A guide to emissions reporting

compliance in industrial
operations
Examine the impact that new emissions reporting rules are having on industrial
stakeholders, identify pathways to navigate regulation and identify the tools
you can use to achieve trouble-free compliance.

Produced in partnership with:

02 Connected Claims USA 2023

!
02

INTRODUCTION
Sustainability is on everyone’s lips as North America and
Europe reel from record-breaking heatwaves and deadly
wildfires, exemplified by the hottest month ever recorded in
July. And the heat is on company executives, too, as
regulators race to bring in new rules around environmental
reporting.
The irony is that accurate accounting of carbon emissions
and other sustainability measures can have a positive
impact on corporate operations as well as compliance and
reputation. Furthermore, companies can take advantage of
a range of technology tools to simplify and improve report-
ing.

A lack of transparent reporting on climate and other
sustainability measures is creating new risks for leadership
teams.
The number of court cases related to climate change has
more than doubled in the last half decade and regulators
from the United States to Australia clamping down on
greenwashing—misleading claims about sustainability.
This paper, produced in association with industrial technolo-
gy leader Siemens, examines the impact new emissions
reporting rules specifically are having on industrial stake-
holders, pathways to navigate regulation and the tools
companies can use to achieve trouble-free compliance in
their manufacturing processes.

Fear of falling foul of swathes of sustainability-related

regulations is even forcing leaders to keep quiet about
sustainability achievements, a practice dubbed greenhush-
ing. The practice underscores the fact that accurately
reporting sustainability measures is hard, yet increasingly
necessary for compliance reasons.
03
EXPECTATIONS AND BARRIERS
In June 2023, the International Sustainability Standards
Board proposed a set of G20-backed rules aimed at
helping regulators crack down on greenwashing, adding
to the growing burden that industrial stakeholders face
from environmental regulations around the world.
Canada, Britain, Japan, Singapore, Nigeria, Chile, Malaysia,
Brazil, Egypt, Kenya and South Africa are considering the
rules, which could come into effect for listed company
annual reports from 2024 onwards.
North America and Europe have hitherto led the charge in
terms of sustainability reporting requirements, with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission planning the
introduction of a range of environmental, social and
governance (ESG) requirements to its rulebook.
In Europe, meanwhile, March 2023 saw the European
Commission adopting a proposal for a Directive on Green
Claims that aims to address a 53% of corporate claims on
the environment that are vague, misleading or based on
unfounded information.
This means claims such as ‘Packaging made of 30%
recycled plastic,’ ‘Company's environmental footprint
reduced by 20% since 2015’ or ‘CO2 emissions linked to
this product halved as compared to 2020’ should only be
made based on legally recognized methodologies.
Comparisons should be based on equivalent data, which
means companies must have fully transparent and
standards-compliant measurement systems in place. The
need to introduce such systems is growing as regulations
transcend territorial boundaries.
In April 2023, for example, the European Union approved
an extension to its greenhouse gas mitigation measures
called the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM),
which from 2026 will impose a levy on imports of high-car-
bon goods ranging from aluminum and cement to
fertilizers and hydrogen.
Alongside these regulatory sticks, industrial leaders are
being lured by a growing array of carrots for improved ESG
reporting. The most important of these is the 2022 U.S.
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), a $369 billion package of
incentives to encourage industrial decarbonization.
In March 2023, the European Commission responded to
the IRA with a Net Zero Industry Act, part of a wider Green
04
Deal Industrial Plan. The act targets production of clean
technologies such as electric vehicle batteries, solar panels
and wind turbines.
In Asia, China is regulating carbon through the world’s
largest emissions trading scheme and ESG or climate
Summary of global ESG regulatory regimes. Source: BDO United States.
“The carrots and the sticks of regulations and incentives
are becoming a key factor in making climate-conscious
decisions,” says Eryn Devola, head of sustainability at
Siemens Digital Industries. “Understanding the positive
impacts of sustainability can help executives secure
funding. On the other hand, using rules and regulations
puts pressure on decision makers even if sustainability isn’t
