeland …”
“Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who will it shall achieve their State. We shall live
at last as free men on our own soil, and in our own homes peacefully die. The world will be liberated by
our freedom, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt there for
our own benefit will redound mightily and beneficially to the good of all mankind.”[77]
His last literary work, Altneuland (in English: The Old New Land
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_New_Land), 1902), is a novel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel) devoted to Zionism. Herzl occupied his free time for three years in
writing what he believed might be accomplished by 1923. Though the form is that of a romance, It is less
a novel than a serious forecast of what could be done within one generation. The keynotes of the story
are love of Zion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion) and insistence upon the fact that the suggested
changes in life are not utopian but to be brought about simply by grouping all the best efforts and ideals
of every race and nation. Each such effort is quoted and referred to in such a manner as to show
that Altneuland, though blossoming through the skill of the Jew, will in reality be the product of the
benevolent efforts of all the members of the human family.
Herzl envisioned a Jewish state that combined modern Jewish culture with the best of the European
heritage. Thus a “Palace of Peace” would be built in Jerusalem to arbitrate international disputes, and at
the same time the Temple (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem) would be rebuilt
on modern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_history) principles. Herzl did not envision the
Jewish inhabitants of the state as being religious (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious), but there was
respect for religion in the public sphere. He also assumed that many languages would be spoken, and
that Hebrew (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew) would not be the main tongue. Proponents of a
Jewish cultural rebirth, such as Ahad Ha’am (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am), were critical
of Altneuland.
In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee any conflict between Jews

