\lectors © A Vector cs Any Yrantity thet has both Magne tude and direction. \Jector yepre sentation A Vector os Usually represent ed bya Straight Line with an Qssoccated Arrow. “The Rength oF which és fPropertional to éts Magnitude ang the ASssocdated Aé ve ction oe the Arrow 3 cyes the Alrectin °F the Vectoy- Degénition: ‘The Size, Jength, Magnétude, norm or Modulus of Vecter @ ts denoted by llal[ or la] Gnd ¢s represented by the Length a the Line Pe presenting a:Deginition : Vectors a and Lb are Sas eqpal and d to be Cf and only “ fale [5] if A and b are the Same rect joy. Note; Cf Vectors @ and | re Such that lal = (bl bug they are ty oppoci te divect ton, then az —b Cor b=~a). As au Sx ar bte , Po = ~ OP. Q Kn Oo P Definition; bet kK be a real Vumber Scala, ) Goa Vector « The Written as kq ha K zo ang and Preduct oe K and 4G, ¢ feng th kK la| “e ts in the diceetion of OF andLength —Klal “4 Keo and és en @ the ditection Spporite to a, Ercampees + pa _a Aya 2a Oxgentio + => > of AB =a and Bah then the . > Vector Addction AB+ Be ts Such > that ASG + Be 3 = Ac . The diagram is Shown be Lou + b 8 Cc a at b f Sy AE = ath, Thés es Sometimes referred to as the triangle Lary for addition.Nots: @ \) ector Subtraction és Seen as Vector addition in the Sene that =~ => <2 AB-Be = AB+ (-B)=A04e;, Example The paralieloagram ABCD és Shown, B c A D USe Nector Algebra to show that the midpoint of AC and the Midpent of BD Coincide- Sokution 8 b c A D Let AB and Be be Febre sented by a and b Pesbectluelys Furthermore, Let M and N be the Midpocnts of Ac and BDRespectively. We Shal{ Show t hat @ — > AM = AN before CArchuding that Mand N Cotheide« = Now, Ac = Ab+Bc- ath and therefore Csince M és the m dbetnt of Ac AM =L(a4k). pee, one BG = BA + Ab S-G+b+ Furthermore, AN = AB +282 = a + Z (-a +b) = Cath) = gm. Since AM = AN N Coincide. The paral(eLogram o ectors& Position yectorr @ In Atneral, A Vector has ho Spect tc do catdon ¢H Spaces However, if we fox the hocation O they the Vector A = oA és refecred to as the position Ve ctor of A relative to O. i ‘ a the [pesetion Vector og Age CS Zlyen by > — Ae = Ao+oB = -d% + 0B =de_Da. Euan Le USe vector a£sebta to show that A and @B haye hes ‘ Position Vectors @ and b Pectively and C divides the Line AB in the patio Ary fl ns Cc \ 6 “eee the Pesction Victor of C és er CMa+ Ab)Sok éon Consider the diagram below : r¢ C divides the Kine AB én the potio Acv then Ac=_dX Ap ana so Atv Ac A aR - ap (AB = (b-a)- Now, O2 = OA+ AZ a+ A (b-a) ty i MW COA+p)a + ACb-a)] a | (wa tx), At Cw b)\Jectors én RQ C and cn R) SN TB Deginition: A Unit Vester is a Vector whose Magnitude is |. Neorem , A Unit Vector ta the Alpeetion 2° the Non-Zerpo Vector Q és W= 1g, lal Cons! ° der the Usuas Cartesian Axes tn Rs A Unit vector un the Af rection og G+ Uait Vectors én the direction °f oY and Ox are densted by j and K Pespectivedy, —> | OX is denoted by See diag rar below: ZzPo steion Vector of the peint 3 