FIRST DAY REVIEWER (2ND MONTHLY)
ORALCOMM
Speech Styles
 Intimate
 private language
 uses personal language codes
 grammar is unnecessary
 does not need complete language
 uses endearments, slangs
 Consultative
 used in semi-formal communication
 happens in two-way participation
 most operational among other
styles
 speaker does not usually plan what
he wants to say
 sentences end to be shorter and
spontaneous
 Casual
 language used between friends
 often very relaxed and focused on
getting information
 slangs are used
 style used in informal situations
 relationship between speaker and
listener is closed
 pragmatics – context
 Formal
 avoids using slangs
 language is comparatively rigid and
has a set agreed upon vocabulary
that is well documented is often of a
standard variety
 Frozen
 used generally in very formal setting
 most formal
 does not require response from
audience
 uses fixed and relatively static
language
Speech Act
 action or purpose
 the intention and effect behind them
 making requests, giving commands, asking
questions, expressing opinions, and more
 function or purpose of speech beyond the
literal words spoken
John Langshaw Austin (1962)
 British philosopher
 understanding of philosophy and language
 Known for his theory of speech acts
Three Types of Speech Acts:
 Locutionary – basic act of producing words
or phrases to convey meaning (utterance)
 Illocutionary – speaker’s intention or purpose
 Perlocutionary – effect or response your
speech has on the listener (listener focus)
Inferred Sepeech Act
- depends on the listener’s understanding
Indirect Speech Act
- speaker’s way to convey the intention indirectly
Communicative Competence
 ability to understand the speaker’s message
 ability to use language effectively in various
social and cultural contexts
 aspects of pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and
discourse analysis
Dr. Dell Hymes
- Father of Communicative Competence
Performatives
 perform an action or function
 actually carrying out that action
 words/expression that not only convey
information
 does not just describe an action
 the speaker must be authoritative
 authoritative, clear, understood, executed
Mr. John Searle
 American philosopher
 known for his work in the Philosophy of
language, mind, and consciousness
 contributes to the classifications of speech
acts
Classification of Speech Acts
1. Assertive – suggesting, expressing, putting
forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding
2. Directive – asking, ordering, requesting,
inuiting, advising, and begging
3. Commissive – promising, planning, vowing,
and betting
4. Expressive – thanking, apologizing,
welcoming, and deploring
5. Declaration – blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing sentence, and
excommunating
Types of Communicative Strategy
 Communicative Strategy
- deliberate technique used by individuals to
convey message effectively
1. Nomination – ininitiating a conversation
2. Restriction – narrowing down or limiting the
topic
3. Turn-taking – structured and orderly
conversation to have an equal opportunity to
express
4. Topic Control – guiding and managing the
direction of the conversation
FIRST DAY REVIEWER (2ND MONTHLY)
5. Topic Shifting – transitioning from one topic
to another
6. Repair – adressing and correcting
misunderstandings
Types of Speeches
 Informative
 to provide factual information, explain a
topic, or instruct.
 conveys clear and accurate details.
 clearly presents facts and information.
(clarity)
 typically follows a logical and organized
format. (structure)
 relies on thorough investigation and
accurate data.
 aims to be unbiased and impartial.
 Demonstrative
 to show and explain how something is
done or works.
 uses visual aids and practical examples.
 uses props, slides, or demonstrations.
 step-by-step explantion
 involves the audience in hands-on
activities.
 ensures clear and understandable
demonstrations.
 Persuasive
 to influence or convince the audience to
adopt a particular viewpoint or take
action.
 emphasizes arguments, evidence, and
appeals to emotions.
 to build a strong case using evidence
and reasoning.
 connects with the audience's emotions.
(emotional appeal)
 encourages the audience to take a
specific step. (call to action)