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) and Arabs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs). One of the main
characters in Altneuland is a Haifa engineer, Reshid Bey, who is one of the leaders of the “New Society”.
He is very grateful to his Jewish neighbors for improving the economic condition of Israel and sees no
cause for conflict. All non-Jews have equal rights, and an attempt by a fanatical rabbi to disenfranchise
the non-Jewish citizens of their rights fails in the election which is the center of the main political plot of
the novel.[78] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-78)
Herzl also envisioned the future Jewish state to be a “third way” between capitalism and socialism, with
a developed welfare program and public ownership of the main natural resources. Industry, agriculture
and trade were organized on a cooperative basis. Along with many other progressive Jews of the day,
such as Emma Lazarus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus), Louis Brandeis
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis), Albert Einstein
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein), and Franz Oppenheimer
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Oppenheimer), Herzl desired to enact the land reforms proposed
by the American political economist Henry George (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George).
[79]
Specifically, they called for a land value tax (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax).
He called his mixed economic model
“Mutualism”, a term derived from French utopian socialist
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialist) thinking. Women would have equal voting rights
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage)—as they had in the Zionist movement from the
Second Zionist Congress onwards.
In Altneuland, Herzl outlined his vision for a new Jewish state in the Land of Israel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel). He summed up his vision of an open society:
“It is founded on the ideas which are a common product of all civilized nations. … It would be
immoral if we would exclude anyone, whatever his origin, his descent, or his religion, from
participating in our achievements. For we stand on the shoulders of other civilized peoples. … What
we own we owe to the preparatory work of other peoples. Therefore, we have to repay our debt.
There is only one way to do it, the highest tolerance. Our motto must therefore be, now and ever:
‘Man, you are my brother.'”[80] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Zion_p.185-
80)
“If you will it, it is no dream.” a phrase from Herzl’s book Old New Land, became a popular slogan
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan) of the Zionist movement—the striving for a Jewish National
Home in Israel.[81] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-81)
In his novel, Herzl wrote about an electoral campaign in the new state. He directed his wrath against the
nationalist party, which wished to make the Jews a privileged class in Israel. Herzl regarded that as a
betrayal of Zion, for Zion was identical to him with humanitarianism and tolerance—and that this was
true in politics as well as religion. Herzl wrote:
“Matters of faith were once and for all excluded from public influence. … Whether anyone sought
religious devotion in the synagogue, in the church, in the mosque, in the art museum, or in a
philharmonic concert, did not concern society. That was his [own] private affair.” [80]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Zion_p.185-80)
Altneuland was written both for Jews and non-Jews: Herzl wanted to win over non-Jewish opinion for
Zionism.[82] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-leonhard-82) When he was still
thinking of Argentina (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina) as a possible venue for massive Jewish
immigration, he wrote in his diary:
“When we occupy the land, we shall bring immediate benefits to the state that receives us. We must
expropriate gently the private property on the estates assigned to us. We shall try to spirit the
penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries, while
denying it any employment in our country. The property owners will come over to our side. Both the
process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discretely and
circumspectly … It goes without saying that we shall respectfully tolerate persons of other faiths and
protect their property, their honor, and their freedom with the harshest means of coercion. This is
another area in which we shall set the entire world a wonderful example … Should there be many
such immovable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their property to us], we shall
simply leave them there and develop our commerce in the direction of other areas which belong to
us”,[83] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-83)
Herzl’s draft of a charter for a Jewish-Ottoman Land Company (JOLC) gave the JOLC the right to obtain
land in Israel by giving its owners comparable land elsewhere in the Ottoman empire
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire).
The name “Tel Aviv” was the title given to the Hebrew translation of Altneuland by the
translator, Nahum Sokolow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Sokolow). This name comes
from Ezekiel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel) 3:15 and means tell
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology))—an ancient mound formed when a town is built on
its own debris for thousands of years—of spring. The name was later applied to the new town built
outside Jaffa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa,_Israel)that became Tel Aviv-Yafo
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Yafo) the second-largest city in Israel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel). The nearby city to the north, Herzliya
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya), was named in honour of Herzl.
List of works[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Norman_Garden_Marker_Mt._Herzl,_Jerusalem.jpg)
Books
The Jewish State (Der Judenstaat) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat), (1896) full text online
(https://archive.org/details/ajewishstateana00aviggoog)
The Old New Land (Altneuland) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_New_Land), (1902)
Plays[84] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-84)[85]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Balsam-85)
Kompagniearbeit, comedy in one act, Vienna 1880
Die Causa Hirschkorn, comedy in one act, Vienna 1882
Tabarin, comedy in one act, Vienna 1884
Muttersöhnchen, in four acts, Vienna 1885 (Later: “Austoben” by H. Jungmann)
Seine Hoheit, comedy in three acts, Vienna 1885
Der Flüchtling, comedy in one act, Vienna 1887
Wilddiebe, comedy in four acts, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1888
Was wird man sagen?, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1890
Die Dame in Schwarz, comedy in four acts, in co-authorship with H. Wittmann, Vienna 1890
Prinzen aus Genieland, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1891
Die Glosse, comedy in one act, Vienna 1895
Das Neue Ghetto, drama in four acts, Vienna 1898. Herzl’s only play with Jewish characters.[85]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_note-Balsam-85) Translated as The New
Ghetto by Heinz Norden, New York 1955
Unser Kätchen, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
Gretel, comedy in four acts, Vienna 1899
I love you, comedy in one act, Vienna 1900
Solon in Lydien, drama in three acts, Vienna 1905
Other
Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) excerpt and text search
(https://books.google.com/books?
id=2RhB8hgyK4UC&dq=inauthor:herzl&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_max
m_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3)
Herzl, Theodor. Philosophische Erzählungen Philosophical Stories (1900), ed. by Carsten Schmidt.
new edition Lexikus Publ. 2011, ISBN 978-3-940206-29-9
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783940206299)
Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895-1904
(https://archive.org/details/theodorherzlsta00herzgoog), Volume: 1
Herzl, Theodor (1922): Theodor Herzls tagebücher, 1895-1904
(https://archive.org/details/theodorherzlstag02herzuoft), Volume: 2
See also[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Gathering of Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel)