Pom v2) eh YO% Yes 2 Consider the point PCO 2z) © as Shown in the diagram bellows We will Assume, without Loss a generakity that %) 9, BE are aw Positives To get from O to P we May Qo Lrom O to Ay from A t° B and finatty from Bt. 3 Now, OA Cs in the direction ag b and es ¢ Length x Units and So On= xé. >. - AGB iS LM the direction 2g J and os or Length : Az : ep Th J MOts and So AB = YS+ Meso BP Us ththe direction of K and és ¢ LengthiC Z units and seo BP = = Zk. @ Now, the Petition Yector “f P&S Qlven by => OP = OA + AB + BP = oe +t Wt en. Se the Position Vector of the pos nt 76%, 4) 2) € R is given by Op = axe FA + BE and this és opten densted by the Column Vecter Cr ratrex) = € ) Whéech CS Called the z cow ke nent forms Simi fayvly ig PowpeR than the Position Vector of P és given by OP = xe + yj ov oF = (5) _—_ = the Length or Norm oe OP Using Pythagoras’ theorem, we have that fe OP = xityic (3) [opl = xt+yr and Loy OP = xit+ygitme @ [P| = [aoe\oP\ ts the Sength Oy the Nerm %¢ oB- Note: \fectors A and b are Said to be Poranet ie the exists @ peak numbey fA Such thet Q=kb. Note + Vectors A=airajtaK and b= bet mjt+ bk are eqyak cfr their Corresponding Componsnts are yak 5 that cs) a, = b, ») A,= bk, and a, = bs: Encamp, > Givew OAF (1) and ob = () 5 3 5 fing ; . —? ci) | Aal cu) A Unit Vector dn the dfrection % AB.Sohution — = zx = a A= OB -OR = A+B = (2 ys 3 (3 {li )= “1 ) 5 3 2 ~> Note, Ao= —GA- Sy [AOl=]3 + eyez = STH. Ci) A Umit Vector tn the direction a > | - > AGB is u=_l_ Ap |AB\ = 2 2 Jig ( = Jig 2 —1 Tia z vie@ Scalay Product Degini tion ; Foy ang two vectors GA and by» the Scakay product Cor det product) cs denoted by a+b and ts given by A+b= lal} \b| Cos@) where @ csthe Angole between the dévection of Gi and b- b b e a a Note % LU ce GA and b are per pend’ cutar, then the anghe between these Vectors és a Go and (since Cos Fo" = o), A-b = lal] b| cosqe? = O-. Sy G+b=o0+ he Conwavse “£ this resust ¢3 ago true for Yow -tero vectors A and b. That és “f G-b=0 then GA and b are bere nd cular. Note, Since the Angle between q and @ és Beto, and Cosa Zz = lal’ Lb @az latlalcoseTheorem: © Tf A= aAc+ajyt ak ang b= bit khjytbhK then A-b= ab +t ab + 4,6, > the sum CL the Com ponent= wise Products. Note; Wwe have that yd and k are Mutually Perpendicutar Gnd So tye isk = jen co, Furthermore, t-0= je) = Kek = [. Note: Exambfes a b= bea Find the ange betwem the vectors =a —{ = OA = 1 and = [2 A (2) nd OB (): Solution let az he (1) on b= 08 = (2 $ i). () = C1)(2)+ C1)(0) + (3)(s) = 20 +(5 = 13, a+ b= lal ([bl] cose. The re-fere, Cos@ = Geb, wait bil AL se,New, llatl= fara ree = IV and Wbll= Se eoee = He nee, Cos@a (3 ST ay Cherefore, 7 3 = Cosy! ars) = = 43.3 Exam ple 2 he Vectors Q= B¢-J+2k Gud b= Li- 2) 3, Gre Ptr Pendéculay . Determine ¢ he Vasue CL the Constant f- Solution of GA and b are Perpendecutay, GA-b=0- We Sofve ose 2K). (Li-2j-3e)= 0. 2 KL) + CUM-2j) + EZ) = BL CL) 4 20555) = 6K. *K) = 34 (1) F201) 60) = 32 40_ ¢ Were Lore, then 6 =o. Bt~4 =o xy L=4, 3 Sy = 4.