top of mind. In addition, the [European] Corporate Sustain-
ability Reporting Directive requires companies to not only
disclose what they're doing, but to also create a strategy
and a plan, to understand their impact. The good news is
more and more companies are looking at sustainability as
long-term profitability. They realize if they don't start
acting now, they will be left behind.”
In addition, consumer demand for sustainable products is
driving the growth of voluntary carbon markets in which
companies trade
reporting requirements are in place in Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Japan, India and Australia, with fund-related regulations
under development across the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations.
credits for climate change mitigation measures over and
above compliance requirements.
Voluntary, compliance and support schemes all offer
potentially lucrative benefits but come with the need for
clear reporting on carbon footprints and similar measures.
Lawmakers have recognized the complexity of the
environmental reporting requirements being imposed on
industry, with the European Commission promising “a
simpler, faster and more predictable framework” within its
Green Deal Industrial Plan.
The reality for most companies, however, is a growing
need to provide environmental reporting to a level
practically equal to that required for financial
accounts—yet without a view of the final rulebook or the
resources that the finance industry has been able to
develop over the course of many decades.
05
DRIVING GROWTH THROUGH
COMPLIANCE
The flip side of this growing compliance challenge is that if
companies can master environmental reporting, then they
can also unlock bottom-line benefits in terms of stakehold-
er engagement and operational efficiency. The case for
operational efficiency should be self-evident since efficien-
cy reduces costs.
To take just one example within the production environ-
ment, it is estimated that if the more than 300 million
industrial electric motor-driven systems currently in
operation were replaced with higher efficiency versions,
global electricity use could be reduced by up to 10%, with
a corresponding cut in power costs.
Meanwhile, stakeholder engagement is growing in
importance as corporations strive to maintain their social
license to operate, which risks being questioned as citizens
feel the worsening impacts of climate change and environ-
mental degradation.
McKinsey & Company notes that “a precondition for
sustaining long-term value is to manage, and address,
massive, paradigm-shifting externalities ... with societal
support, in a sustainable, environmentally viable way.”
Clearly, there are bottom-line benefits to sustainability
reporting, and the purpose of many regulatory proposals
from the SEC, European Commission and others is precise-
ly to help channel billions of dollars of ESG-focused capital.
Last year saw 76% of U.S. and European fund managers
incorporating ESG criteria into their fixed-income invest-
ments, up from 42% in 2021. Conversely, funds that
purposefully eschew ESG considerations have suffered
declining returns, research firm Morningstar said in June
2023.
While there will always be room for contrarian investors,
such trends indicate that sustainability reporting is
increasingly becoming a non-negotiable ask from main-
stream shareholders.
This is unsurprising given evidence that ESG performance
correlates with value and profitability, with overtly
anti-ESG investments falling from favor.
One such investment vehicle, the Constrained Capital ESG
Orphans exchange-traded fund, was liquidated and closed
in June 2023 after failing to attract support for a portfolio
including firearms, tobacco and oil and gas assets.
“With the advent of climate change awareness over the
last few years, so-called ESG exchange traded funds have
grown to become more popular and widely selected
amongst the investment community,” commented Seeking
Alpha, a financial markets information service.
06

DATA AND TRANSPARENCY: THE

KEY TO NAVIGATING ESG
REGULATIONS
This growing regulatory and stakeholder pressure requires
industrial companies to record and disclose emissions
which are under their direct control (known as Scope 1
emissions), as well as emissions from energy generated or
purchased outside the company (Scope 2).
In addition, there is a growing move to account for
so-called Scope 3 emissions. These are all the emissions
that fall beyond the first two Scopes, such as those created
by a company’s supply chain and the use of its products.
More than 70% of a company’s emissions may fall under
Scope 3 in many sectors.
While Scope 1 and 2 emissions may be relatively easy to
quantify, since they are related to operations under a
company’s purview, Scope 3 footprints are notoriously
hard to estimate.

