INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
fazliana.abdullah@ums.edu.my
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
 CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE

Geology : Type of rocks

Oil and Gas Exploration

Type of rocks
Petroleum Geology

• Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the

study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil
and gas

• Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and

biology, involving the application of essentially abstract
concepts to observed data.
The relationship of petroleum geology to the pure sciences.
Types of Rock
● Igneous rock :
● Igneous rocks are crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. This is an exothermic process(it
loses heat)and involves a phase change from the liquid to the solid state.

● Sedimentary rock :
● Are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. This
material is accumulated and compacted and cemented together–secondary rock.

● Metamorphic rock :
● All that is required for the rock to be moved into an environment in which the minerals which make up the rock
become unstable and out of equilibrium with the new environmental conditions.
Sedimentary rock :

.
● Geological materials are constantly undergoing transformation from one type of rock to
another. The rock cycle explains the pattern in which they change.
Chronology of Rock Cycle
● The starting point of new rocks of the crust as solidification of magma, forming igneous
rock.
● This is followed by weathering and erosion of the rock.
● The eroded material is deposited as layers of sediment. The sediment is buried beneath
more sediment, which subjects it to greater heat and higher pressure as it is buried deeper
within the earth.
● Eventually the sediment is compressed and cemented together to form sedimentary rock.
● Upon deeper burial and increased heat and pressure within the earth, the rocks become
recrystallized into metamorphic rocks.
● Even deeper burial and increased heat eventually melts some of the metamorphic rock,
forming new magma and starting the cycle over.
Additional information :

● https://commons.wvc.edu/rdawes/G101OCL/Basics/Bscsindex.ht
ml
Oil and Gas Exploration

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 Geophysical Method

Potential field Wave Propagation Diffusive field

Typical Exploration and Production
Explore, geologic mapping (late 1800s); standard geophysical tools (1930s);
high-tech tools (1990s).

Drill a test well.

If the petroleum is trapped and under pressure, it will rise naturally; no

pumping needed.

This is the “primary

recovery” phase—free-
flowing petroleum.

Gas released during extraction is

valuable but must be trapped and
processed; for decades, it was
simply flared off.
Typical Exploration and Production
Primary recovery lasts for several months or years.

As the pressure drops, flow slows and operators must use

“secondary recovery” techniques to recover
petroleum.

The most common technique: injection of water or gas.

Typical Exploration and Production
Water injection also is used to increase production, but usually leads to
a quicker reservoir decline and less total production.

Injected water produces problems with corrosion, scaling, treatment prior to

disposal; requires costly processing and replacement of parts.

“Tertiary recovery” techniques may be used once the injection techniques

are ineffective. However, they’re expensive, and thus feasible only if the
price of petroleum is high
Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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