 Entertaining
 to amuse, captivate, or engage the
audience.
 gives emphasis on humor, storytelling,
and entertainment value.
 relies on jokes, anecdotes, or amusing
content. (humor)
 captivates the audience's attention.
(engagement)
 utilizes compelling narratives.
(storytelling)
 pays attention to the pacing and timing
of delivery. (timing)
KOMPAN
Sitwasyong Pangwika sa:
Midya at Kulturang Popular
Mass Media (Hatirang Pangmadla)
- radyo, internet o iba pang mga bagay na nakaaabot
sa maraming tao
 Sa telebisyon
 Wikang Filipino ang kadalasang
gamit
Hal. teleserye, mga pantanghaliang
palabas, magazine shows, news
and public affairs, reality shows
 Ang paggamit ng wikang Filipino ay
nagiimpluwensya upang tumaas o
dumami ang kaalaman ng mga
Pilipino
 Sa Radyo
 Wikang Filipino
 FM – entertainment radio
 AM – balitang radyo
 Rehiyunal na Radyo – ginagamitan
ng katutubong wika
 Sa Dyaryo
 Broadsheet – Wikang
Ingles
 Tabloid – Wikang Filipino
Kulturang Popular
- kontemporaryo ; pinag-uusapan
 Fliptop (Pa-rap)
 modernong balagtasan
 walang malinaw na paksa/walang
skrip
 sumikat sa Youtube at social media
 Pick-up lines
 modernong bugtong
 pahayag na cute, cheesy, at corny
 sinasagot ng madla ng “BOOM”
 Ogie Alcasid “Boy Pick-up”
 Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago
kilala sakanyang “Stupid is Forever”
na libro
 Hugot lines
 love lines or love quotes
 karaniwang mula sa mga pelikula at
teleserye
 kadalasang ginagamitan ng Taglish
 Spoken Word Poetry
 modernong pagtutula
 ang pagbigkas ay may emosyon
Texts, Social Media, at Internet
 Text
 Short Messaging System (SMS)
 ginagamit sa komunikasyon
FIRST DAY REVIEWER (2ND MONTHLY)
 natalang 4B ang text na
napapadala sa isang araw
 Pilipinas ang tinaguriang “Text
Capital of the Philippines”
 mas pinipili ang pagtetext kaysa sa
pagtawag dahil mas mura ito at
may kakayahang ma-edit ang
pahayag na ipaparating
Mga paraan ng pagpapahayag sa text:
 Code Switching - pagpapalit ng
wikang ginagamit (Taglish)
 Pagpapaikli
 Daglat
 Internet
 pinakamalaking aklatan
 Social Media
 nagagamit ang code switching,
daglat at pagpapaikli
 malawak ang audience kumpara sa
text
 “Netizens” ang tawag sa mga
gumagamit nito
 Ingles ang pangunahing wikang
ginagamit
 Blog
 isang website
 “Blogger” ang mga taong nagbablog
Pelikulang Pilipino
 Pelikula – sining na may ilusyong optikal ;
pinilakang tabing
Elemento ng Pelikula:
 larawan
 aktor
 kwento
 tunog
 musika
 iskrip
 sinematograpiya
 disenyong pamproduksyon
 visual effects
 direksyon
 “The Horse in Motion”
 kauna-unahang pelikula sa
kasaysayan
 direksyon ni Eadweard Muybridge
Mga Jargon na mga salita:
 Montage – ang pagkakati ng mga bahagi ng
pelikula at ito ay pinipili o binabago sa
paggawa ng mas magandang seksyon ng
pelikula
 Sequence Iskrip – pagkakasunod-sunod ng
mga eksena/pangyayari sa pelikula
 Sinematograpiya – tamang anggulo at timpla
ng ilaw at lente ng kamera sa pagrekord
Wika sa Pelikula:
 Ingles ang kadalasang pamagat
 Filipino ang lingua franca o pangunahing
wika
 Pangunahing layunin na makaakit ng mas
maraming manunuod
 Malawak ang naging impluwensya/nagbigay
kamalayan upang makaunawa at
makapagsalita
 Ang tonong ginamit ay impormal
Dulang Pilipino
Dula – isang akdang pampanitikan na ang
pangunahing layunin ay itanghal sa entablado
*Ayon kay Sebastian
- dulang Pilipino ay impluwensya ng Amerikano
*Tiongson
 drama = tanghalan, kasuotan, skripto,
characterization, at internal conflict
 internal conflict – napapakita matapos
mapanuod ang dula
 memises (pangunahing sangkap ng dulang
Pilipino) – pag-ugnay sa pangaraw-araw na
buhay na humihikayat ng mga manunuod
1. Mga Katutubong Dula – karaniwang tungkol
sa lahing Pilipino
2. Mga Dula sa Panahon ng Kastila – may
impluwensya ng relihiyon
3. Mga Dula sa Panahon ng mga Amerikano –
kontekstong kontemporaryo
Mga Sangkap ng Dula
A. Tagpuan
B. Tauhan
C. Sulyap sa Suliranin
D. Saglit na Kasiglahan
E. Tunggalian
F. Kasukdulan
G. Kakalasan
H. Kalutasan
Elemento ng Dula
1. Iskrip o nakasulat na dula/Banghay
2. Gumaganap o aktor/Karakter
3. Dayalogo
4. Tanghalan
5. Tagadirehe o direktor
6. Manonood
7. Tema
EARTH SCI
Water Resources
 Saline Water/Saltwater Resources
 most abundant water in the surface
of the planet
 not used as potable water