\Jectoyv roduct © Deginitions For any Tee yginanco A and by the \ector product bis denoted by Axb and is gtven by Axb= [laltilbll sino’, Whare A is a Unit Ve ctor Per bend cusar to A and b+ N ote: bya=-axy and So ax bt bya. Notes Te aA and b Gre Poratier, then the angte between there Vectors (5 O=O or 1g0° and Ax b= lla (bil sing (or sintgo) =o. The converse SE this resutt fs age true for Non-Zzero vectors GA and b. That ts ‘¢ Axb =0 then A ang b Are Parallel, Theorem: FE GE ue tayt aK and be et hSt bk thenNote: LXy=K, Uxked, kxeaj; ge =-K, Kx J =~¢, ixk =) Gnd xe BOxj= Kxero. K 3 Note: Groing clockwise we have that the Cross Product og the twe vectors cg Positive Whereas 9009 anticheckudce we have that the Ctoss product eg the two Vectors és Negatcue>Example = Bi-jt 2k and be i-2)}-3k, Given a= fing AX lo. Sofution i 3 K -| 2 Wwe have axb= ; to 3 -\ 2 -|3 2 a -l . ~ kK = ft * 5 1-3 + { —-2 2 i(at4) —3(-9-2) t K C6 +1) =i + ily -Sk- For the triangte Ao6- TL OAza = and OB = bs, tha the area of triang fe Aoeg= + llax bli. B Proce ; and fhe = HO+Ge = Oz — oF —> Now, Ae = Of -— on =—@-O@ 2 => uu kK We have that BxAcHl, a 4 2 2-i uo} {i ot _ 4 -j 4 Kil * - a~-l 2a tl 22 =i (4 -2) ~3 (1-2) + K (2-8) = TEETH CK (2) and the ~6 aren 6 AABC=L | ARy RI Ceyt a+ C6)" 3644 36 BE = Lt Ca) | bk pho BE RF = AS Sqare unite. Exan pte vi Posts A, Band C have = OO _, OR= é~Nt2e) B= a: Cespectively. Pesetion Vectors >: -K and OC = ~C +) +4ci) Cakeuhate the Cosine of the angle BAc. a Hence, oy otherwite, ind the aca % Ertan Se A®c- Solutions GQ) Now, Ag = 03—-o" = (@)- a (3) oO [,\ = (2 = 2 z Ac > and AC = OC — OF Bae ce) cose = Ag. Re WABI (Fel Se [2424 G> [ea ee = (DE2) + 203) + eae ty 42) on OC) + 203)4 Gaye Tee ra fT fe — TH £6 -6 = 4 ia te . Ths, cose = Se 7°Ci) The area ¢ SBAc (BAc =0) . ye. Oren = L || ABI [ASI sine. Since Caso a4, O ts obtuse ang 1 G@L50 Since SiS = (— cost then Sine = {L aa) = (-~16 = ang, a 294 234 Tharegore, Sings +4 = = =, Since @ CS Obture (Second Wadrant) and Sing és Positive oS thes Wedrant. Se, the Grea ¢ ABAc = 4-\| AOll | FZ sine = La ras | = £0100) es = 4 4 a J = = 3-26 Son are Units.cnet erties 4 Crocs Product @ Linwing the beep f to unit Matrix Standa Unit Vectors L= Choe), J= t,o) ang Kz (491). The Standard unct Matern lo 9 of 6}. Qo | ix; = Jt 3 kw] Se, txy = 1 oo el = o 10 o Oo <|l oO lo u -—J +k = {1 o° oo o | ((0 -0) -3 (o-o) + K (Ci -o) = Ks for “Soca bhe « Note: The Cases For the others Can also be- Shown«Note+ ee Fov the a fe, @ between Vectors (and Nb the Following holde tue + Cle UV 70 then © le acute, that is, O< 10% aw ie UV 20 then @ és obtuse ; that (5 Fee gz (80° ; citi) f UN co the, @ = Jo. See Asag cans bekow t be () OL40 Vv ele z (8°Exorple | ( Position vector) @ Find AG where A & the bint C2) 1) and B be the ednt Cl a). Solution Now, the SEetech ef Jtabh es chon belay. Note We Cay bh resent a fooss tion Vector three Ways: C)a Com ponent form, ati) a Coordinate; ti) a 9 Ta phsExambte 2 ( Free vector) In tue wg : Erdongte Aac, Ok the otnt o = ‘FAG. c heprents b, Expres s @ and & the Vectors ~ AB Fe beesents @ ang Cn terms o CA ang BS See telang¢, below: in | van c 6 c Solution + Now CA = Cet 6A =—®c + CAB) = —(8c+4@) = -—Ckt+a)- Furthermore, be = bB+ Be =L+AB+ Ge =tate.