Jewish diaspora (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora)
Return to Zion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Zion)
References[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
1. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-1) Theodor’s father and

grandfather were born in Zemun. See Loker, Zvi (2007).“Zemun”
(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0021_0_21490.html). In Berenbaum,
Michael; Skolnik, Fred. Encyclopedia Judaica. 1 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 507–508.
Retrieved 2013-11-01.
2. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-2) “Theodor Herzl – Background”
(http://aboutisrael.co.il/eng/site.php?site_id=281&parent_id=279). About Israel. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
3. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-3) Herzl, Theodor (January
1898). “An Autobiography” (http://archive.thejc.com/search/pages.jsp?
issue=JANUARY%2014%201898). London Jewish Chronicle(1,502). p. 20. Retrieved 2008-03-18. I was born
in 1860 in Budapest in a house next to the synagogue where lately the rabbi denounced me from the pulpit in
very sharp terms (…)
4. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-4) Herzl, Theodor (1960). “Herzl
Speaks: His Mind on Issues, Events and Men”
(https://web.archive.org/web/20051119183728/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?
id=1634).Herzl Institute Pamphlet. New York: The Herzl Press. 16. Archived from the original
(http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1634) on 19 November 2005. I went … to the
synagogue [in Paris] and found the services once again solemn and moving. Much reminded me of my youth
[dead link (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)]
and the Tabakgasse synagogue in Pest.
5. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-5) Chouraqui, André. A Man
Alone: The Life of Theodor Herzl. Keter Books, 1970, p. 11.
6. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-6) Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p.21-
22, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.ISBN 978-0-03-013126-4
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030131264).
7. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-7) Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p. 23,
New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-013126-4
8. ^ Jump up to:a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Buruma.2C_Ian_page_180_8-
0) b (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Buruma.2C_Ian_page_180_8-1) Buruma,
Ian Anglomania An European Love Affair, New York: Vintage Books, 1998 page 180.
9. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-9) Herzl Museum: Herzl – A Man
of His Times (http://www.herzl.org/english/Article.aspx?Item=515&Section=491)
10. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-10) “Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)”
(http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/PEOPLE/BIOS/herzl.html). Jewish Agency for Israel
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel). Retrieved 2009-08-08.He received a doctorate in law
in 1884 and worked for a short while in courts in Vienna and Salzburg.
11. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-11) M. Reich-Ranicki, Mein Leben,
(München 2001, DTV GmbH & C0. – ISBN 3-423-12830-5
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3423128305)), p.64.
12. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-12) Cohn, Henry J., “Theodor
Herzl’s Conversion to Zionism,” Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr., 1970), pp. 101-110, Indiana
University Press,http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466575 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466575)
13. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-13) Hoare, Liam, “Did Dreyfus
Affair Really Inspire Herzl?,” February 26, 2014, ‘The Forward’, http://forward.com/the-
assimilator/193316/did-dreyfus-affair-really-inspire-herzl/ (http://forward.com/the-
assimilator/193316/did-dreyfus-affair-really-inspire-herzl/)
14. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-14) Jacques Kornberg, “Theodor
Herzl: A Reevaluation,” Journal of Modern History, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Jun., 1980), pp. 226–252 Published
by the University of Chicago Press jstor.org (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1878229)
15. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-15) The Hapsburg Monarchy
(London 1914), p.188
16. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-16) Rubenstein, Richard L., and
Roth, John K. (2003). Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy, p.94. Louisville. Kentucky:
Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22353-2
17. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-17) Kornberg, Jacques (December 1,
1993). Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism (https://books.google.com/?
id=31LMY9S8IBIC&pg=PA98&lpg=PA98&dq=%22Karl+Lueger%22+herzl&q=%22Karl%20Lueger%22%20
herzl). Jewish Literature and Culture. Bloomington, Indiana
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana): Indiana University Press
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press). pp. 193–194. ISBN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 978-0-253-33203-5
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33203-5). Retrieved 2009-08-08. “Thus, for the
time being, antisemitism is alien to the French people, and they are unable to comprehend it …
By contrast, several months later … Herzl was to offer a far different assessment of antisemitism in Austria, as
a power and mainline movement on an upward course. Moreover, his fury over Austrian antisemitism had no
parallel in his reaction to French antisemitism.
18. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-18) Vital, ‘A People Apart,’ vol.2,
p.439
19. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-19) Royal Commission on Alien
Immigration, ‘Minutes of Evidence’, 7 July 1902, p.211
20. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-20) Cleveland, William L. A
History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p.224
21. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-21) [Cleveland, William L. A
History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p.224]
22. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-22) Chief Rabbi of Vienna, Moritz
Gudemann, “Since the Destruction of the Second Temple, the Jews have ceased to be a political-
national identity”, from Gudemann, National Judentum, (1897);M Graens, ‘Jewry in Modern Period’,
in eds., Frankell & Zipperstein, p.162
23. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-23) Herzl, Der Judenstaat, cited by
C.D. Smith, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2001, 4th ed., p. 53
24. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-24) “The Project Gutenberg eBook of
