INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
fazliana.abdullah@ums.edu.my
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
 CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE

Fractional Distillations
Cracking
Octane Rating
Petroleum Products
Natural gas
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Fractional distillation splits the crude oil into simpler
mixtures called fractions. The different fractions are
taken out of the still at different levels.

This happens in a distillation tower

The crude oil is heated in a furnace to about 370°C

and is pumped into the bottom of a distillation tower.

Most of the hydrocarbons are gaseous,though the

very thick ones are still a liquid even at this
temperature.

4
 The tower is like a giant heat exchanger-it removes heat from the gases as they rise up it.

The vapours condense as they rise up the tower.The heavier ones (with higher boiling points)
condense first.The thinner,runny ones get further up the tower before they condense.And the gases pass
out of the top.

A distillation tower splits crude oil into separate fractions.

Each fraction is a mix of hydrocarbons. Each fraction has its own range of boiling points and comes off
at a different level in the tower.

In reality, a single tower could not cover the full range of temperatures needed to split up the heavier
fractions.

5
6
7
8

Cracking..
Cracking is a process used to breakdown large hydrocarbon chains into smaller chains.
The process is driven by the change in entropy and is facilitated by introducing a high
pressure and high temperature environment. This allows carbon atoms in larger molecules to
become disassociated. There are two basic processes, thermal cracking and catalytic cracking.

•Thermal cracking is a temperature driven process that is primarily used to produce feedstocks
for petrochemicals such as simple alkenes.
(mainly products is Natural Gas)

•Catalytic cracking is a lower temperature process where catalysts are used to break down
large hydrocarbons. Catalytic cracking is primarily used to produce fuel products.
9

Octane Rating

 An octane rating, or octane number, is a

standard measure of a fuel's ability to
withstand compression in an internal combustion
engine without detonating. The higher the octane
number, the more compression the fuel can
withstand before detonating. Octane rating does
not relate directly to the power output or the
energy content of the fuel per unit mass or
volume, but simply indicates gasoline's capability
against compression.

 Measurement : RON, MON, AKI,

RdON, Octane
Index
0

What about Natural gas?

1
2

In pair, explain the NG origin?

3

Natural Gas Production and Delivery

Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

14