- @@% Exam pte 3 C Position Vex tor) The bosition vectors of A and B relative to the Origin Aare A and b re AG , PA and Pm. () USe a Vector Method to Prove that P, M and A) Ave Collineay-® (4) Cag culate the Length eg AN f a= (3) and b= (2)- Ca) Simcee OP =2PA then OP 3k PA So, P ts Such that OP. PA = 2:|., Chat is, OP= ZOR-. M The 2. \ . ts Sbulousrty the ml d-b ofnt 2¢ BA Abagram is Shown below - Cb) i) N C) The petnt N is shown on the diag ram. Gi) Wwe have that AR = = fo + & 3 # G- —a, 14 gh Wsisy => 8=~ Now, ll of 9 QI Ul at g ul sb > ( " bor Syst +4 ¢ a cw é S Fuk NF \ v ar Sy | vb 9 l AF wk & ~~ co Bb-a)- 3 u B + ot a CC) From part (Cb), (3b6—a)- Now, MR = MM Cb-a) + b b-Latbl 2 bh BE ph = + Q 2 » bt a% + 5 (3b-a) = 3(¢ 0-2] =3e Since Ma = 3pm and M is a commen peimt to the two Vectors, P, M ana N aye Collineay Chie on the Same Star's ht Sine)Cd) we have that ~ a >, 72 =-of t+ ON = >? => = ON —OA = 2b-a tl —™' Ee ( nN LS ul ct vs The Length of AR) bs AN = JCey+ a = f=Eqmation or a Line passé ng @) through a £ ixed ol Let P be an arbetrary poent on the Dine - tf r is the Position Vector o Ps a the position Vector of A ang b the Posction Vector 4 B then — =, md r= oP = OR + AP. But Ap (S Qq ScalLay Muh tip fe ¢ = => As- That és, Ae= \ Cb-a), where A ts aq Scalar, Sa, Of the Stracg ht Lins passing through A ang B is Po ay ar Cb~a), where digg erent beints on the Ljne Corres bond to divperent Values “f the Parameter dr. the SohLution fA Sle etch og the Brph CS Showy below z ly 6) of C532) Now, Since the dipection vector war not Biven then we Can ASSume this divection- There¢ore, are four [Parametric EES, 8Se) Wwe have that Ba, = B= 6x, ~ 36. Thtrez ore, BX, - 6%, = —364+ 9. 3S» BX, —- 6x, = ~—29 => AX, — 3X, = 14, Which cs the S caay “qration o¢ the Line, N ow, for the Paramatric 4mation r= ©, ~2) + (-6, -8)5 We haye x\ -5 —¢6 (= G+ > Ef): 5 ss x —EA and xX, = —-2-%).- From the first eymation, \= -S5 —% and from the Sk cong 4pation , A= -2 xX, —_ Eyeing for d, Wwe hove Sx, = ~2-x G + “Theareeore, —ho 3x, _— $y = 12 ~6,- BX~— 6x, a (2—o, heres one, Bx, — 629, = —2esTharegore, the Scagay eqmation ¢ © th { x Line cs Ax, — 3x, =I Finatty, fev the parametric |~¢ XX and Crom the €iwt “qmationy = ( 6,~9), Ths efore, at X,= 6-—$ x. —~ aud from the S< cond , 6 3 > B—-Ex, = 36-6x, => Bx, -6x, = 3-36. “Chere gore, $X —Cy = ~28. au S% Lx — 3x -~ _ \ 2 = (49 Which is the Scalar 2 Wation °E the Line.Exanbte y G9 let L be the Line through C1) tn the direction of the Vector C2) 3)- Find a Parameterc apation and the Satay apa tien of td. A Sketch of the 9 tmp ie chon