The Jewish State, by Theodor Herzl.” (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25282/25282-h/25282-
h.htm).gutenberg.org.
25. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-25) Norman Rose, A Senseless,
Squalid War: Voices from Israel, 1945–1948, The Bodley Head, London, 2009, p.2)
a b
26. ^ Jump up to: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-jewishmag.com_26-0)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-jewishmag.com_26-1) Jerry Klinger (July
2010). “Reverend William H. Hechler—The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl”
(http://jewishmag.com/145mag/herzl_hechler/herzl_hechler.htm). Jewish Magazine. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
27. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-27) The Diaries of Theodor Herzl,
edited by Marvin Lowenthal, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Peter Smith Pub., 1978 p. 105
a b
28. ^ Jump up to: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-1) London Daily Mail Friday
November 18, 1898 “An Eastern Surprise: Important Result of the Kaiser’s Tour: Sultan and Emperor
Agreed in Palestine: Benevolent Sanction Given to the Zionist Movement One of the most important
results, if not the most important, of the Kaiser’s visit to Palestine is the immense impetus it has given
to Zionism, the movement for the return of the Jews to Palestine. The gain to this cause is the greater
since it is immediate, but perhaps more important still is the wide political influence which this
Imperial action is like to have. It has not been generally reported that when the Kaiser visited
Constantinople, Dr. Herzl, the head of the Zionist movement, was there; again when the Kaiser
entered Jerusalem, he found Dr.Herzl there. These were no mere coincidences, but the visible signs of
accomplished facts.” Herzl had achieved political legitimacy.
29. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-29) Reuben R Hecht, When the
Shofar sounds (https://books.google.com/books?id=rxZ2-86V6fEC&pg=PA43), 2006, p.43
30. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-30) Philip Michael Nevlenski
31. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-31) “Time Line”
(http://www.herzl.org/english/timeline.aspx?s=7). Herzl.org. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
32. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-32) “Time Line”
(http://www.herzl.org/english/timeline.aspx?s=8). Herzl.org. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
33. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-33) Friedman, Isaiah. “Herzl,
Theodor.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 9. Detroit:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 63. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2016
34. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-34) ‘Complete Diaries of Theodor
Herzl’ ed. Raphael Patai, transl. Harry Zohn, in 5 vols, (NY 1960), 5 July 1896 and 28 June 1895, i,
p.190
35. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-35) Vital, p.442
36. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-36) in Der Judenstaat: Versuch einer
modernen Losung der Judenfrage (An Attempt at a Modern Solution to the Jewish Question)
37. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-37) transl. A Russian Jew’s urgent
warning to his kinsfolk
38. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-38) “Theodor Herzl in Jerusalem,
Just Prior to Meeting With German Emperor Wilhelm II…” (http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?
169209). Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
39. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-39) Herzl had written in his diary
of the necessity for world power recognition. March 11, 1896″
40. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-40) Ginsberg, Michael Peled; Ron,
Moshe (June 2004). Shattered Vessels: Memory, Identity, and Creation in the Work of David Shahar
(https://books.google.com/?
id=Ju3K_gXrAF8C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=mahanayim+house+frutiger+jerusalem&q=mahanayim%20hou
se%20frutiger%20jerusalem). State University of New York Press. ISBN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5919-5).
41. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-41) Kaiser Wilhelm II had assured
Herzl of his support for the Jewish protectorate under Germany when they had met privately in
Istanbul a week earlier. By the time of their public meetings at Mikveh Israel and Jerusalem, the
Kaiser had changed his mind. Herzl had thought he had failed. In the eyes of public opinion he had
not.
42. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-42) Schneer, The Balfour
Declaration, p.111
43. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-43) Schneer, p.112
44. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-44) Catholicism, France and
Zionism: 1895-1904 (http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol4num1/dhadley/)
45. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-45) Laqueur, Walter. The History
of Zionism. London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2003. p. 111
46. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-46) Schneer, p.113-4
47. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-47) David Vital, A People and a
State (1999), p.448
48. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-48) Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, pp.
400–1, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.ISBN 978-0-03-013126-4
49. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-49) ‘Obituary’, The Times,
Thursday, July 7, 1904; p. 10; Issue 37440; col B.
50. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-50) Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p.
402, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-013126-4
51. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-51) Theodor Herzl
(http://www.wowessays.com/dbase/ae4/smr275.shtml) on WowEssays.com
52. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-52) Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl, p.
403, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-013126-4
53. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-53) Rogaia Mustafa
Abusharaf,Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007),
p.51
54. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-54) The Gender Of Desire: Essays
On Male Sexuality, By Michael S. Kimmel, SUNY Press, 2005, p.181
55. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-55) Stewart, D., Theodor
Herzl (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1974), p. 202
56. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-56) “Einstein on Theodor Herzl’s
Son, Hans’ Conversion and Suicide” (http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-on-jewish-identity-
assimilation-and-herzl-son-conversion-and-suicide). Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
57. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-57) Princes Without a Home:
Modern Zionism and the Strange Fate of Theodor Herzl’s children, Ilse Sternberger, p.125
a b
58. ^ Jump up to: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-aish63_58-0)
c
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-aish63_58-1)
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-aish63_58-2) Rabbi Ken Spiro (February 2,
2002). “Crash Course in Jewish History Part 63 – Modern Zionism”
(http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_63_-
_Modern_Zionism.asp). Aish HaTorah. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
59. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-59) Princes Without a Home, by
Isle Sternberger
60. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-60) “Manta – Rediscover America’s
Small Business” (http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6909579/Stephen-Theodore-Norman-the-
last.html). Manta. Goliath.ecnext.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
61. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-61) Herzl’s children to be
disinterred on Tuesday in Bordeaux, France haaretz.com
(http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/764120.html)
62. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-62) Fulfilling Historical Justice:
Herzl’s Children Come Home, jewishagency.org
(http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Chairman/Archive/2006/sep25.h
tm)Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092006/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/
Home/About/Chairman/Archive/2006/sep25.htm) January 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine).
63. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-63) Zionist Archives letters of
Richard Neumann
64. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-64) Stephen Norman, ‘Airstop in
Israel’ azure.org.il (http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=40)
65. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-65) Central Zionist Archives-
extensive documentary exchange between Lauterbach and Norman 1936−1946
66. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-66) Central Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem, Papers of Stephen Norman, July 2, 1946, letter to Mrs.Stybovitz-Kahn
67. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-67) Haboker 10-26-1945.
Document amongst the papers of Stephen Norman at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem
68. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-68) Central Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem, August, 1946,
69. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-69) “These Children Bore the
Mark of Freedom,” by Jerry Klinger, Theodor Herzl Foundation, in Midstream, a bi-monthly Jewish
review, May/June 2007, pp.21–24,ISSN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number) 0026-332X
(https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-332X)
70. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-70) Anshel Pfeffer and Haaretz
Service (5 December 2007). “Theodor Herzl’s only grandson reinterred in J’lem cemetery”
(http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/931424.html). Haaretz.com.
71. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-71) Richard Greenberg,
Washington Jewish Week, June 27, 2007, “Zionist set to come ‘home’: Herzl’s grandson slated to be
reburied in Israel”
72. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-72) Jerry Klinger, “A Zionist who
deserves to come home”, Jerusalem Post, Feb. 12, 2003 Crash Course in Jewish History Part 63 –
Modern Zionism
(http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_63_-
_Modern_Zionism.asp) at http://www.aish.com (http://www.aish.com)
73. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-73) Guttman, Nathan (August 29,
2007). “Jerusalem Plans a Hero’s Burial to Long Deceased Grandson of Herzl”
(http://www.forward.com/articles/11507). The Jewish Daily Forward
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward).
74. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-74) Jerry Klinger, President of the
Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation, was the principle organizer behind the five year
reburial effort.
75. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-75) “Jewish-american-society-for-
historic-preservation.org” (http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/thelastherzl.html).
Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
76. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-76) Cleveland, William L. A
History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p. 223
77. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-77) “Jewishvirtuallibrary.org”
(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/herzlex.html). Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-
10-26.
78. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-78) Avineri, Shlomo
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri) (September 2, 2009). “Herzl’s vision of racism”
(http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1062723.html). Haaretz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz).
79. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-79) “Henry George and Zionism”
(http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779). Jewish Currents.
80. ^ Jump up to:a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Zion_p.185_80-0) b
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Zion_p.185_80-1) ‘Zion & the Jewish National
Idea’, in Zionism Reconsidered, Macmillan, 1970 PB, p.185
81. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-81) “Brandeis.edu”
(http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2010/may/orenaddress.html). Brandeis.edu. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
82. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-leonhard_82-0) L.C.M. van der
Hoeven Leonhard, ‘Shlomo and David, Israel, 1907’, in From Haven to Conquest, 1971, W. Khalidi (ed.),
pp.118–19.
83. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-83) ‘The Complete Diaries of
Theodor Herzl’, vol.1 (New York: Herzl Press and Thomas Yoseloff, 1960), pp.88, 90 hereafter Herzl
diaries.
84. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-84) “Theodor Herzl 2004”
(http://www.jafi.org.il/education/herzl/bibliography.html#1). The Department for Jewish Zionist Education.
85. ^ Jump up to:a (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Balsam_85-0) b
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-Balsam_85-1) Balsam, Mashav. “Theodor Herzl:
From the Theatre Stage to The Stage of Life” (http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?
articleID=2033). All About Jewish Theatre. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Bibliography[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
Primary and secondary sources[edit