Overview of Greenhouse Gas Protocol scopes and emissions across the value chain. Source: Greenhouse Gas Protocol.
07
For all Scopes, firms must have the necessary sustainability
data available, and they need to have the ability to process
that data in an efficient, pragmatic and compliant way.
For Scope 3, the data should cover a product’s entire life
cycle, from before raw materials find their way to a
manufacturer to production and beyond.
Enterprises should consider leveraging various tools to aid
in the process, since collecting and analyzing energy use
across the entire supply chain, including end-use applica-
tions, is likely to be beyond the scope of manual
techniques.
08
ISO 50001-COMPLIANT ENERGY
MANAGEMENT FOR INDUSTRY
The International Organization for Standardization's ISO
50001 standard focuses on emission Scopes 1 and 2.
Energy monitoring systems are the central tool for achiev-
ing the goals formulated in this global standard.
They enable the energy flows of a company to be recorded
in detail across all production and ancillary facilities with
software support. This data can then be used to analyze
and evaluate energy consumption and determine what
potential savings can be achieved through continuous
improvements across the company.
Within Scope 3 emissions reporting, one of the most
critical prerequisites for data-driven decarbonization of the
upstream supply chain is the existence of widely recog-
nized data exchange formats.
The leading standards for life cycle assessments and
product carbon footprints (PCFs), ISO 14040, 14044 and
14067, "provide high-level guidance and rules for how to
approach an assessment," says circular economy body the
Estainium Association, but “practitioners are left with many
subjective choices to make.”
Taking on this challenge, a number of initiatives are
pursuing the goal of increasing comparability of PCF study
results and wide adoption of standardized data formats for
PCF exchange along the value chain.
The WBCSD Pathfinder sets cross-sectoral rules for PCF
accounting and reporting, complemented by the
WBCSD-hosted PACT initiative, which sets out a technical
ecosystem approach for exchanging actual carbon
emission values. For the chemical sector, the Together for
Sustainability initiative defines an aligned PCF framework
including the definition of exchange formats. In the
automotive sector, Catena-X drives similar efforts towards
alignment of rules and reporting principles. The Estainium
Association works closely with all initiatives on defining an
overall aligned data format that allows for a seamless
exchange of PCF values across the entire value chain .
Estainium also tackles the technological challenge of data
exchange by providing solutions applying the Trusted
Supply Chain (TSX) approach using verifiably credentials.
Standardized hardware and data for reporting are critical
to lowering industrial emissions, but standardization will
be hard to achieve unless there is a clear common under-
standing of the reporting benefits.
In Zaragoza, Spain, for example, the mattress maker Pikolin
has used a globally accepted and applied standard for
environmental management systems.
ISO 14001 and ISO 50001-compliant tracking and manage-
ment technology not only allows the company to gain a
better view of energy use but also cut electrical power
09

demand by 14% and natural gas consumption by 40%,
while increasing production capacity 30%.
The improvements were achieved through the implemen-
tation of a Siemens Simatic WinCC V7 supervisory control
and data acquisition system and a Simatic Energy Manager
PRO energy management platform tracking 30,000 data
points across Pikolin’s Plataforma Logística de Zaragoza
manufacturing center.
Also in Spain, utility giant Acciona has used Simatic Energy
Manager PRO to cut energy consumption at its Canal de
Isabel II water treatment plant by 15%, reducing CO2
emissions 10% in the process.
“The potential for ESG measures to improve operational
performance is greatest in greenfield sites where sustain-
ability can be addressed early in design,” says Gunter
Beitinger, senior vice president of manufacturing, factory
digitalization and Sigreen at Siemens. “When you are
thinking about a new factory, the state of the art—and the
expectations of an open society—would be that you
design it from the beginning with the lowest climate
impact.”
However, improved environmental oversight and report-
ing can also improve existing operations, for instance
helping companies to design products and services that
remain profitable with higher rates of circularity than at
present.
“The objective is to keep a product in use as long as
possible, except where putting a new product in place has
a higher energy efficiency,” Beitinger says. In adopting
more sustainable operations, “There’s definitely an advan-
tage from the cost point of view,” he says.