Peo . x! Cc x= YX +p Z- (2,3) 7 Now, az C“1) and d= (3), So tu, Para metric < Yation ¢ 2 is Deven by x = (-1, 1) + € (2,3) 2 Where teR Onh Y= C215 94). Now, to Convert to Safa, < ration, le have (2) = G)t €@)-Therefore, we have that AM = -1 4 2t ang MG = lat. Fron the st eqmatcon, t= x TI and from the S€ cond Lapatien, We hays t= a, -) 3 Eqyoating Cor t, We obtan x SH eg, 2 3 3%, +3= 2X, -2:> Therefors, SxX\- 2x, = -5- Therefore, the Scalar eqpation 4 ts 3X, —2x,= -S- Note, When we Make Hythe Swhy ect than we have x Bm, +5), Note, The Line L oy TW the Same direction a5 the vector d>Escar|ote § @) Find the \y ecto 2qpation ¢ the Straig kt Dine pore"y throug h the poits AC lat) and B (01,3) Sofution ; The Lme is om RK and we accume the dive ction From A te B- go the direction ye eter cs = 2 d= -~OA= o\ {\ oo fI ; ve ({)- @)= C) Usiuy the poiwt fly we have that the Vector eqyration o¢ the Line és Fa OA + € (0®—oA) = (.\+* (1)> teR. Excambte 6 Find the Vectoy eqmation of the which passes through +), poe at C\,-2> a) Gud cs Pariel to + he Vectoy 4d ne 2i4 Kj 4K.Seduction & Since the Lone Para tied €° the \Vectoy 204 4jy- Uk then tls in the Same direction as thir Vector, So, the direction Veter c€ the dine ts 20+ 4-4. There fore, the Veetoy eppration oy Parametric bs = beg, This eqpati on Ce presents 4h. Scakar apation of the Line ZL. So c 2 SE = CX) ang b= cL L.) then we haye thot ° bx = Cbs ba) Cxyyx,) =< 2 2 Whete C= ba,(ote. The eqration b&x4+ bh xen describes a@ Line jn R whenever Chy5 b,) + €0,0)' Moresvary the \ector b= ¢ biy b,) os parpendé cular to fp: Example \ Find a scalay eyation Loy the Line L cn Re that Poser through the Petnt C-3,2) and ts Pee pendé cutay to the Vector b= (2, —5): Soketi on A Sketch of the graph or Shown Let a= C-3)2) and b= C2, -5)- Then (2,-5). (*%-(-3,2)) so describes the 4ine Le Th is Can beWeitten as (2, -5)- > = C2,-5)+ a) 2) oY @,-5)- (%\ ou) = €2,~5)- (-3)2). Therefers, 22%) — 5% z= 23) 4 (-5) (2). Se, 2%,-5x, = —€-1\0- Hrerefore, wa have 2%, — 5%, =—(6, Where 2 = (Cou, x). Excarble 2 Let L, be the Line Bx, t 2x, =|. Fé nd the <4pation ee the Hing L, that Passes through tie Poent Co, ~2) and <6 Pecbend’ curay to 4. SLution A S€etch of the diagram (Shown be Lows Lo \o~ he Co-2) \ Now, the vector b= (3,2) és Perpendicutar to Rt Since A, is alse er pend’ cotay te A, it cs paratel to b, Thas the Parametric equation for L, is given byxz (9-24 € (3,2), € €R- 3) Converting this equation te SSahay eqration, We have B= GE) G2) ee en The refers, a = 3€ and x, = ~-242t. So, we have Chat from the Fi ot € tio = x wets, C= AL and from the Second epation t= Rt? = E qating for t wa obtain SH = xX, +2 —=—_- = » Ss = 3 1; 7) 2x, = 3O, +2). “Wherefore, 2x, = 3% 6. Hence, the Scatay equation of A, cs 2x, - 3%, = 6+ Exanble 3 Find the Scalar eyration o¢ the Sine Ly thet Pasres through the pest C2, 7) and WS peependicygay to the Line Ry whore tqpation is given by x = ChE) + ty). Find aks, q Porametiic wapation for Ly:Sofution 4D MWe Steetch of the d fag cam és Showy behow: @) A hs ct) Ve Tn the 3t-t) = (39), Se, t, —t, = 3 ang 3t, —T=7. THE eefoce, q{oa2 and C= ~1 Sefuing EOE an ecucdy « THe retore, the of the £&: Nes ? pee nt ee in Ul ivect oon Cf xs Cay xy = (1,2).EH Exarible 2 lines XL and L 2 have eqsations G)* O-e@) on (2)= C.)