Biographies of Theodor Herzl[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Avineri, Shlomo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri) (2013). Herzl: Theodor Herzl and the

Foundation of the Jewish State. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 978-0297868804
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297868804).
Falk, Avner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avner_Falk) (1993). Herzl, King of the Jews: A Psychoanalytic
Biography of Theodor Herzl. Washington: University Press of America. ISBN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-8191-8925-1
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-8925-1).
Elon, Amos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Elon) (1975). Herzl. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-03-013126-X
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-013126-X).
Elon, Amos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Elon). The Israelis: Founders and Sons.
Elon, Amos (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Elon). Jerusalem: City of Mirrors.
Alex Bein (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bein) (1934). Theodor Herzl: Biographie. mit 63 Bildern und
einer Ahnentafel, de icon.
Bein, Alex (1941). Maurice Samuel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Samuel), ed. Theodor Herzl: A
Biography of the Founder of the Modern Zionism.
Leon Kellner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Kellner) (1920). Theodor Herzls Lehrjahre 1860-1895.
Vienna.
Beller, Steven (2004). Herzl.
Brenner, Michael; Frisch, Shelley (2003). Zionism: A Brief History.
Elon, Amos (1975). Herzl.
Roth, John K. (2003). Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy. Louisville, Kentucky:
Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-
664-22353-2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22353-2).
Pawel, Ernst (1992). The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl.
Vital, David (April 1980). The Origins of Zionism (https://books.google.com/?
id=4XV9tgWpPt8C&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=%22Karl+Lueger%22+herzl&q=%22Karl%20Lueger%22%
20herzl) (Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press). ISBN
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827439-1). Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Articles[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
Avineri, Shlomo (1999). “Herzl’s Diaries as a Bildungsroman”. Jewish Social Studies. 3(2): 1–46.
Friedman, Isaiah (2004). “Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements”. Israel Studies. 9(3): 46–79,
online in EBSCO (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO).
Kornberg, Jacques (June 1980). “Theodor Herzl: A Reevaluation”. Journal of Modern History. University of
Chicago Press. 52 (2). JSTOR (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR) 1878229
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1878229).
Films[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
Otto Kreisler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kreisler). Theodor Herzl

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl_(film)).
External links[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