Supply chain visibility is the Achilles' heel of product carbon footprints because critical supply chain data is inaccessible, despite its significant impact
on the PCF. To determine an accurate product carbon footprint, it is imperative to shed light on the complexity of the supply chain and facilitate
seamless data exchange through a secure and easy-to-use tool.
10
ENABLING GROWTH, DELIVERING
DECARBONIZATION
Companies wishing to meet sustainability rules and
embrace more efficient operations may be fazed by the
range of requirements and tools on offer, although in
practice the steps to take on environmental reporting are
relatively straightforward.
Businesses that are not already familiar with greenhouse
gas accounting can build up expertise on the matter by
implementing an internal carbon price. This involves
setting a price on emissions and incorporating it into
business decision making, without the need for disclosure
outside the organization.
“Internal carbon prices are useful tools in preparing
organizations for formal greenhouse gas reporting
regimes because they force the organization to quantify
and manage internal and supply chain emissions,” says
Beitinger. “It’s going ahead of future regulation. Internally,
you set a carbon price based on your strategy. This could
be a big opportunity to better understand your supply
chain.”
As part of moves to reduce emissions, gauging energy use
is relatively easy thanks to measurement devices such as
the Siemens Simatic ET 200SP AI Energy Meter distributed
input-output system, which has been deployed in a range
of industrial settings.
This data can be analyzed using platforms such as the
Siemens S7 Energy Efficiency Monitor, which evaluates the
efficiency of machines used in industrial production. Such
tools can help identify assets with potential for cost and
emissions reduction.
More generally, platforms such as the Simatic Energy Suite
can help industrial players recognize peak loads and keep
them as low as possible, further saving costs and reducing
emissions.
Siemens also offers a tool called the Simatic Energy
Manager, an ISO 50001-certified energy management
system that displays process energy flows and consump-
tion values—and allows them to be assigned to loads or
cost centers for procurement optimization.
As electric motor-driven systems account for 70% of
energy consumption in industry, regulators worldwide
have turned attention to using efficient hardware. But
even greater impact can be achieved by optimizing
applications through digital drive train systems. Digitaliza-
tion across the shop floor can also deliver significant
energy savings. Siemens offers tools to gain transparency
of energy consumption and facilitate the optimization of
drive systems.
Tools such as these can provide in-depth insights into
energy use and flows within an organization, but increas-
ingly for greenhouse gas reporting there is also a need to
quantify the emissions profiles of third-party actors within
supply chains.
11
This is seen as critical for decarbonization efforts since
supply chains account for up to 90% of the carbon
emissions associated with industrial production. To
identify an actual PCF, exchanging CO2 values across the
value chain is crucial.
The Sigreen tool from Siemens allows just this: companies
can request emissions data from their direct suppliers and
combine it with their own emissions data to derive a PCF
that is based on real values. This allows companies to
quantify the effectiveness of their decarbonization efforts.
Sigreen ensures full control over data by using Trustworthy
Supply Chain Exchange, a distributed ledger-based
technology. Sensitive information remains protected since
data is only shared upon request and along existing
business relationships.
Additional trust is created by the fact that CO2 values can
be verified by an independent third party, such as certifica-
tion companies, at any point in the value chain.
Austrian glass manufacturer Stoelzle Glass Group uses
Sigreen and a Simatic Energy Manager PRO system as the
centerpiece of its holistic optimization efforts. The compa-
ny’s current sustainability goals are to reduce carbon
emissions by 50% and energy use by 20% by 2030.
The company wanted a system that could offer full
transparency of energy use at all levels, from group and
factory to plant and line. To prove and document regulato-
ry compliance, Stoelzle needed high-quality, validated
data with standardized key performance indicators.
With Sigreen, Stoelzle can request emission data from its
direct suppliers and combine it with data from its own
value creation to obtain a product’s true carbon footprint.
For such tools to be effective it is important for industrial
companies to recognize the value of partnering on
emissions reporting and reduction schemes.
In the chemical industry, for example, 47 companies have
joined forces in an initiative called Together for Sustainabil-
ity, sharing product carbon footprint data in an attempt to
improve the sustainability of the sector.
Supplier emission data in form of a PCF comprises more
than a single value – PCF data formats published by
leading PCF standardization initiatives require reporting of
additional attributes and meta-data describing the
product and assessment scope, applied methodology, and
quality of the result. Sigreen implements and frequently
updates the available data formats, thereby enabling users
to report according to varying standards. At the same
time, Sigreen supports cross-checking any entered or
received PCF for completeness, and guides users through
the interpretation of results by providing methodological
background information to specific attributes.
12

STANDARD DESCRIPTION TECHNOLOGY

TOOL

ISO 14001 The international standard specifies requirements for an environmental SIMATIC Energy
management system that an organization can use to improve its Manager PRO
environmental performance, meet legal and other obligations, and
achieve environmental goals

ISO 14040 General life cycle assessment (LCA) principles for product systems SiGREEN (reporting PCF
according to standard)