+ (4) Ms pect ively « Show that £, and LD, cutercect each other and find the Coord é nates oe the Poi wt Ke (nterse ction. Sefut ion Equating Cokes bonding Som bonents : t =| t~t = | +f -v = —2~p We Netd to Verigy that thir System és Consistent: Mm, First two cqmatione 9 lve t=\ and P =o. THig by Consest ent with the thicd eqation Ane so the System Cs COM SES e yt: The Petut x CULE Section Cor Kec bond s bo t=| Cor p=o). when t= |, the Pesétion y Point vector °F the PE ChE Sec fon Ff the Lines tsGy £ the 1 a) 2 Gnd the Coordinates pocnt °F intersection és Ch \,-2). Distance from & point to a Line (ow, the Olistance, D> froma point te a Line Can be found ¢ fhe Linge fs €lrst ex presreel the S calay equation orm . “The de aay i am cs Showy be fous - a tb Now, “fa bene f has Sealey eqpate be x = Cy then the from a pect b © De= lt b]]- va the distance, Ds from tue bount P Te the Mune box =c Adrfan ce, b; “ff the fine) Csa. “f Qiven by the formura C= [bp el Tei Example Find the istauce, Ds trom the Posut C2) to 4, Ad ng PX, ~ 2, =a, Shation A Sketcu cf the diag ram b6 showy betou. phe - ‘ ans G12) Let b= (3-2), c= baz 4 and P= (+t,2)- “hen, the Acstance, D> Lem the potot Cy2) bo tu Line ZX~2>% és Sven by O= Lbeprel = [cya cye—al toy 0 Gay 2= 4,( hevefore, p= | Gt-4)— al { 3 4 (2 - |-4_ | “| = |-1| a+4 Js = Las I is Anode between a jpaiy o¢ Renes + { “The Agagram &s Shown below: Given L, has Whee XA and Vo are real number, then the AnoOke ey, and f A, has tapation between the ines 4 cs Qiven by B= cos'/ dyed, < wh d Wat waa) > wmers A ang rection Vectory of the and §, ces peetivety. da are the d Lines 4,Examble cS) Fing + he anghe between the Hines Lis st-a+ew 4+ XC2E-35 6) and LL: Y2 = te-1) + lok + Pp Citajt 2k). Sok ut ion Now, the dtrection vectors og Q ang Ly Are 2-3) + 6K ang Ces pectively . (here fore, +the (+ 2) +2k, ! O94 78) betwen ty, ines 4, and £, cs Joven by Cose = @,; 73) 6) C1, 2, 2) BMD ll C2,-3, eI C12, 291) = 2¢() + (3002) + €6)¢2) LE) FF CED) a = 24+ e3y¢e7 [| +2 42% — = 3g var Sq M03) By So, @= cos (8.') = 67:6", to | deccmar phace.& E Xe cise for Students Find the Aéstang from the foont C2,5) €° the Sty, “= Ch ~3) + 4¢2,4)-@ The Vector Lamation op a plane A plane us Uai qely S pecipced of we Wnow c)a Point on the plone anda Ve ctor perpen deculay to the plane 5 Ci) three nen- Collineay points on the plane. A point and a ber bend i culap Vector Let A With postion vector Bg be a given Point on the Plone ang Let N be a Vector Mormad (per beniculay to the Plans. A Shetcl of the Al a9 ayy és Show below: = APen=o- Now, Ae = op - oF = f~-a. The Vecter eatin OF