SCHOOL NAME Physics investigatory project NAME: CLASS: XII ROLL NO: SESSION: 2023-24 [PageCERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully completed herPhysics project titled ‘TO FIND THE.REFRACTIVE INDEX OF (a)WATER (b)OIL, USING A PLANE MIRROR AND AN EQUICOVEX LENS AND AN ADJUSTABLE OBJECT NEEDLE’ under thesupervision.andyguidance of PHYSICS TEACHER in the partial fulfillment of the Physies practical assessment conducted during the academicyear 2023-2024. EXAMINER TEACHERACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics teacher for the help and guidance she provided for completing this project. I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to dosthis project. Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done this project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Name 3|PageeeTOPIC To find the refractive index of (a) water (b) oil using a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle. Optical needle Clamp Glass convex lens Liquid lens iy) Plane mirror 51PINTRODUCTION In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless number that indicates the light-bending ability of that medium. The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent, or refracted when entering a material. This is described by Snell's law of refraction, nySin@, = n2Sinn2, Where, 6, = Angles of incidence 6, = Angle of refraction; Respectively of a ray crossing the interface between two media with refractive indices ny and nz refracti nm normal 6 [PageOBJECTIVE To find the refractive index of water, oil using a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle. Y Convex lens Y Plane mirror v Water Y Oil Y Clamp stand v An Optical needle v Plumb line Knitting needle Y Half meter Seale Y Glass slab v SpherometerTHEORY If f, and f, be the focal length of glass convex lens and liquid lens and F be the focal length of their combination then, tlaya = te Pot he 8 P= FF Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens with R, = R (radius of curvature of convex lens surface) Ry = © 1 1 1 pal aml ~n-u[2-4] cinolira dont fz R n =244 fa Where, n = Refractive index of the liquid R = The radius of the curvature of the convex lens. 8[PageThe radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by: eeeed =—+- z oh 2 Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror. Plane mirror Fig: Focal length of glass convex les and liquid lens combination 9|PagePROCEDURE (a) For focal length of convex lens: 1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens. 2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and then a convex lens on the plane mirror. 3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its image. 4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be equal to the focal length of the convex lens (fi). (6) For focal length of the combination. 5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face above as before. Ihe water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens. a Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of the combination. 7 Record the observation. ad Repeat the steps 5, 6,7 for other Wansparent liquid (vil). 10|Page(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface: 9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer. 10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer on this lens surface. 11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens. 12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place on the plane mirror surface and record the reading. 13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times. 14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a paper and mark them and their average distance. wht btds : 3 11[PageDIAGRAM Fig: (a) To find focal length of convex lens (b) For the length of legs AB, BC, CA of spherometer 12 Page« Pitch of the spherometer = 1cm OBSERVATION e Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm (1)AB = 3cm (2)BC = 3.cm (3)CA = 3cm Distance between the Legs: Table for Calculation of ‘h’ No. of, ; h Initial reading | complet iy os a. : nk reading of | Additional | = n Mean S. | of the C.S. on e : : f F oye = the C.S._|_.C.Sadiv. | x pitch| "hi No the convex | rotation lens\(a) S on glass moved |+m (cm) slab xL.C (n) 1 62 0 6.5 al 0.555 0.577 5 2 64 0 4 60 0.6 13|PageDownloaded from: https://www.knowledgecycle.in To Measure focal length ‘f’ of Convex Lens Distance of Needle tip from Area lip of the Upper M between upper surface | surface of al Focal lens and | S No | of the convex) the plane Tength - X, +X2 plane lens (em) mirror (cm) = —— | (cm) murror xX X2 2 . I 30:5 31 30.72 Without fr= liquid 33.85 a 2 dl 37.2 36.95 . 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 With = water 34.7 2 BITES) 38.1 37.8 1 9.4 96 95 With Oil a 2 10.4 10.6 10.5 14|PageCALCULATION © Mean Distance Between two legs AB+ BC+ CA l= ——=3cm 3 © Mean of h= 5 *96=19.5775.em @To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens Pooh R= aa ee’ cm Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil 1. With water between the convex;lens and the plane mirror R 2.8861 m= t+oa 14 Zi Sa 10831 A 7 2. With oil between the convex lens and the plane mirror =a Ro 14 28861 oe = 1.2886 15|PageRESULT > The refractive Index of Water is wy = 1.0831 > The refractive Index of Oil is wz = 1.2886 PRECAUTIONS 1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface. v . The liquid taken should be transparent: w . The parallax should be removed tip to tip. » The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the parallax. ww - Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should be thick. a The legs of the spherometer should be vertical. 2 The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction only. 16|Pagea7] Sources of Error . Liquid may not be quite transparent. . The parallax may not be fully removed. . The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the surface of the convex lens. . The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of lens or mirror18? BIBLIOGRAPHY . NCERT Textbook . NCERT Physics Lab Manual . Www.googic.com . Www.wikipedia.com . Www. youtube.comIf You Want A Copy of This Project Without Any Watermark Which Is Chargeable You Can Contact Me on contact.knowledgecycle@gmail.com Telegram: @knowledgecycle Scan the below. 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