ISO 14044 Specification of life cycle assessment (LCA) principles for product systems SiGREEN (reporting PCF
(complementary to ISO14040), incl. methodological requirements for according to standard)
describing life cycle stages, scope of the study, environmental impact
calculation and reporting

ISO 14067 Specific ruleset for product carbon footprint (PCF) accounting and reporting SiGREEN (reporting PCF
according to ISO14040/44 LCA principles according to standard)

ISO 50001 The international standard ISO 50001 defines requirements for the SIMATIC Energy Manager
introduction, management and improvement of energy consumption and PRO
energy efficiency.
ISO 50001 helps facilities evaluate and prioritize the adoption of new energy
efficient technologies and improve energy efficiency, energy use and
consumption. It also creates transparency and facilitates communication
about the management of energy resources.
It promotes best practices and behaviors in energy management, provides
a framework for promoting energy efficiency throughout the supply chain,
and facilitates energy management improvements for greenhouse gas
emission reduction projects.

EU regulation Ecodesign requirements for electric motors and variable speed drives SINAMICS drives
1781/2019

WBCSD Pathfinder Pathfinder framework for product carbon footprint accounting accross all SiGREEN (reporting PCF
industries according to standard)

Together for TfS Guidelines for product carbon footprint accounting for the chemical SiGREEN (reporting PCF
Sustainability industry according to standard)

Catena-X Catena-X rulebook for product carbon footprint accounting for the SiGREEN (reporting PCF
automotive industry according to standard)

Technology tools available to address emissions standards in industrial production. Source: Siemens.
12
OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS
The nascent nature of mandatory and voluntary emissions
reporting means the rules are changing and can vary by
sector and by geography.
This lack of consistency creates challenges for industrial
players that may still be grappling with the question of
how much resource to dedicate to sustainability account-
ing.
Against this backdrop, it may be tempting for industry
leaders to adopt a wait-and-see approach to emissions
measurement and reporting, standing by to see which
schemes and regulations take the lead. Experts caution
against this, however.
Compliance schemes are already in operation in much of
North America and Europe, and increasingly incentive
schemes are being linked to sustainability measures.
These schemes are only set to grow in importance, and
despite differences between regions and sectors the
underlying requirements for transparency tend to be the
same across the board.
Thus, companies that delay the implementation of internal
sustainability measurement and reporting processes are
just setting themselves up for a bigger fall later on. “The
regulations are coming,” says Beitinger at Siemens.
“If you want to be a pioneer, you will have to deal with it as
a company, that’s for sure,” he says. And already, he claims,
“We have the knowledge, and we have the technology.
This is no future vision. These are market-ready products,
software that you can implement today.”
13