the Plane és Sherefore Croa)en = 0 of rene aon. of the pfane by replace Com Pevente ot ke Products. (he Cartescan %-N) And Az=C1,-2%)- Then, “n° Cr-a) =o describes the Cyation ef the plane. Sa we re Sans “Therefore, “= GG) © re (:)= 2-3-2 Th8rezore, the vector L4poation of the phane cs Jéyen by he 3) = -3: have Se, Stance reR they r= (3) y \e z here tore, the S$ cahay 2 quatro x 2 2):()=-s- Se, we have am +3y-Z =-3. cs Note: Sometimes we ute P= % - (§ c€ x3Example 3 © Find fhe Vector equation of the plane bacring through the Pocnt Par Pendicubr to the £ eqmation és Ctl = 973 = 2-2) sa Ee C4, 1,2) and és ins £ Whose Solut oen fh Vector in the direction f the Line Q is 3i+ 4 J tK. This Vector ce én the Atrection normal to the reylred flane. Aw <4phation Of the reqpired Plana és therefore te (?) (1. (*) z l th = (t+4y42- Werefore, the Vector eqpation cs "Gls tethree non-cotsinear points ‘Three ‘on-coinear points are Sufficient €0 uniquely define a plane. Let the position Vectors the three Points Ay 8, C ona plane be OA =% OB2b and OEre Vesbect ively. Furthermore, Let r he oth pia MASE ang paint P A Sketch of the dé age © Showy below? 8, v Y “ _--aP eer i ax : NY 1 N\ J SS 1 Ny Cc SS 5 Clearly the \lectors Az and Az Le C te tn the blane- 1% Blow Lov ¢h le f (xed, Az Produ ce the that P & Not APProfri ately to fetouch that DP ts paralfel to AB. By Constructions we now have ne > = > = Ap =AD+DP= PAC+4HAB, where b and VY are Scalars depending On the location ° P. So, Ap = P(c~a) +4( ba), Farther more, Op = OA + Ap r 4+ PCc~a) + 4,(b~a) L'- Cray Jaya t Pc. and ako \ u E xan ble Fined the Vector €qfat ion °f the ich Passes throug), the A310) BCL 1, and oe Blane wh Points 2,0) -1). Salut cou The 2- it, The Ce eve, au eyation 2¢ the Line ds x y\= 2) + t ee z ° is = 3 — = (2)* PG). 3 Now, this Pefatlowsh.p between t and p cS mot Cm portant. Nonetheless, here £ =p» Where tbe. 8Distance of a point from a Plane Consider the Ai agram belou, Where GB ts the beint With postition Vector b, ® Plane The d USton ce BN és the ° + the Point GB to the bet US Assume that the t= Gen — ben . In\* Foy this VaALve “¢ L, R= lb ten and BN = ON-GB = bein pir TMs Leng ty *¢ BN és theregore JEnl Se, the distance trey point B from the Plane és Oistance = lan — ben| int Nets. Given @ plane 4x + byt+cz4de0 and a point 0 C%> 42), in Carteséan €oym, then tr. distance 5 © » of point Pb Lrom Plane os Db = lax-+ by + cz, +4 Se FS SLExorbee Find Lhe Adstance Ya the point C4125 3) from the plane ee C6e +2) -4k) = 46: Sofa tion Aere be (4) > ANAL and G N= (,)- “The Ceqmi ved distanc, és Given by Jaen — ben| ~ |*6~ (£). (8 ral “Leal = |ucge G4+4~27)| = [46-1] a 2 ——————— o> 4 2+ 4) Bere rel = [45] _ ————_—-- = AS Uni tse 121 (|Escambte Zz “The Points 4, Bandic hove besition Nectors i+2\-3k, €+5j) and 5i +6] —k Ces Pectively) relative te Gn origén O- Ci) Show that AG is Pei bendecusay to BC and tind the trlangte A&c. Ci) Find ty, Area oa sy _s Vector b