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Literature by and about Theodor Herzl in University Library JCS Frankfurt am Main: Digital
Collections Judaica (http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/judaica/search/quick?
query=theodor+herzl&lang=en)
On Herzl’s Diaries (http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jewish_social_studies/v005/5.3avineri.html), Shlomo
Avineri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri)
Original Letters and Primary Sources from Theodor Herzl (http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?
169181) Shapell Manuscript Foundation
About Israel – Herzl Now (http://www.aboutisrael.co.il/eng/site_intro.php?parent_id=279)
Works by Herzl in German at German-language Wikisource
(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Theodor_Herzl)
Zionism and the creation of modern Israel (http://www.zionism-israel.com/zionism_history.htm)
Biography of Theodor Herzl (http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/biography_herzl.htm)
Herzl’s Centenary and Award
(http://www.doingzionism.org.il/doingzionism/about_us/program.asp?id=20)
Herzl family
(http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewis
h+History/Herzl/The+Doomed+Dynasty.htm)
The personal papers of Theodor Herzl are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem
(http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/ZA/pMainE.aspx)
Famous Hungarian Jews: Herzl Tivadar (http://jewish.hu/view.php?clabel=herzl_tivadar)
Theodor Herzl: Visions of Israel (http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/03/29/theodor-herzl-visions-of-
israel/), Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Abramson)
Works by Theodor Herzl (https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Herzl,+Theodor) at Project Gutenberg
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg)
Works by or about Theodor Herzl (https://archive.org/search.php?
query=%28%28subject%3A%22Herzl%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodor%20He
rzl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herzl%2C%20Theodor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodor%2
0Herzl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Herzl%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodor%20
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Theodor%20Herzl%22%29%20OR%20%28%221860-
1904%22%20AND%20Herzl%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive)
Works by Theodor Herzl (http://librivox.org/author/4901) at LibriVox
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox) (public domain audiobooks)
Theodor Herzl Personal Manuscripts and Letters (http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-
Figures/Herzl-Theodor)
WorldCat Identities (https://www.worldc
VIAF (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtu
(https://viaf.org/viaf/76317061)
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(http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n5003
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Theodor Herzl Zionist Founder

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Theodor Herzl Zionist Founder

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https://thetruthisthelight.home.

The Truth is the LIGHT

Theodor Herzl ZIONIST FOUNDER.

While Herzl is often mistakenly identified as the first major Zionist

Early life[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Herzl and his family, c. 1866–1873

He was born in Pest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary), the eastern part of Budapest

As a youth, Herzl aspired to follow in the footsteps of Ferdinand de Lesseps

After a brief legal career in the University of Vienna

Zionist intellectual and activist[edit

A plaque marking the birthplace of Theodor Herzl, Dohány Street Synagogue

According to Henry Wickham Steed (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham_Steed), Herzl was initially

A philosophy for a homeland[edit

In Der Judenstaat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat) he writes:

The book concludes:

Diplomatic liaison with the Ottomans[edit

On March 10, 1896, Herzl was visited by Reverend William Hechler

A sketch in Herzl’s Diary of a proposed flag for the Zionist

Herzl on board a vessel reaching the shores of Palestine, 1898

A World Congress[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

His work on Autoemancipation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoemancipation) was pre-figured by a

He fared best with Israel Zangwill (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Zangwill), and Max Nordau

Herzl, Zionism and the Holy Land[edit

Death and burial[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Herzl’s grave in 1921

First grave of Theodor Herzl in the cemetery of Döbling

Herzl as a child with his mother Janet and sister Pauline

Herzl and his children in 1900

Herzl and his children on a trip in 1900

Herzl Statue in Dimona

(https://en wikipedia org/wiki/Theodor Herzl#cite note 57)

Hans left a suicide note explaining his reasons.

Operation Agatha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Agatha) of June 29, 1946, precluded that

Artistic face of Herzl

Norman was buried by the Jewish Agency (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency) in

Title page of Der Judenstaat. 1896

Title page ofAltneuland. 1902

“We are a people—one people.

“Israel is our unforgettable historic homeland …”

In Altneuland, Herzl did not foresee any conflict between Jews

List of works[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

See also[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Gathering of Israel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel)

1. Jump up^ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl#cite_ref-1) Theodor’s father and

Primary and secondary sources[edit

Biographies of Theodor Herzl[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Avineri, Shlomo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri) (2013). Herzl: Theodor Herzl and the

Otto Kreisler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kreisler). Theodor Herzl

External links[edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

Find more aboutTheodor_Herzlat Wikipedia’s sister projects

Media from Commons

Quotations from Wikiquote

Texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

1860 births (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1860_births)

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