REFERENCES
Andrea Thompson, Scientific American, July 27, 2023: July 2023 Is Hottest Month Ever Recorded on Earth. Available at
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/july-2023-is-hottest-month-ever-recorded-on-earth/.
Gloria Dickie, Reuters, July 27, 2023: Climate change lawsuits more than double in 5 years as impacts hit home. Available
at https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-change-law-
suits-more-than-double-5-years-impacts-hit-home-2023-07-27/.
Kate Yoder, Canary Media, July 15, 2023: ‘Greenhushing’ is the hot new trend in corporate climate shenanigans. Available
at https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/greenhush-
ing-is-the-hot-new-trend-in-corporate-climate-shenanigans.
Huw Jones and Simon Jessop, Reuters, June 26, 2023: New rules aim to clamp down on corporate greenwashing. Avail-
able at https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/new-global-rules-aim-clamp-down-corporate-greenwashing-2023-06-26/.
European Commission: Green claims. Available at https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/circular-econo-
my/green-claims_en.
Manoj Kumar, Reuters, May 26, 2023: European Union will tackle India's concerns on carbon tax, official says. Available at
https://www.reuters.com/world/india/european-union-will-tackle-indias-concerns-carbon-tax-official-says-2023-05-26/.
Loyle Campbell and Alexandra Gritz, German Council on Foreign Relations, March 21, 2023: Europe’s Green Industrial
Policy and the United States’ IRA. Available at https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/europes-green-indus-
trial-policy-and-united-states-ira.
Invesco insight, May 30, 2022: ESG Regulation in Asia. Available at https://www.invesco.com/apac/en/institutional/in-
sights/esg/esg-regulation-in-asia.html.
Christopher Tower and Marisol Berrios-Silletti, BDO, February 23, 2023: Action Required: Sustainability and ESG-Related
Regulations Are on the Rise Globally. Available at https://www.bdo.com/insights/assurance/action-required-sus-
tainability-and-esg-related-regulations-are-on-the-rise-globally.
European Commission: The Green Deal Industrial Plan. Available at https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-poli-
cy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/green-deal-industrial-plan_en.
Paul Waide and Conrad Brunner, International Energy Agency working paper, Paris, 2011: Energy-Efficiency Policy
Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems.
Lucy Pérez, Dame Vivian Hunt, Hamid Samandari, Robin Nuttall and Krysta Biniek, McKinsey & Company, August 10, 2022:
Does ESG really matter—and why? Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-in-
sights/does-esg-really-matter-and-why.
Cole Horton, Reuters, July 28, 2022: Managers' use of ESG in fixed income surges, survey finds. Available at https://ww-
w.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/managers-use-esg-fixed-income-surges-survey-finds-2022-07-28/.
Ross Kerber, Reuters, June 9, 2023: 'Anti-ESG' funds face slowing deposits, Morningstar says. Available at https://www.reu-
ters.com/sustainability/anti-esg-funds-face-slowing-deposits-morningstar-says-2023-06-08/.
Mahmut Aydoğmuş, Güzhan Gülay and Korkmaz Ergun, Borsa Istanbul Review, December 2022: Impact of ESG perfor-
mance on firm value and profitability. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti-
cle/pii/S221484502200103X#.
Anuron Mitra, Seeking Alpha, June 2, 2023: 'Anti-ESG' Constrained Capital Orphans ETF to liquidate. Available at https://-
seekingalpha.com/news/3977380-anti-esg-constrained-capital-orphans-etf-to-liquidate.
Deloitte, 2023: Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions. Available at https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/focus/climate-change/ze-
ro-in-on-scope-1-2-and-3-emissions.html.
Greenhouse Gas Protocol, 2013. Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (version 1.0). Available at
https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/standards/Scope3_Calculation_Guidance_0.pdf.
Estainium Association report, April 2023: Time to act - Insights from the ESTAINIUM working groups.
https://www.estainium.eco/files/media/public/downloads/estainium_whitepaper.pdf
Siemens case study: Pikolin benefits from SCADA and Energy Management. Available at https://www.siemens.com/-
global/en/company/stories/industry/factory-automation/pikolin.html.
Siemens case study: Treatment Plant 4.0 Energy Management. Available at https://www.siemens.com/global/en/compa-
ny/stories/industry/factory-automation/canal-de-isabel-ii.html.
13

REFERENCES
Siemens website: SIMATIC ET 200 – The distributed I/O system for future-proof plants. Available at https://www.sie-
mens.com/global/en/products/automation/systems/industrial/io-systems.html.
Siemens knowledge base, April 19, 2023: Energy efficiency evaluation and media analysis for machines with Simatic
Energy Management (S7-EE Monitor). Available at https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/document/109753230/en-
ergy-efficiency-evaluation-and-media-analysis-for-machines-with-simatic-energy-management-(s7-ee-monitor)?dti=0&lc
=en-ES.
Waide and Brunner, 2011.
Siemens website, 2023: Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Available at https://meps.siemens.com/en/.
Siemens white paper, 2023: Energy-Efficient Drive Systems. Available at https://www.siemens.com/global/en/prod-
ucts/drives/topic-areas/energy-efficiency/whitepaper-energy-efficient-drive-systems.html.
Siemens website: Decarbonization starts with data. Available at https://www.siemens.com/global/en/company/sustain-
ability/product-carbon-footprint.html.
Siemens, 2023: Glass manufacturer introduces energy management. Available at https://www.siemens.com/global/en/-
company/stories/industry/2022/industrial-automation-sustainability-energy-management-stoelzle-glass-group.html.
Siemens press release, May 16, 2023: Chemical industry to partner with Siemens for pilot to decarbonize its supply chain.
Available at https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/chemical-in-
dustry-partner-siemens-pilot-decarbonize-its-supply-chain.