reduc AB K Bo. Hence, find ay <4mMation CE the Plane ABc Cn the form hen = p- ci’ ) The point D has position Vector Ai-j +3. Find th, dist ance of the pocat D from the lane AGgc- Hance, show thet the Velume o >t the tetrahedron ABCD és This Vectov és Nermal to Plane A@ec and so Cf the Plane és the an 24 Mation PM = agen. Wwe h Aue (2} (8) = (2) = —6+24 436 = 5y., Uhre gone, Su we have ~ 6 Fay tag =54 of TX +2y-22 = q. Se in Vectoy form , reno= bp Wwe ave "(a)=q.oo Herve, 4= (4)> an=q and N= (2). Se, the Pe apd red Aéstance és jon =e = [9 Sm NB G) = [4- je-2 ~6)| _ L4=(-129| [SL Cl) + oF 4 C2) U7 ~ [4 te] foul = 2b 1 unts 3 3 3 Now, the distances go Ty Tebrecemt the heigyy “f the Coty, hedron and the the ABco“he iy e— base ates os AG, Whoey cr Aunty Cc So, the viene oe the Cetrahed roy Aen = 4 6b ae avea) y hey ht = 404, Yq = t 3X 4¥7=21 cubic units.Auale between two b lanes Bnijte between two Planes Considey the two planes, ~r, Gnd Te, Whese eA, = di, and Ww here A, and eamations are tA = d, 5 Ves bectively, “a 1 Gre pe tpandiculay to Th Gnd Tt, Fes pectivety, Now, tf O ls the ange between the two b lanes than the Gang te between TT, Gnd Tr, és és the angle b, the Airection Vector Cf the Line ang n, Nermak to the have that betwen A \ectoy Plane, then, we e+ = 40 and so Cosh = Sine. But, ben = Lou ny Corp and so the Fe qmired GQ nqte 8 Satiscies bene= I bIy I(n {| Sine. “Tha ve fore, Sing = ben . el [nj The Sitetch o¢ Avag ram cs Shown bevy:Ede am) te Find the Angle between the Line and +41, Plane Wwhoee €yratione, Pee bectivery, Gre GEG) ot cepa. Sfotien “The Alrection Vector oe the Linc, Which fo bb, And the Vector Normal to the Plane, which & Ns; Ave b= ¢) and “= (i). ( ~6 rr ob és the Angle betwee, b and NN) then ben ot tny Cos be So, Cosd = (4 (5 G { —6 Therefore, Crd = 15-4 —¢ : Cosg = 5 ————_—- Frieg Sesrise Se,[2o Seo Se Cosh = _5 and So (612 Q= Cosm (7a) > G28. tre fore, the Fe qpéred angle cs G@= a.°_ a Go —92-8°= 4-2.Vectors Revisited © Projection oL Q@ Vector Consider the Avagcan below: o< 2 Let P be the foot of the par b-tncticalar from A tothe tine OB The Length OP Cnet vector oP) (s Called +he projection °¢ Q onto the Line OB: We note From basic trige nemetry> that OP = [a( cose, angte between tet (soa Where © (¢s the OB and OB.- Unit Vector (nthe di rection oe OB, and OB Cs the AM Axis of the Cartesian Plane, then the jprejtetion “f A onto the X- G2xks bs Qc = {al (C| corg = [a] cove, cs OP, +the Prejection P£ A onto OB- Note: tcl aq. WhichExam ble The Vecty Y= (OU, Where U ls g Unit Vector in the Upwards direction Cf the tine yur. Find the prejection o¢ Von tne KX-axdys- SoLution The diag ran is Shown belo: We fivst idantify Uu Se in tecms ¢ ( and Neu, w= wit wi, where wis Such that CPythagora? Theorem) 2 2 Wtw =\- This resucts to we (eu = c. Tz So \V to te City) = A eensy _ ye Con) = Lovz (e45) Zz Therefore, the prajection °¢ V to the Mr arte bs Ved = 2 Céas)ed love (Since be f= and ji =o).