FIRST DAY REVIEWER (2ND MONTHLY)
Benefits
 source of salt
 habitat of marine organisms
 generating hydroelectricity
Tidal Waters
 used as source of hydroelectricity
*Undergoes the process of desalination to
filter saltwater into potable water
 Fresh Water
 precipitation (raining) of
atmospheric water vapor
 lands, lakes, groundwater bodies
 most plentiful of all water resources
 saturated zone – filtered water
 unsaturated zone – materials filter
the water before transferring to the
saturated zone
 vadose zone – contains nutrients
that plants need; pores filled with air
than water
 aquifier – areas of permeable rocks that
hold water; accessed via wells; made of
bedrock that has many fractrures and
connected pores
 water table – separation of saturated and
unsaturated zone
Benefit of Surface Water:
 potable water
 source of income
 watershed – basin of water; where water
drains
 tributaries – channel where water flows
Soil Resources
Methods of Waste Disposal
1. Land-fill – underground disposal; wastes are
buried underground; result of water
contamination
2. Incineration – burning wastes through a
furnace; may result to air pollution
3. Mulch and Compost Method – using of
wastes specifically biodegradable wastes as
composts or fertilizers
4. Source reduction – lessening waste through
reducing from the source itself; most
effective
5. Recycling – collecting wastes to convert to
useful materials
Waste Generated by Humans
 Inorganic Waste – common, chemicals
 Organic Waste – household waste
Solid Wastes:
 Municipal waste
 materials that are abandoned
because it’s broken;
household, community waste
 Agricultural
 waste from farming or poultry
 Industrial
 waste from manufacturing
processes or combustion
 Mining
 waste created in mining
 residue of ores
Human Activities Affecting Quantity and Quality of
Soil
1. Farming – natural cycling of nutrients in soil;
excessive cultivation can harm
2. Construction of structures – urban
development cause rapid soil degradation
and sedimentation; soil erosion
3. Waste Disposal – disposing wastes to soil
areas that declines and removes its quantity
and nutrients
Effect of Waste Towards Living Organisms
A. Water Pollution
B. Habitat Pollution
C. Greenhouse Gas Emmissions
D. Diseases
E. Toxic Exposure
F. Food Chain Impact
Ways of Protecting Soil Resources
 Reforestation – re-planting trees
 Afforestation – creating new forests
 Buffer strips – protecting stream banks from
soil erosion
 Dams – prevail soil erosion
 Terrace Planting – terrace cultivation,
method of growing crops in hills
 Fewer Concrete Surfaces – using stones for
patios; using alternatives than using concrete
 No-dig Garden – layering materials to create
planting areas than digging
The Resource Cycle – process of transformation raw
material to another product
5R’s – Reuse, Reduce, Repair, Recycle, Recover
Waste Management – disposing wastes in the right
manner
Conservation of Soil Resources
Soil Conservation – focuses on keeping soil health
Benefits of Soil Conservation
 water filtration
 provides food and shelter
 minimize loss of land
 minimizes pollution, sedimentation, and
erosion
FIRST DAY REVIEWER (2ND MONTHLY)

Ways to Conserve Soil

1. No-fill farming
2. Terrace farming
3. Contour farming
4. Crop rotation
5. Windbreaks
6. Wetland’s restoration
7. Buffer strips
8. Forest cover re-establishment
9. Earthworms

Weathering

Weathering – breaking down of rocks

Types of Weathering:
 Physical/Mechanical Weathering –
break down in its structure; bigger
to smaller pieces
1. Block Disintegration –
successive heating and
cooling that causes the
expansion and contraction
of rocks
2. Exfoliation – intense
heating results to peeling
off of outer layer
3. Frost Action – alternate
freezing and melting of
water inside the joints of
the rocks, splits them into
fragments
 Chemical Weathering – chemicals
changing the colors and forms of
rock
1. Carbonation –
holes/physical structure
affected by rainwater
2. Oxidation – color effect;
atmosphere affecting
3. Hydration – absorbing
water of rocks
4. Solution – minerals get
dissolve by the water
 Biological/Biotic Weathering – living
organisms are part of the break
down of rocks
1. Plants – roots penetrate
rocks
2. Burrowing animals –
animals that dig
3. Human beings